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Differential and Synergistic Effects of Low Birth Weight and Western Diet on Skeletal Muscle Vasculature, Mitochondrial Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Signaling in Male Guinea Pigs. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124315. [PMID: 34959870 PMCID: PMC8704817 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) offspring are at increased risk for developing insulin resistance, a key precursor in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Altered skeletal muscle vasculature, extracellular matrix, amino acid and mitochondrial lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling are implicated in this pathogenesis. Using uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI) to induce intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and LBW in the guinea pig, we investigated the relationship between UPI-induced IUGR/LBW and later life skeletal muscle arteriole density, fibrosis, amino acid and mitochondrial lipid metabolism, markers of insulin signaling and glucose uptake, and how a postnatal high-fat, high-sugar “Western” diet (WD) modulates these changes. Muscle of 145-day-old male LBW glucose-tolerant offspring displayed diminished vessel density and altered acylcarnitine levels. Disrupted muscle insulin signaling despite maintained whole-body glucose homeostasis also occurred in both LBW and WD-fed male “lean” offspring. Additionally, postnatal WD unmasked LBW-induced impairment of mitochondrial lipid metabolism, as reflected by increased acylcarnitine accumulation. This study provides evidence that early markers of skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction appear to be influenced by the in utero environment and interact with a high-fat/high-sugar postnatal environment to exacerbate altered mitochondrial lipid metabolism, promoting mitochondrial overload.
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Tandon S, Sarkar S. The S6k/4E-BP mediated growth promoting sub-pathway of insulin signalling cascade is essential to restrict pathogenesis of poly(Q) disorders in Drosophila. Life Sci 2021; 275:119358. [PMID: 33744321 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human neurodegenerative polyglutamine [poly(Q)] disorders, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), are characterised by an abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the affected gene. The mutated proteins misfold and aggregate to form inclusion bodies that sequester important factors involved in cellular transcription, growth, stress and autophagic response and other essential functions. The insulin signalling pathway has been demonstrated as a major modifier and a potential drug target to ameliorate the poly(Q) mediated neurotoxicity in various model systems. Insulin signalling cascade harbours several downstream sub-pathways, which are synergistically involved in discharging indispensable biological functions such as growth and proliferation, metabolism, autophagy, regulation of cell death pathways etc. Hence, it is difficult to conclude whether the mitigation of poly(Q) neurotoxicity is an accumulative outcome of the insulin cascade, or the result of a specific sub-pathway. For the first time, we report that the ligand binding domain of insulin receptor mediated downstream growth promoting sub-pathway plays the pivotal role in operating the rescue event. We show that the growth promoting activity of insulin cascade is essential to minimize the abundance of inclusion bodies, to restrict neurodegeneration, and to restore the cellular transcriptional balance. Subsequently, we noted the involvement of the mTOR/S6k/4E-BP candidates in mitigating poly(Q) mediated neurotoxicity. Due to the conserved cellular functioning of the insulin cascade across species, and availability of several growth promoting molecules, our results in Drosophila poly(Q) models indicate towards a possibility of designing novel therapeutic strategies to restrict the pathogenesis of devastating human poly(Q) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tandon
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Surajit Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
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Wang T, Wei XY, Yang AA, Liu Z, Wang SQ, You YY, Kuang F, You SW, Wu MM. Branched-Chain Amino Acids Enhance Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regeneration after Optic Nerve Transection in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1500-1506. [PMID: 30198771 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1510969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study's aim was to investigate the beneficial effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on the neuronal survival and axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve (ON) transection. METHOD The experimental rats received daily BCAA injections through the caudal vein after left intra-orbital ON transection. Neuroprotection was evaluated by counting Fluorogold-labeled RGCs. The role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation in promoting RGC survival was studied after rapamycin administration. Moreover, a peripheral nerve (PN) graft was transplanted onto the transected ON to study the effects of BCAAs on axon regeneration of injured RGCs. RESULTS Our results showed that BCAAs alleviated the death of RGCs 7 and 14 days after ON transection, accompanied by an activation of mTOR pathway in RGCs. Blocking mTOR pathway with rapamycin eliminated such neuroprotective effects of BCAAs. Moreover, BCAAs also promoted axon regeneration of injured RGCs into a PN graft. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a neuroprotection of BCAAs through the activation of mTOR pathway. BCAAs also have a beneficial effect on axon regeneration of injured RGCs. Therefore, BCAAs could be considered for the clinical treatment of ON injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- a Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wei
- b Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - An-An Yang
- c Department of Pathology , The 253rd Hospital of PLA , Hohhot , China
| | - Zhao Liu
- d Department of Neurology , Lanzhou PLA General Hospital , Lanzhou , China
| | - Shi-Qi Wang
- e State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yi-Yan You
- f Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , USA
| | - Fang Kuang
- b Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Si-Wei You
- b Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Ming-Mei Wu
- b Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
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Bifari F, Ruocco C, Decimo I, Fumagalli G, Valerio A, Nisoli E. Amino acid supplements and metabolic health: a potential interplay between intestinal microbiota and systems control. GENES & NUTRITION 2017; 12:27. [PMID: 29043007 PMCID: PMC5628494 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of essential amino acids (EAAs) has been shown to promote healthspan. EAAs regulate, in fact, glucose and lipid metabolism and energy balance, increase mitochondrial biogenesis, and maintain immune homeostasis. Basic science and epidemiological results indicate that dietary macronutrient composition affects healthspan through multiple and integrated mechanisms, and their effects are closely related to the metabolic status to which they act. In particular, EAA supplementation can trigger different and even opposite effects depending on the catabolic and anabolic states of the organisms. Among others, gut-associated microbial communities (referred to as gut microbiota) emerged as a major regulator of the host metabolism. Diet and host health influence gut microbiota, and composition of gut microbiota, in turn, controls many aspects of host health, including nutrient metabolism, resistance to infection, and immune signals. Altered communication between the innate immune system and the gut microbiota might contribute to complex diseases. Furthermore, gut microbiota and its impact to host health change largely during different life phases such as lactation, weaning, and aging. Here we will review the accumulating body of knowledge on the impact of dietary EAA supplementation on the host metabolic health and healthspan from a holistic perspective. Moreover, we will focus on the current efforts to establish causal relationships among dietary EAAs, gut microbiota, and health during human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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Bifari F, Nisoli E. Branched-chain amino acids differently modulate catabolic and anabolic states in mammals: a pharmacological point of view. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1366-1377. [PMID: 27638647 PMCID: PMC5429325 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence has been accumulated suggesting that branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation or BCAA-rich diets have a positive effect on the regulation of body weight, muscle protein synthesis, glucose homeostasis, the ageing process and extend healthspan. Despite these beneficial effects, epidemiological studies have shown that BCAA plasma concentrations and BCAA metabolism are altered in several metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. In this review article, we present an overview of the current literature on the different effects of BCAAs in health and disease. We also highlight the results showing the most promising therapeutic effects of dietary BCAA supplementation and discuss how BCAAs can trigger different and even opposite effects, depending on the catabolic and anabolic states of the organisms. Moreover, we consider the effects of BCAAs when metabolism is abnormal, in the presence of a mixture of different anabolic and catabolic signals. These unique pharmacodynamic properties may partially explain some of the markedly different effects found in BCAA supplementation studies. To predict accurately these effects, the overall catabolic/anabolic status of patients should be carefully considered. In wider terms, a correct modulation of metabolic disorders would make nutraceutical interventions with BCAAs more effective. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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Corsetti G, D’Antona G, Ruocco C, Stacchiotti A, Romano C, Tedesco L, Dioguardi F, Rezzani R, Nisoli E. Dietary supplementation with essential amino acids boosts the beneficial effects of rosuvastatin on mouse kidney. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2189-203. [PMID: 24923264 PMCID: PMC4133027 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of high-potency statins on renal function are controversial. To address the impact of statins on renal morpho-functional aspects, normotensive young mice were treated with rosuvastatin (Rvs). Moreover, because statins may impair mitochondrial function, mice received either dietary supplementation with an amino acid mixture enriched in essential amino acids (EAAm), which we previously demonstrated to increase mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle or an unsupplemented control diet for 1 month. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function, apoptosis, and insulin signaling pathway events were studied, primarily in cortical proximal tubules. By electron microscopy analysis, mitochondria were more abundant and more heterogeneous in size, with dense granules in the inner matrix, in Rvs- and Rvs plus EAAm-treated animals. Rvs administration increased protein kinase B and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation, but the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway was not affected. Rvs increased the expression of sirtuin 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α, cytochrome oxidase type IV, cytochrome c, and mitochondrial biogenesis markers. Levels of glucose-regulated protein 75 (Grp75), B-cell lymphoma 2, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 were increased in cortical proximal tubules, and expression of the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial chaperone Grp78 was decreased. EAAm supplementation maintained or enhanced these changes. Rvs promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, with a probable anti-apoptotic effect. EAAm boosts these processes and may contribute to the efficient control of cellular energetics and survival in the mouse kidney. This suggests that appropriate nutritional interventions may enhance the beneficial actions of Rvs, and could potentially prevent chronic renal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsetti
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Antona
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romano
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Tedesco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
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De Ciuceis C, Flati V, Rossini C, Rufo A, Porteri E, Di Gregorio J, Petroboni B, La Boria E, Donini C, Pasini E, Agabiti Rosei E, Rizzoni D. Effect of antihypertensive treatments on insulin signalling in lympho-monocytes of essential hypertensive patients: A pilot study. Blood Press 2014; 23:330-8. [DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2014.901021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mascaro A, Micheletti P, D Antona G. Acute exposure to essential amino acids (EAA) activates MTOR/p70 signaling in soleus muscle of chronically EAA-treated aged rats. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:673-80. [PMID: 24067463 DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an in vitro assay we assessed whether the acute exposure of soleus muscle of adult and aged rats to essential amino acid enriched mixture (EAAem) activates mTOR signaling pathway (mTOR and p70S6K) even after prolonged supplementation with the same mixture. A total of 20 adult (9 months of age at the end of treatment) and 20 aged (18 months of age at the end of treatment) male Wistar rats were used. Ten of each group were treated with EAAem (1.5 gr/kg/day in tap water) for 6 months. At the end of treatment the rats were grouped (n = 5 each group) as follows: adult (AD) and aged (AG) untreated controls; adult (AD_EAAem) and aged (AG_EAAem) chronically supplemented with EAAem; adult (AD+EAAem) and aged (AG+EAAem) acutely incubated with EAAem (soleus in 1 percent EAAem for 30 min); AD_EAAem+ and AG_EAAem+ acutely incubated with EAAem. Following treatment the activation level of mTOR and p70S6K was measured by Western blot. The basal level of mTOR and p70S6K activation appeared to be higher in AD compared with AG. In AG+EAAem a significant change in the level of p70S6K activation, unlike mTOR, was observed whereas no change was observed in AD+EAAem. In AD_EAAem muscles the basal level of p70S6K activation, unlike mTOR, was significantly lower than in AD and the acute exposure to EAAem produced a significant reduction of mTOR activation. Contrarily to AG, in AG_EAAem+ the acute exposure to EAAem produced a significant activation of mTOR, unlike p70S6K. Results in the adults indicated a higher basal level of activation and a lower responsiveness of the pathway to acute and chronic exposure to EAA-enriched mixture. On the contrary, in the aged, a lower basal level of activation was associated with a higher responsiveness to EAAem. In particular, although with a different timing, acute exposure to EAAem activated mTOR signaling even following prolonged supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mascaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
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Arthur ST, Cooley ID. The effect of physiological stimuli on sarcopenia; impact of Notch and Wnt signaling on impaired aged skeletal muscle repair. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:731-60. [PMID: 22701343 PMCID: PMC3371570 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function that is associated with sarcopenia can result in ultimate consequences such as decreased quality of life. The causes of sarcopenia are multifactorial and include environmental and biological factors. The purpose of this review is to synthesize what the literature reveals in regards to the cellular regulation of sarcopenia, including impaired muscle regenerative capacity in the aged, and to discuss if physiological stimuli have the potential to slow the loss of myogenic potential that is associated with sarcopenia. In addition, this review article will discuss the effect of aging on Notch and Wnt signaling, and whether physiological stimuli have the ability to restore Notch and Wnt signaling resulting in rejuvenated aged muscle repair. The intention of this summary is to bring awareness to the benefits of consistent physiological stimulus (exercise) to combating sarcopenia as well as proclaiming the usefulness of contraction-induced injury models to studying the effects of local and systemic influences on aged myogenic capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Tsivitse Arthur
- Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory of Systems Physiology, University North Carolina - Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The primary focus of this review is to characterize the physiological elements of sarcopenia. In addition, we will also describe the impact of bedrest on sarcopenia and how various countermeasures may be able to offset the deleterious clinical consequences of unanticipated bedrest or hospitalization. It is well known that the aging process presents many challenges to the maintenance of overall health. With the increasing rate of obesity and the potentially simultaneous development of sarcopenia, bedrest presents a difficult clinical challenge to the elderly individual. RECENT FINDINGS The etiology of accelerated sarcopenia has been described as a syndrome. The characteristics of this syndrome include combined alterations in neuromuscular control and muscle protein synthesis that increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Moreover, the acute onset of bedrest-induced insulin resistance may further complicate the nutritionally derived maintenance of muscle mass and physical function. SUMMARY Even though many questions remain unresolved concerning the optimal clinical management of elderly individuals who undergo unanticipated bedrest, the supplementation of essential amino acids has shown promise as a therapeutic strategy to minimize the detrimental influence of hospitalization in the elderly. In turn, this nutritional adjunctive therapy may reduce the length of stay and the likelihood of repeated hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Coker
- Department of Geriatrics and the Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Valerio A, D'Antona G, Nisoli E. Branched-chain amino acids, mitochondrial biogenesis, and healthspan: an evolutionary perspective. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:464-78. [PMID: 21566257 PMCID: PMC3156598 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Malnutrition is common among older persons, with important consequences increasing frailty and morbidity and reducing health expectancy. On the contrary, calorie restriction (CR, a low-calorie dietary regimen with adequate nutrition) slows the progression of age-related diseases and extends the lifespan of many species. Identification of strategies mimicking key CR mechanisms – increased mitochondrial respiration and reduced production of oxygen radicals – is a hot topic in gerontology. Dietary supplementation with essential and/or branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) exerts a variety of beneficial effects in experimental animals and humans and has been recently demonstrated to support cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, prevent oxidative damage, and enhance physical endurance in middle-aged mice, resulting in prolonged survival. Here we review recent studies addressing the possible role of BCAAs in energy metabolism and in the longevity of species ranging from unicellular organisms to mammals. We also summarize observations from human studies supporting the exciting hypothesis that dietary BCAA enriched mixture supplementation might be a health-promoting strategy in aged patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Valerio
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Brescia University, Italy
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