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Yang Q, Saaoud F, Lu Y, Pu Y, Xu K, Shao Y, Jiang X, Wu S, Yang L, Tian Y, Liu X, Gillespie A, Luo JJ, Shi XM, Zhao H, Martinez L, Vazquez-Padron R, Wang H, Yang X. Innate immunity of vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to two-wave inflammation in atherosclerosis, twin-peak inflammation in aortic aneurysms and trans-differentiation potential into 25 cell types. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1348238. [PMID: 38327764 PMCID: PMC10847266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1348238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in the medial layer of the aorta, which plays a critical role in aortic diseases. Innate immunity is the main driving force for cardiovascular diseases. Methods To determine the roles of innate immunity in VSMC and aortic pathologies, we performed transcriptome analyses on aortas from ApoE-/- angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced aortic aneurysm (AAA) time course, and ApoE-/- atherosclerosis time course, as well as VSMCs stimulated with danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Results We made significant findings: 1) 95% and 45% of the upregulated innate immune pathways (UIIPs, based on data of 1226 innate immune genes) in ApoE-/- Ang II-induced AAA at 7 days were different from that of 14 and 28 days, respectively; and AAA showed twin peaks of UIIPs with a major peak at 7 days and a minor peak at 28 days; 2) all the UIIPs in ApoE-/- atherosclerosis at 6 weeks were different from that of 32 and 78 weeks (two waves); 3) analyses of additional 12 lists of innate immune-related genes with 1325 cytokine and chemokine genes, 2022 plasma membrane protein genes, 373 clusters of differentiation (CD) marker genes, 280 nuclear membrane protein genes, 1425 nucleoli protein genes, 6750 nucleoplasm protein genes, 1496 transcription factors (TFs) including 15 pioneer TFs, 164 histone modification enzymes, 102 oxidative cell death genes, 68 necrotic cell death genes, and 47 efferocytosis genes confirmed two-wave inflammation in atherosclerosis and twin-peak inflammation in AAA; 4) DAMPs-stimulated VSMCs were innate immune cells as judged by the upregulation of innate immune genes and genes from 12 additional lists; 5) DAMPs-stimulated VSMCs increased trans-differentiation potential by upregulating not only some of 82 markers of 7 VSMC-plastic cell types, including fibroblast, osteogenic, myofibroblast, macrophage, adipocyte, foam cell, and mesenchymal cell, but also 18 new cell types (out of 79 human cell types with 8065 cell markers); 6) analysis of gene deficient transcriptomes indicated that the antioxidant transcription factor NRF2 suppresses, however, the other five inflammatory transcription factors and master regulators, including AHR, NF-KB, NOX (ROS enzyme), PERK, and SET7 promote the upregulation of twelve lists of innate immune genes in atherosclerosis, AAA, and DAMP-stimulated VSMCs; and 7) both SET7 and trained tolerance-promoting metabolite itaconate contributed to twin-peak upregulation of cytokines in AAA. Discussion Our findings have provided novel insights on the roles of innate immune responses and nuclear stresses in the development of AAA, atherosclerosis, and VSMC immunology and provided novel therapeutic targets for treating those significant cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxi Yang
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Beloit College, Beloit, WI, United States
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yujiang Pu
- College of Letters & Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Keman Xu
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sheng Wu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Tian
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Avrum Gillespie
- Section of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jin Jun Luo
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xinghua Mindy Shi
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, College of Science and Technology at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Roberto Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Saaoud F, Shao Y, Cornwell W, Wang H, Rogers TJ, Yang X. Cigarette Smoke Modulates Inflammation and Immunity via Reactive Oxygen Species-Regulated Trained Immunity and Trained Tolerance Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:1041-1069. [PMID: 36017612 PMCID: PMC10171958 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cigarette smoke (CS) is a prominent cause of morbidity and death and poses a serious challenge to the current health care system worldwide. Its multifaceted roles have led to cardiovascular, respiratory, immunological, and neoplastic diseases. Recent Advances: CS influences both innate and adaptive immunity and regulates immune responses by exacerbating pathogenic immunological responses and/or suppressing defense immunity. There is substantial evidence pointing toward a critical role of CS in vascular immunopathology, but a comprehensive and up-to-date review is lacking. Critical Issues: This review aims to synthesize novel conceptual advances on the immunomodulatory action of CS with a focus on the cardiovascular system from the following perspectives: (i) the signaling of danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptors contributes to CS modulation of inflammation and immunity; (ii) CS reprograms immunometabolism and trained immunity-related metabolic pathways in innate immune cells and T cells, which can be sensed by the cytoplasmic (cytosolic and non-nuclear organelles) reactive oxygen species (ROS) system in vascular cells; (iii) how nuclear ROS drive CS-promoted DNA damage and cell death pathways, thereby amplifying inflammation and immune responses; and (iv) CS induces endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and vascular inflammation to promote cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Future Directions: Despite significant progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking CS to immunity, further investigations are warranted to elucidate novel mechanisms responsible for CS-mediated immunopathology of CVDs; in particular, the research in redox regulation of immune functions of ECs and their fate affected by CS is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Saaoud
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William Cornwell
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Inflammation, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research Centers, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas J. Rogers
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Inflammation, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research Centers, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Xu K, Zhang Y, Saaoud F, Shao Y, Lu Y, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Editorial: Insights in cardiovascular therapeutics 2022-cardiovascular innate immunity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1184030. [PMID: 37144060 PMCID: PMC10151803 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1184030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keman Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences and Biomedical Education and Data Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences and Biomedical Education and Data Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences and Biomedical Education and Data Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences and Biomedical Education and Data Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences and Biomedical Education and Data Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences and Biomedical Education and Data Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Role of Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) in the Development of Hypertension and Related Diseases in Mouse Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112722. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a multifunctional protein that plays a wide variety of physiological and pathological roles, including as a cytoplasmic repressor of Na,K-ATPase, an enzyme pivotal in maintaining Na+ and K+ ion gradients across the plasma membrane, by binding to and inhibiting Na,K-ATPase. Studies with transgenic mice overexpressing TCTP (TCTP-TG) revealed the pathophysiological significance of TCTP in the development of systemic arterial hypertension. Overexpression of TCTP and inhibition of Na,K-ATPase result in the elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, which increases the vascular contractility in the mice, leading to hypertension. Furthermore, studies using an animal model constructed by multiple mating of TCTP-TG with apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE KO) indicated that TCTP-induced hypertension facilitates the severity of atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. This review attempts to discuss the mechanisms underlying TCTP-induced hypertension and related diseases gleaned from studies using genetically altered animal models and the potential of TCTP as a target in the therapy of hypertension-related pathological conditions.
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Shao Y, Saaoud F, Cornwell W, Xu K, Kirchhoff A, Lu Y, Jiang X, Wang H, Rogers TJ, Yang X. Cigarette Smoke and Morphine Promote Treg Plasticity to Th17 via Enhancing Trained Immunity. Cells 2022; 11:2810. [PMID: 36139385 PMCID: PMC9497420 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) respond to environmental cues to permit or suppress inflammation, and atherosclerosis weakens Treg suppression and promotes plasticity. However, the effects of smoking plus morphine (SM + M) on Treg plasticity remain unknown. To determine whether SM + M promotes Treg plasticity to T helper 17 (Th17) cells, we analyzed the RNA sequencing data from SM, M, and SM + M treated Tregs and performed knowledge-based and IPA analysis. We demonstrated that (1) SM + M, M, and SM upregulated the transcripts of cytokines, chemokines, and clusters of differentiation (CDs) and modulated the transcripts of kinases and phosphatases in Tregs; (2) SM + M, M, and SM upregulated the transcripts of immunometabolism genes, trained immunity genes, and histone modification enzymes; (3) SM + M increased the transcripts of Th17 transcription factor (TF) RORC and Tfh factor CXCR5 in Tregs; M increased the transcripts of T helper cell 1 (Th1) TF RUNX3 and Th1-Th9 receptor CXCR3; and SM inhibited Treg TGIF1 transcript; (4) six genes upregulated in SM + M Tregs were matched with the top-ranked Th17 pathogenic genes; and 57, 39 genes upregulated in SM + M Tregs were matched with groups II and group III Th17 pathogenic genes, respectively; (5) SM + M upregulated the transcripts of 70 IPA-TFs, 11 iTregs-specific TFs, and 4 iTregs-Th17 shared TFs; and (6) SM + M, M, and SM downregulated Treg suppression TF Rel (c-Rel); and 35 SM + M downregulated genes were overlapped with Rel-/- Treg downregulated genes. These results provide novel insights on the roles of SM + M in reprogramming Treg transcriptomes and Treg plasticity to Th17 cells and novel targets for future therapeutic interventions involving immunosuppression in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - William Cornwell
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Keman Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Aaron Kirchhoff
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yifan Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Thomas J. Rogers
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Xu K, Shao Y, Saaoud F, Gillespie A, Drummer C, Liu L, Lu Y, Sun Y, Xi H, Tükel Ç, Pratico D, Qin X, Sun J, Choi ET, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Novel Knowledge-Based Transcriptomic Profiling of Lipid Lysophosphatidylinositol-Induced Endothelial Cell Activation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:773473. [PMID: 34912867 PMCID: PMC8668339 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.773473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether pro-inflammatory lipid lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs) upregulate the expressions of membrane proteins for adhesion/signaling and secretory proteins in human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) activation, we developed an EC biology knowledge-based transcriptomic formula to profile RNA-Seq data panoramically. We made the following primary findings: first, G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), the LPI receptor, is expressed in the endothelium of both human and mouse aortas, and is significantly upregulated in hyperlipidemia; second, LPIs upregulate 43 clusters of differentiation (CD) in HAECs, promoting EC activation, innate immune trans-differentiation, and immune/inflammatory responses; 72.1% of LPI-upregulated CDs are not induced in influenza virus-, MERS-CoV virus- and herpes virus-infected human endothelial cells, which hinted the specificity of LPIs in HAEC activation; third, LPIs upregulate six types of 640 secretomic genes (SGs), namely, 216 canonical SGs, 60 caspase-1-gasdermin D (GSDMD) SGs, 117 caspase-4/11-GSDMD SGs, 40 exosome SGs, 179 Human Protein Atlas (HPA)-cytokines, and 28 HPA-chemokines, which make HAECs a large secretory organ for inflammation/immune responses and other functions; fourth, LPIs activate transcriptomic remodeling by upregulating 172 transcription factors (TFs), namely, pro-inflammatory factors NR4A3, FOS, KLF3, and HIF1A; fifth, LPIs upregulate 152 nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial (mitoCarta) genes, which alter mitochondrial mechanisms and functions, such as mitochondrial organization, respiration, translation, and transport; sixth, LPIs activate reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanism by upregulating 18 ROS regulators; finally, utilizing the Cytoscape software, we found that three mechanisms, namely, LPI-upregulated TFs, mitoCarta genes, and ROS regulators, are integrated to promote HAEC activation. Our results provide novel insights into aortic EC activation, formulate an EC biology knowledge-based transcriptomic profile strategy, and identify new targets for the development of therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory conditions, immune diseases, organ transplantation, aging, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keman Xu
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aria Gillespie
- Neural Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles Drummer
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lu Liu
- Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hang Xi
- Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Center for Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Domenico Pratico
- Alzheimer's Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xuebin Qin
- National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric T Choi
- Surgery (Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery), Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation and Lung Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Shao Y, Yang WY, Saaoud F, Drummer C, Sun Y, Xu K, Lu Y, Shan H, Shevach EM, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. IL-35 promotes CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and inhibits atherosclerosis via maintaining CCR5-amplified Treg-suppressive mechanisms. JCI Insight 2021; 6:152511. [PMID: 34622804 PMCID: PMC8525592 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs play vital roles in suppressing atherogenesis. Pathological conditions reshape Tregs and increase Treg-weakening plasticity. It remains unclear how Tregs preserve their function and how Tregs switch into alternative phenotypes in the environment of atherosclerosis. In this study, we observed a great induction of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in the spleen and aorta of ApoE–/– mice, accompanied by a significant increase of plasma IL-35 levels. To determine if IL-35 devotes its role in the rise of Tregs, we generated IL-35 subunit P35–deficient (IL-35P35–deficient) mice on an ApoE–/– background and found Treg reduction in the spleen and aorta compared with ApoE–/– controls. In addition, our RNA sequencing data show the elevation of a set of chemokine receptor transcripts in the ApoE–/– Tregs, and we have validated higher CCR5 expression in ApoE–/– Tregs in the presence of IL-35 than in the absence of IL-35. Furthermore, we observed that CCR5+ Tregs in ApoE–/– have lower Treg-weakening AKT-mTOR signaling, higher expression of inhibitory checkpoint receptors TIGIT and PD-1, and higher expression of IL-10 compared with WT CCR5+ Tregs. In conclusion, IL-35 counteracts hyperlipidemia in maintaining Treg-suppressive function by increasing 3 CCR5-amplified mechanisms, including Treg migration, inhibition of Treg weakening AKT-mTOR signaling, and promotion of TIGIT and PD-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Sun
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research
| | - Huimin Shan
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Centers for Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Ni D, Tang T, Lu Y, Xu K, Shao Y, Saaoud F, Saredy J, Liu L, Drummer C, Sun Y, Hu W, Lopez-Pastrana J, Luo JJ, Jiang X, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang X. Canonical Secretomes, Innate Immune Caspase-1-, 4/11-Gasdermin D Non-Canonical Secretomes and Exosomes May Contribute to Maintain Treg-Ness for Treg Immunosuppression, Tissue Repair and Modulate Anti-Tumor Immunity via ROS Pathways. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678201. [PMID: 34084175 PMCID: PMC8168470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a transcriptomic analyses using the strategies we pioneered and made the following findings: 1) Normal lymphoid Tregs, diseased kidney Tregs, splenic Tregs from mice with injured muscle have 3, 17 and 3 specific (S-) pathways, respectively; 2) Tumor splenic Tregs share 12 pathways with tumor Tregs; tumor splenic Tregs and tumor Tregs have 11 and 8 S-pathways, respectively; 3) Normal and non-tumor disease Tregs upregulate some of novel 2641 canonical secretomic genes (SGs) with 24 pathways, and tumor Tregs upregulate canonical secretomes with 17 pathways; 4) Normal and non-tumor disease tissue Tregs upregulate some of novel 6560 exosome SGs with 56 exosome SG pathways (ESP), tumor Treg ESP are more focused than other Tregs; 5) Normal, non-tumor diseased Treg and tumor Tregs upregulate some of novel 961 innate immune caspase-1 SGs and 1223 innate immune caspase-4 SGs to fulfill their tissue/SG-specific and shared functions; 6) Most tissue Treg transcriptomes are controlled by Foxp3; and Tumor Tregs had increased Foxp3 non-collaboration genes with ROS and 17 other pathways; 7) Immune checkpoint receptor PD-1 does, but CTLA-4 does not, play significant roles in promoting Treg upregulated genes in normal and non-tumor disease tissue Tregs; and tumor splenic and tumor Tregs have certain CTLA-4-, and PD-1-, non-collaboration transcriptomic changes with innate immune dominant pathways; 8) Tumor Tregs downregulate more immunometabolic and innate immune memory (trained immunity) genes than Tregs from other groups; and 11) ROS significantly regulate Treg transcriptomes; and ROS-suppressed genes are downregulated more in tumor Tregs than Tregs from other groups. Our results have provided novel insights on the roles of Tregs in normal, injuries, regeneration, tumor conditions and some of canonical and innate immune non-canonical secretomes via ROS-regulatory mechanisms and new therapeutic targets for immunosuppression, tissue repair, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ni
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - TingTing Tang
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jason Saredy
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lu Liu
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles Drummer
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jahaira Lopez-Pastrana
- Department of Psychiatry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jin J Luo
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric T Choi
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Ultrasound May Suppress Tumor Growth, Inhibit Inflammation, and Establish Tolerogenesis by Remodeling Innatome via Pathways of ROS, Immune Checkpoints, Cytokines, and Trained Immunity/Tolerance. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6664453. [PMID: 33628851 PMCID: PMC7889351 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6664453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune mechanisms underlying low-intensity ultrasound- (LIUS-) mediated suppression of inflammation and tumorigenesis remain poorly determined. Methods We used microarray datasets from the NCBI GEO DataSet repository and conducted comprehensive data-mining analyses, where we examined the gene expression of 1376 innate immune regulators (innatome genes (IGs) in cells treated with LIUS. Results We made the following findings: (1) LIUS upregulates proinflammatory IGs and downregulates metastasis genes in cancer cells, and LIUS upregulates adaptive immunity pathways but inhibits danger-sensing and inflammation pathways and promote tolerogenic differentiation in bone marrow (BM) cells. (2) LIUS upregulates IGs encoded for proteins localized in the cytoplasm, extracellular space, and others, but downregulates IG proteins localized in nuclear and plasma membranes, and LIUS downregulates phosphatases. (3) LIUS-modulated IGs act partially via several important pathways of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reverse signaling of immune checkpoint receptors B7-H4 and BTNL2, inflammatory cytokines, and static or oscillatory shear stress and heat generation, among which ROS is a dominant mechanism. (4) LIUS upregulates trained immunity enzymes in lymphoma cells and downregulates trained immunity enzymes and presumably establishes trained tolerance in BM cells. (5) LIUS modulates chromatin long-range interactions to differentially regulate IGs expression in cancer cells and noncancer cells. Conclusions Our analysis suggests novel molecular mechanisms that are utilized by LIUS to induce tumor suppression and inflammation inhibition. Our findings may lead to development of new treatment protocols for cancers and chronic inflammation.
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10
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Zhang R, Xu K, Shao Y, Sun Y, Saredy J, Cutler E, Yao T, Liu M, Liu L, Drummer Iv C, Lu Y, Saaoud F, Ni D, Wang J, Li Y, Li R, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Tissue Treg Secretomes and Transcription Factors Shared With Stem Cells Contribute to a Treg Niche to Maintain Treg-Ness With 80% Innate Immune Pathways, and Functions of Immunosuppression and Tissue Repair. Front Immunol 2021; 11:632239. [PMID: 33613572 PMCID: PMC7892453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.632239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used functional -omics angles and examined transcriptomic heterogeneity in CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) from spleen (s-Treg), lymph nodes (LN-Treg), intestine (int-Treg), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT-Treg), and made significant findings: 1) Five new shared Treg genes including NIBAN, TNFRSF1b, DUSP4,VAV2, and KLRG1, and 68 new signatures are identified. Among 27 signaling pathways shared in four tissue Treg, 22 pathways are innate immune pathways (81.5%); 2) s-Treg, LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg have zero, 49, 45, and 116 upregulated pathways, respectively; 3) 12, 7, and 15 out of 373 CD markers are identified as specific for LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg, respectively, which may initiate innate immune signaling; 4) 7, 49, 44, and 79 increased cytokines out of 1176 cytokines are identified for four Treg, respectively, suggesting that Treg have much more secretory proteins/cytokines than IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35; 5) LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg have 13 additional secretory functions more than s-Treg, found by analyzing 1,706 secretomic genes; 6) 2, 20, 25, and 43 increased transcription factors (TFs) out of 1,496 TFs are identified four Treg, respectively; 7) LN-Treg and int-Treg have increased pyroptosis regulators but VAT-Treg have increased apoptosis regulators; 8) 1, 15, 19, and 31 increased kinases out of 661 kinome are identified for s-Treg, LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg, respectively; 9) comparing with that of s-Treg, LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg increase activated cluster (clusters 1–3) markers; and decrease resting cluster (clusters 4–6) markers; and 10) Treg promote tissue repair by sharing secretomes and TFs AHR, ETV5, EGR1, and KLF4 with stem cells, which partially promote upregulation of all the groups of Treg genes. These results suggest that stem cell-shared master genes make tissue Treg as the first T cell type using a Treg niche to maintain their Treg-ness with 80% innate immune pathways, and triple functions of immunosuppression, tissue repair, and homeostasis maintenance. Our results have provided novel insights on the roles of innate immune pathways on Treg heterogeneity and new therapeutic targets for immunosuppression, tissue repair, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijing Zhang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jason Saredy
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Cutler
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Tian Yao
- Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles Drummer Iv
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dong Ni
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jirong Wang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Rongshan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Li X, Fang P, Sun Y, Shao Y, Yang WY, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-35 and IL-10 block atherogenic lysophosphatidylcholine-induced, mitochondrial ROS-mediated innate immune activation, but spare innate immune memory signature in endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101373. [PMID: 31731100 PMCID: PMC6920093 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-35 (IL-35) and IL-10 could inhibit acute endothelial cell (EC) activation, however, it remains unknown if and by what pathways IL-35 and IL-10 could block atherogenic lipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced sustained EC activation; and if mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) can differentiate mediation of EC activation from trained immunity (innate immune memory). Using RNA sequencing analyses, biochemical assays, as well as database mining approaches, we compared the effects of IL-35 and IL-10 in LPC-treated human aortic ECs (HAECs). Principal component analysis revealed that both IL-35 and IL-10 could similarly and partially reverse global transcriptome changes induced by LPC. Gene set enrichment analyses showed that while IL-35 and IL-10 could both block acute EC activation, characterized by upregulation of cytokines/chemokines and adhesion molecules, IL-35 is more potent than IL-10 in suppressing innate immune signatures upregulated by LPC. Surprisingly, LPC did not induce the expression of trained tolerance itaconate pathway enzymes but induced trained immunity enzyme expressions; and neither IL-35 nor IL-10 was found to affect LPC-induced trained immunity gene signatures. Mechanistically, IL-35 and IL-10 could suppress mtROS, which partially mediate LPC-induced EC activation and innate immune response. Therefore, anti-inflammatory cytokines could reverse mtROS-mediated acute and innate immune trans-differentiation responses in HAECs, but it could spare metabolic reprogramming and trained immunity signatures, which may not fully depend on mtROS. Our characterizations of anti-inflammatory cytokines in blocking mtROS-mediated acute and prolonged EC activation, and sparing trained immunity are significant for designing novel strategies for treating cardiovascular diseases, other inflammatory diseases, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Li
- Centers for Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pu Fang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers for Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - William Y Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA; Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA; Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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12
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Wang J, Lai B, Nanayakkara G, Yang Q, Sun Y, Lu Y, Shao Y, Yu D, Yang WY, Cueto R, Fu H, Zeng H, Shen W, Wu S, Zhang C, Liu Y, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang X. Experimental Data-Mining Analyses Reveal New Roles of Low-Intensity Ultrasound in Differentiating Cell Death Regulatome in Cancer and Non-cancer Cells via Potential Modulation of Chromatin Long-Range Interactions. Front Oncol 2019; 9:600. [PMID: 31355136 PMCID: PMC6640725 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanisms underlying low intensity ultrasound (LIUS) mediated suppression of inflammation and tumorigenesis remain poorly determined. Methods: We used microarray datasets from NCBI GEO Dataset databases and conducted a comprehensive data mining analyses, where we studied the gene expression of 299 cell death regulators that regulate 13 different cell death types (cell death regulatome) in cells treated with LIUS. Results: We made the following findings: (1) LIUS exerts a profound effect on the expression of cell death regulatome in cancer cells and non-cancer cells. Of note, LIUS has the tendency to downregulate the gene expression of cell death regulators in non-cancer cells. Most of the cell death regulator genes downregulated by LIUS in non-cancer cells are responsible for mediating inflammatory signaling pathways; (2) LIUS activates different cell death transcription factors in cancer and non-cancer cells. Transcription factors TP-53 and SRF- were induced by LIUS exposure in cancer cells and non-cancer cells, respectively; (3) As two well-accepted mechanisms of LIUS, mild hyperthermia and oscillatory shear stress induce changes in the expression of cell death regulators, therefore, may be responsible for inducing LIUS mediated changes in gene expression patterns of cell death regulators in cells; (4) LIUS exposure may change the redox status of the cells. LIUS may induce more of antioxidant effects in non-cancer cells compared to cancer cells; and (5) The genes modulated by LIUS in cancer cells have distinct chromatin long range interaction (CLRI) patterns to that of non-cancer cells. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests novel molecular mechanisms that may be utilized by LIUS to induce tumor suppression and inflammation inhibition. Our findings may lead to development of new treatment protocols for cancers and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gayani Nanayakkara
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William Y Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ramon Cueto
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hangfei Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Huihong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Susu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chunquan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Eric T Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Shen H, Wu N, Nanayakkara G, Fu H, Yang Q, Yang WY, Li A, Sun Y, Drummer Iv C, Johnson C, Shao Y, Wang L, Xu K, Hu W, Chan M, Tam V, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang X. Co-signaling receptors regulate T-cell plasticity and immune tolerance. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2019; 24:96-132. [PMID: 30468648 DOI: 10.2741/4710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We took an experimental database mining analysis to determine the expression of 28 co-signaling receptors in 32 human tissues in physiological/pathological conditions. We made the following significant findings: 1) co-signaling receptors are differentially expressed in tissues; 2) heart, trachea, kidney, mammary gland and muscle express co-signaling receptors that mediate CD4+T cell functions such as priming, differentiation, effector, and memory; 3) urinary tumor, germ cell tumor, leukemia and chondrosarcoma express high levels of co-signaling receptors for T cell activation; 4) expression of inflammasome components are correlated with the expression of co-signaling receptors; 5) CD40, SLAM, CD80 are differentially expressed in leukocytes from patients with trauma, bacterial infections, polarized macrophages and in activated endothelial cells; 6) forward and reverse signaling of 50% co-inhibition receptors are upregulated in endothelial cells during inflammation; and 7) STAT1 deficiency in T cells upregulates MHC class II and co-stimulation receptors. Our results have provided novel insights into co-signaling receptors as physiological regulators and potentiate identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of sterile inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China,
| | - Gayani Nanayakkara
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University,Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Hangfei Fu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University,Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Qian Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - William Y Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Angus Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University ,Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Charles Drummer Iv
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, and Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Candice Johnson
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University,Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University,Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Luqiao Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research,Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Marion Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Vincent Tam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Eric T Choi
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, U.S.A
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14
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Xu K, Yang WY, Nanayakkara GK, Shao Y, Yang F, Hu W, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang X. GATA3, HDAC6, and BCL6 Regulate FOXP3+ Treg Plasticity and Determine Treg Conversion into Either Novel Antigen-Presenting Cell-Like Treg or Th1-Treg. Front Immunol 2018; 9:45. [PMID: 29434588 PMCID: PMC5790774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted an experimental database analysis to determine the expression of 61 CD4+ Th subset regulators in human and murine tissues, cells, and in T-regulatory cells (Treg) in physiological and pathological conditions. We made the following significant findings: (1) adipose tissues of diabetic patients with insulin resistance upregulated various Th effector subset regulators; (2) in skin biopsy from patients with psoriasis, and in blood cells from patients with lupus, effector Th subset regulators were more upregulated than downregulated; (3) in rosiglitazone induced failing hearts in ApoE-deficient (KO) mice, various Th subset regulators were upregulated rather than downregulated; (4) aortic endothelial cells activated by proatherogenic stimuli secrete several Th subset-promoting cytokines; (5) in Treg from follicular Th (Tfh)-transcription factor (TF) Bcl6 KO mice, various Th subset regulators were upregulated; whereas in Treg from Th2-TF GATA3 KO mice and HDAC6 KO mice, various Th subset regulators were downregulated, suggesting that Bcl6 inhibits, GATA3 and HDAC6 promote, Treg plasticity; and (6) GATA3 KO, and Bcl6 KO Treg upregulated MHC II molecules and T cell co-stimulation receptors, suggesting that GATA3 and BCL6 inhibit Treg from becoming novel APC-Treg. Our data implies that while HDAC6 and Bcl6 are important regulators of Treg plasticity, GATA3 determine the fate of plastic Tregby controlling whether it will convert in to either Th1-Treg or APC-T-reg. Our results have provided novel insights on Treg plasticity into APC-Treg and Th1-Treg, and new therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keman Xu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William Y Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gayani Kanchana Nanayakkara
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric T Choi
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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15
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Castellani M, Felaco M, Pandolfi F, Salini V, De Amicis D, Orso C, Vecchiet J, Tetè S, Ciampoli C, Conti F, Cerulli G, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Cuccurullo C, Felaco P, Kempuraj D, Boscolo P, Sabatino G, Shaik Y. Mast Cells and Arachidonic Acid Cascade in Inflammation. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0900700302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 PGD2 is a major cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by mast cells and it is released following allergen challenge in diseases, such as allergic diseases. PGD2 may act as a neuromodulator and as an allergic and inflammatory mediator. In allergic diseases, activated mast cell synthesizes prostaglandin D2 (first cyclo-oxygenate mediator) which has bronchoconstrictive and vasodilating effects and attracts several leukocytes. It has been found that activated mast cells, challenged with physiological and non- physiological secretagogues, release elevated histamine and tryptase and chymase, leukotrienes B4, C4 and D4, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, PGD2, Platelet Activating Factor (PAF), heparin, and high-molecular-weight neutrophil chemotactic factor and cytokines/chemokines. PGD2 exerts its biological activity through the DP and CRTH2 receptors and their cDNA cloning which were characterized 15 years ago. In this report, we revisited the biological effects of arachidonic acid compounds released by activated mast cells in allergic and inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Castellani
- Immunology Division, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - M. Felaco
- Division of Biology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | | | - V. Salini
- Department of Human Dynamics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - D. De Amicis
- Department of Human Dynamics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - C. Orso
- Department of Human Dynamics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - J. Vecchiet
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - S. Tetè
- Dental School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - C. Ciampoli
- Dental School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - F. Conti
- Gynecology Division, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Cerulli
- Orthopeadics Division, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopeadics Division, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Antinolfi
- Orthopeadics Division, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | - P. Felaco
- Nephrology Division, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - D. Kempuraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Biochemistry and Internal Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P. Boscolo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Sabatino
- Department of Paediatrics, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Y.B. Shaik
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Li X, Fang P, Yang WY, Wang H, Yang X. IL-35, as a newly proposed homeostasis-associated molecular pattern, plays three major functions including anti-inflammatory initiator, effector, and blocker in cardiovascular diseases. Cytokine 2017. [PMID: 28648331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-35 is a new anti-inflammatory cytokine identified in 2007, which inhibits inflammation and immune responses by inducing regulatory T cells and regulatory B cells and suppressing effector T cells and macrophages. The unique initiator and effector anti-inflammatory properties of IL-35 bring tremendous interest in investigating its role during cardiovascular disease (CVD) development, in which inflammatory processes are firmly established as central to its development and complications. In this review, we update recent understanding of how IL-35 is produced and regulated in the cells. In addition, we outline the signaling pathways affected by IL-35 in different cell types. Furthermore, we summarize the roles of IL-35 in atherosclerosis, diabetes, and sepsis. We propose a new working model that IL-35 and its receptors are novel homeostasis-associated molecular pattern (HAMP) and HAMP receptors, respectively, which explains the complex nature of IL-35 signaling as an anti-inflammatory initiator, effector and blocker. Thorough understanding of this topic is significant towards development of new anti-inflammatory therapies against CVDs and other diseases. (total words: 163).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Pu Fang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - William Y Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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17
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Lalazar G, Zigmond E, Weksler-Zangen S, Ya'acov AB, Levy MS, Hemed N, Raz I, Ilan Y. Oral Administration of β-Glucosylceramide for the Treatment of Insulin Resistance and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Med Food 2017; 20:458-464. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Lalazar
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ehud Zigmond
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarah Weksler-Zangen
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben Ya'acov
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Sklair Levy
- Department of Radiology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nilla Hemed
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itamar Raz
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Shao Y, Chernaya V, Johnson C, Yang WY, Cueto R, Sha X, Zhang Y, Qin X, Sun J, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang XF. Metabolic Diseases Downregulate the Majority of Histone Modification Enzymes, Making a Few Upregulated Enzymes Novel Therapeutic Targets--"Sand Out and Gold Stays". J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2016; 9:49-66. [PMID: 26746407 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-015-9664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the expression of histone modification enzymes is regulated in physiological and pathological conditions, we took an experimental database mining approach pioneered in our labs to determine a panoramic expression profile of 164 enzymes in 19 human and 17 murine tissues. We have made the following significant findings: (1) Histone enzymes are differentially expressed in cardiovascular, immune, and other tissues; (2) our new pyramid model showed that heart and T cells are among a few tissues in which histone acetylation/deacetylation, and histone methylation/demethylation are in the highest varieties; and (3) histone enzymes are more downregulated than upregulated in metabolic diseases and regulatory T cell (Treg) polarization/ differentiation, but not in tumors. These results have demonstrated a new working model of "Sand out and Gold stays," where more downregulation than upregulation of histone enzymes in metabolic diseases makes a few upregulated enzymes the potential novel therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases and Treg activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Valeria Chernaya
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Candice Johnson
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - William Y Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ramon Cueto
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiaojin Sha
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Eric T Choi
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiao-feng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB 1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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19
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Yang WY, Shao Y, Lopez-Pastrana J, Mai J, Wang H, Yang XF. Pathological conditions re-shape physiological Tregs into pathological Tregs. BURNS & TRAUMA 2015; 3. [PMID: 26623425 PMCID: PMC4662545 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-015-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4 T cells that play an essential role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance, controlling acute and chronic inflammation, allergy, autoimmune diseases, and anti-cancer immune responses. Over the past 20 years, significant progress has been made since Tregs were first characterized in 1995. Many concepts and principles regarding Tregs generation, phenotypic features, subsets (tTregs, pTregs, iTregs, and iTreg35), tissue specificity (central Tregs, effector Tregs, and tissue resident Tregs), homeostasis (highly dynamic and apoptotic), regulation of Tregs by receptors for PAMPs and DAMPs, Treg plasticity (re-differentiation to other CD4 T helper cell subsets, Th1, Th2, Tfh and Th17), and epigenetic regulation of Tregs phenotypes and functions have been innovated. In this concise review, we want to briefly analyze these eight new progresses in the study of Tregs. We have also proposed for the first time a novel concept that "physiological Tregs" have been re-shaped into "pathological Tregs" in various pathological environments. Continuing of the improvement in our understanding on this important cellular component about the immune tolerance and immune suppression, would lead to the future development of novel therapeutics approaches for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, allergy, allogeneic transplantation-related immunity, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Jahaira Lopez-Pastrana
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Jietang Mai
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, U.S.A
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20
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Virtue A, Mai J, Wang H, Yang X. Lymphocytes and Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Lopez-Pastrana J, Shao Y, Chernaya V, Wang H, Yang XF. Epigenetic enzymes are the therapeutic targets for CD4(+)CD25(+/high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Transl Res 2015; 165:221-40. [PMID: 25193380 PMCID: PMC4259825 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+/high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subset of CD4(+) T cells that play an essential role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. Several transcriptional cofactors have been recently identified, which form complexes with transcription factor Foxp3 of Treg cells and contribute in the suppressive function of Treg cells. However, Foxp3 is still defined as a "master" (multiple pathway) regulator gene that controls the development and stability of Treg cells. Because of its importance, the regulatory mechanisms underlying Foxp3 expression have been a focus of intensive investigation. Recent progress suggests that the epigenetic mechanisms responsible for regulating the Foxp3 gene expression are key components of suppressive activity of Treg cells. This review not only discusses the basic concepts of biology and epigenetic modifications of Treg cells, but also analyzes the translational clinical aspect of epigenetic modifications of Treg cells, focusing on several ongoing clinical trials and the Food and Drugs administration (FDA) approved epigenetic-based drugs. The new progress in identifying epigenetic enzymes functional in Treg cells is a new target for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, graft-vs-host disease and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahaira Lopez-Pastrana
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Valeria Chernaya
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn.
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22
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Pastrana JL, Sha X, Virtue A, Mai J, Cueto R, Lee IA, Wang H, Yang XF. Regulatory T cells and Atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2012:2. [PMID: 23997979 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9880.s12-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease. The involvement of both innate and adaptive immune responses in the pathogenesis of the disease has been well recognized. Tregs are an essential part of the immune system and have indispensable functions in maintaining immune system homeostasis, mediating peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases, and suppressing inflammatory and proatherogenic immune response. Tregs carry out their immunosuppressive functions via several mechansims. One of the well-documented suppressive mechanisms of Tregs is the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35. Studies have found that IL-10 and TGF-β have atheroprotective properties. In addition, Tregs can suppress the activity of proatherogenic effector T cells, suggesting an atheroprotective role. In fact, fewer Tregs are found in atherogenic ApoE-/- mice comparing to wild-type mice, suggesting an uncontrolled balance between weakened Tregs and effector T cells in atherogenesis. Some clinical studies of autoimmune diseases also suggest that decreased Tregs numbers are associated with increased disease activity. The importance of Tregs in many autoimmune diseases and experimental atherosclerosis has been established in in vivo and in vitro studies. However, the roles of Tregs in atherosclerosis in the clinical setting remains to be further characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahaira Lopez Pastrana
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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23
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Szypowska A, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Demkow U, Luczynski W. Evaluation of T regulatory cell apoptosis in children with newly recognized type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Med Res 2011; 15 Suppl 2:198-201. [PMID: 21147651 PMCID: PMC4360305 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-15-s2-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by an autoimmune, T-cell dependent destruction of insulin producing pancreatic beta cells. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are critical regulators of immune tolerance. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate CD4 +CD25 highFoxP3 cell apoptosis in the peripheral blood of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS 34 children (15 girls and 19 boys) with new onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus, of the mean age 6.9 ±5.2 (range 0.9-17.5 yr) and 18 healthy controls (8 girls, 10 boys) of the mean age 7.3 ±4.6 (1.9-17.5 yr) were included into the study. Flow cytometric analysis of Tregs was performed using the following markers: anti-CD4, anti-CD25 and transcription factor FoxP3. Apoptosis was measured using anti-active caspase-3 monoclonal antibody. The percentage of apoptotic cells was measured within CD4 +CD25 highFoxP3+ cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of apoptotic CD4 +CD25 highFoxP3 + cells between children with diabetes and healthy subjects; the median value 0 (range 0-26.8) vs. 0 (range 0-2.6), respectively (P = 0.302). Further, clinical studies on a larger cohort of diabetic children are needed to evaluate T regulatory cell apoptosis, especially for future immune-based therapy.
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24
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Castellani M, Toniato E, Felaco P, Ciampoli C, De Amicis D, Orso C, Cucurullo C, Vecchiet J, Tetè S, Salini V, Caraffa A, Pandolfi F, Antinolfi P, Cerulli G, Conti F, Fulcheri M, Sabatino G, Boscolo P, Shaik Y. Impact of IL-32 on Histamine Release by Human Derived Umbilical Cord Blood Mast Cells. EUR J INFLAMM 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0900700309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-32 is onae of the last important cytokines discovered, produced mainly by T cells, natural killer cells, and epithelial cells. Probably many other different cells are a source of IL-32, which has been found to be a powerful pro-inflammatory mediator. Here we studied the effect of IL-32 on histamine release by human-derived cord-blood mast cells. In these studies we found that IL-32 significantly stimulates the release of histamine only at high concentrations (100 ng/ml) while at 10 or 50 ng/ml it had no effect. These results were found for the first time and demonstrate that IL-32 may play an important role in allergic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Toniato
- Immunology Division, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - P. Felaco
- Division of Nephrology, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - C. Ciampoli
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - D. De Amicis
- Department of Human Dynamics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - C. Orso
- Department of Human Dynamics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - C. Cucurullo
- Division of Medical Pathology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - J. Vecchiet
- Clinical of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - S. Tetè
- Dental School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - V. Salini
- Department of Human Dynamics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopaedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - P.L. Antinolfi
- Orthopaedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - G. Cerulli
- Orthopaedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - F. Conti
- Gynecology Division, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Fulcheri
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - G. Sabatino
- Department of Paediatrics, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - P. Boscolo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Y.B. Shaik
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Yang XF, Fang P, Meng S, Jan M, Xiong X, Yin Y, Wang H. The FOX transcription factors regulate vascular pathology, diabetes and Tregs. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2009; 1:420-36. [PMID: 19482711 DOI: 10.2741/s35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A small number of upstream master genes in "higher hierarchy" controls the expression of a large number of downstream genes and integrates the signaling pathways underlying the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases with or without autoimmune inflammatory mechanisms. In this brief review, we organize our analysis of recent progress in characterization of forkhead (FOX) transcription factor family members in vascular pathology, diabetes and regulatory T cells into the following sections: (1) Overview of the FOX transcription factor superfamily; (2) Vascular pathology of mice deficient in FOX transcription factors; (3) Roles of FOX transcription factors in endothelial cell pathology; (4) Roles of FOX transcription factors in vascular smooth muscle cells; (5) Roles of FOX transcription factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes; and (6) Immune system phenotypes of mice deficient in FOX transcription factors. Advances in these areas suggest that the FOX transcription factor family plays important roles in vascular development and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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The forkhead transcription factors play important roles in vascular pathology and immunology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 665:90-105. [PMID: 20429418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1599-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor families are a small number of upstream master genes in "higher hierarchy" that control the expression of a large number of downstream genes. These transcription factors have been found to integrate the signaling pathways underlying the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases with or without autoimmune inflammatory mechanisms. In this chapter, we organize our analysis of recent progress in characterization of forkhead (Fox) transcription factor family members in vascular pathology and immune regulation into the following sections: (1) Introduction of the FOX transcription factor superfamily; (2) FOX transcription factors and endotheial cell pathology; (3) FOX transcription factors and vascular smooth muscle cells; and (4) FOX transcription factors, inflammation and immune system. Advances in these areas suggest that the FOX transcription factor family is important in regulating vascular development and the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
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Yang XF, Yin Y, Wang H. VASCULAR INFLAMMATION AND ATHEROGENESIS ARE ACTIVATED VIA RECEPTORS FOR PAMPs AND SUPPRESSED BY REGULATORY T CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:125-142. [PMID: 19578482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in identifying the risk factors and elucidating atherosclerotic pathology, atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized society. These risk factors independently or synergistically lead to chronic vascular inflammation, which is an essential requirement for the progression of atherosclerosis in patients. However, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenic link between the risk factors and atherosclerotic inflammation remain poorly defined. Significant progress has been made in two major areas, which are determination of the roles of the receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in initiation of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, and characterization of the roles of regulatory T cells in suppression of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this review, we focus on three related issues: (1) examining the recent progress in endothelial cell pathology, inflammation and their roles in atherosclerosis; (2) analyzing the roles of the receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in initiation of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis; and (3) analyzing the advances in our understanding of suppression of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis by regulatory T cells. Continuous improvement of our understanding of the risk factors involved in initiation and promotion of artherogenesis, will lead to the development of novel therapeutics for ischemic stroke and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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