Applications and implications of heparin and protamine in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Drug repositioning is one of the most rapidly emerging fields of study. This concept is anchored on the principle that diseases have similar damaged or affected signaling pathways. Recently, drugs have been repositioned not only for their alternative therapeutic uses but also for their applications as biomaterials in various fields. However, medical drugs as biomaterials are rarely focused on in reviews. Fragmin and protamine have been recently the sources of increasing attention in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Fragmin and protamine have been manufactured primarily as a safe antidote for the circulating heparin. Lately, these drugs have been utilized as either micro- or nanoparticle biomaterials. In this paper, we will briefly describe the concept of drug repositioning and some of the medical drugs that have been repurposed for their alternative therapeutic uses. Also, this will feature the historical background of the studies focused on fragmin/protamine micro/nanoparticles (F/P M/NPs) and their applications as biomaterials in tissue engineering, stem cell therapy, and regenerative medicine.

Pig-islet xenotransplantation: recent progress and current perspectives

Islet xenotransplantation is one prospective treatment to bridge the gap between available human cells and needs of patients with diabetes. Pig represents an ideal candidate for obtaining such available cells. However, potential clinical application of pig islet still faces obstacles including inadequate yield of high-quality functional islets and xenorejection of the transplants. Adequate amounts of available islets can be obtained by selection of a suitable pathogen-free source herd and the development of isolation and purification method. Several studies demonstrated the feasibility of successful preclinical pig-islet xenotransplantation and provided insights and possible mechanisms of xenogeneic immune recognition and rejection. Particularly promising is the achievement of long-term insulin independence in diabetic models by means of distinct islet products and novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Nonetheless, further efforts are needed to obtain much more safety and efficacy data to translate these findings into clinic.

The influence of intraperitoneal transplantation of free and encapsulated Langerhans islets on the second set phenomenon

To protect the allografts or xenografts against transplant rejection special semipermeable membranes are applied. So far, there are only a few studies on the influence of an immunoisolated graft on the recipient immune system. Therefore, the possibility that an intraperitoneally grafted alginate/poly L-lysine/alginate (APA) coated pancreatic islets graft can effectively sensitize the recipient and provoke second set phenomenon was studied. C3H male mice and male WAG rats were used as donors of full-thickness skin and of free or encapsulated islet intraperitoneal grafts. Male BALB/c mice served as recipients. Skin grafts were performed following the method of Billingham and Medawar. The length of the second skin graft survival time served as the criterion for the sensitizing capacity of the primary graft. APA encapsulation of islets delayed but has not prevented the development of the second set phenomenon. However, the second skin graft rejection time was significantly longer after grafting of encapsulated islets than after free islets transplantation. APA microencapsulation of intraperitoneally transplanted islets delayed but did not prevent the development of the second set phenomenon. Encapsulation does not ensure complete immunoisolation, but only creates "an artificially immunoprivileged site of transplantation."

Occurance of apoptosis during ischemia in porcine pancreas islet cells

PURPOSE

Pancreas islet transplantation is a potential treatment of diabetes mellitus and porcine organs provide an easily available source of cells. Unfortunately quality and quantity of isolated islets are still not satisfactory. Apoptosis occurs in freshly isolated islets and plays a significant role in early graft loss. We evaluated the influence of four storage solutions on porcine pancreas islets.

METHOD

After warm ischemia of 15-20 minutes 12 organs were stored in 4 cold preservation solutions: Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate solution (HTK), Hank's buffered saline solution (HBSS), University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and Ringer-Lactate (R). After cold ischemia for 100 minutes, organs were fixed in 3% formalin. Apoptotic cells were counted on hematocylin-eosin stainings.

RESULTS

Most apoptotic cells were found in organs stored in R. Low numbers were found in the other groups. The difference between organs stored in R and organs stored in UW, HTK, or HBSS was highly significant. No significant difference could be found between UW, HTK and HBSS.

CONCLUSION

Cold and warm ischemia of the pancreas seems to induce apoptosis in islet cells. Preservation solutions cause less apoptosis than electrolyte solution. No significant differences could be found among the preservation solutions.