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Schollhammer R, Quintyn Ranty ML, de Clermont Gallerande H, Cavelier F, Valverde IE, Vimont D, Hindié E, Morgat C. Theranostics of Primary Prostate Cancer: Beyond PSMA and GRP-R. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082345. [PMID: 37190273 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The imaging of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) is now widely used at the initial staging of prostate cancers in patients with a high metastatic risk. However, its ability to detect low-grade tumor lesions is not optimal. METHODS First, we prospectively performed neurotensin receptor-1 (NTS1) IHC in a series of patients receiving both [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 and [68Ga]Ga-RM2 before prostatectomy. In this series, PSMA and GRP-R IHC were also available (n = 16). Next, we aimed at confirming the PSMA/GRP-R/NTS1 expression profile by retrospective autoradiography (n = 46) using a specific radiopharmaceuticals study and also aimed to decipher the expression of less-investigated targets such as NTS2, SST2 and CXCR4. RESULTS In the IHC study, all samples with negative PSMA staining (two patients with ISUP 2 and one with ISUP 3) were strongly positive for NTS1 staining. No samples were negative for all three stains-for PSMA, GRP-R or NTS1. In the autoradiography study, binding of [111In]In-PSMA-617 was high in all ISUP groups. However, some samples did not bind or bound weakly to [111In]In-PSMA-617 (9%). In these cases, binding of [111n]In-JMV 6659 and [111In]In-JMV 7488 towards NTS1 and NTS2 was high. CONCLUSIONS Targeting PSMA and NTS1/NTS2 could allow for the detection of all intraprostatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Schollhammer
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Henri de Clermont Gallerande
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Pôle Chimie Balard, 1919 Route de Mende, Cedex 5, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Ibai E Valverde
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Delphine Vimont
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elif Hindié
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
| | - Clément Morgat
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Bilen MA, Akintayo A, Liu Y, Abiodun-Ojo O, Kucuk O, Carthon BC, Schuster DM, Parent EE. Prognostic Evaluation of Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer and Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer with [ 68Ga]Ga DOTATATE PET-CT. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:6039. [PMID: 36551525 PMCID: PMC9775365 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Prostate cancer is well known to express high levels of somatostatin receptors and preliminary data suggests that PET imaging with the somatostatin analog, [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE, may allow for whole body staging of patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NePC). This study explores the utility of [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET-CT to identify metastatic deposits in men with mCRPC and NePC and prognosticate disease progression. Methods: [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET-CT was performed in 17 patients with mCRPC and of those, 2/17 had NePC. A semiquantitative analysis with standardized uptake values (SUV) (e.g., SUVmax, SUVmean) was performed for each metastatic lesion and reference background tissues. [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake in metastatic deposits was further classified as: mild (less than liver), moderate (up to liver average), or marked (greater than liver). Serial prostate-specific antigen measurements and patient survival were followed up to 3 years after PET imaging to assess response to standard of care treatment. Results: All patients had at least one metastatic lesion with identifiable [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake. Marked [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake was found in 7/17 patients, including both NePC patients, and all were non-responders to systemic therapy and died within the follow up period, with a mean time to death of 8.1 months. Three patients had mild [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake, and all were responders to systemic therapy and were alive 36 months after [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE imaging. Conclusions: [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE is able to identify mCRPC and NePC metastatic deposits, and lesions with [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake > liver may portend poor outcomes in patients with mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Asim Bilen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Akinyemi Akintayo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Olayinka Abiodun-Ojo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bradley C. Carthon
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David M. Schuster
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ephraim E. Parent
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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3
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A Treatment Paradigm Shift: Targeted Radionuclide Therapies for Metastatic Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174276. [PMID: 36077820 PMCID: PMC9454920 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastatic prostate cancer has traditionally been treated with a combination of hormonal and chemotherapy regimens. With the recent FDA approval of targeted radionuclide therapeutics, there is now a new class of therapy that is routinely available to patients and clinicians. This review explores the most commonly studied therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and their appropriate use and contraindications. Additionally, we detail how these therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals can fit into the common medical oncology practice and future directions of this field of medicine. Abstract The recent approval of 177Lu PSMA-617 (Pluvicto®) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the culmination of decades of work in advancing the field of targeted radionuclide therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. 177Lu PSMA-617, along with the bone specific radiotherapeutic agent, 223RaCl2 (Xofigo®), are now commonly used in routine clinical care as a tertiary line of therapy for men with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer and for osseus metastatic disease respectively. While these radiopharmaceuticals are changing how metastatic prostate cancer is classified and treated, there is relatively little guidance to the practitioner and patient as to how best utilize these therapies, especially in conjunction with other more well-established regimens including hormonal, immunologic, and chemotherapeutic agents. This review article will go into detail about the mechanism and effectiveness of these radiopharmaceuticals and less well-known classes of targeted radionuclide radiopharmaceuticals including alpha emitting prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-, and somatostatin targeted radionuclide therapeutics. Additionally, a thorough discussion of the clinical approach of these agents is included and required futures studies.
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Somatostatin Receptors in Human Meningiomas-Clinicopathological Aspects. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225704. [PMID: 34830858 PMCID: PMC8616360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Meningioma diagnostics and grading are currently based on subjective histopathological criteria given by the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. However, biomarkers may provide a more objective approach to diagnostics. This study was designed to elucidate the diagnostic and prognostic value of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) as biomarkers in meningiomas, which could help to identify patients with a higher risk of recurrence and provide more personalized treatment. We have confirmed, in a population of 162 patients, that SSTRs have diagnostic value and may aid in the differentiation between WHO grade 1 and grade 2 tumors. Furthermore, SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR5 were associated with higher malignancy grades. SSTR2 expression was found to be characteristic in meningiomas. To maintain objectiveness, we scoped for a digital evaluation of immunoreactivity. We aim to impact and motivate researchers to further investigations towards more objective criteria in meningioma diagnostics, which in turn will improve patient care. Abstract Meningiomas have high recurrence rates despite frequently benign histopathological appearances. Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) may be reliable biomarkers that could identify patients with increased risk of recurrence. Even though SSTRs are previously detected in meningiomas, their associations to clinicopathological features remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of SSTRs in a large series of human meningiomas with long follow-up data. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of SSTR1-SSTR5 in tissue samples from 162 patients diagnosed with intracranial meningiomas of World Health Organization (WHO) grade 1 or 2. Digital scoring and a manual staining index were applied to assess immunoreactivity. All SSTRs, except SSTR4, were upregulated in our series of meningiomas. SSTR1 (p = 0.036), SSTR2 (p = 0.036) and SSTR5 (p = 0.029) were associated with a higher malignancy grade. SSTR2 presented as the most reliable marker. Only SSTR2 was associated with time to recurrence (TTR) in univariate Cox regression analyses. Manual staining index was strongly correlated with digital scoring for all SSTRs (r > 0.65, p < 0.001). SSTRs, and especially SSTR2, are useful in the diagnostics of meningiomas, even though their prognostic value appears limited. Digital scoring is valuable to ensure reproducibility.
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Iravani A, Mitchell C, Akhurst T, Sandhu S, Hofman MS, Hicks RJ. Molecular Imaging of Neuroendocrine Differentiation of Prostate Cancer: A Case Series. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2021; 19:e200-e205. [PMID: 33678552 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Iravani
- Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Catherine Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Akhurst
- Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael S Hofman
- Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Walker SM, Lim I, Lindenberg L, Mena E, Choyke PL, Turkbey B. Positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers for prostate cancer imaging. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020; 45:2165-2175. [PMID: 32047993 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Imaging plays an increasing role in prostate cancer diagnosis and staging. Accurate staging of prostate cancer is required for optimal treatment planning. In detecting extraprostatic cancer and sites of early recurrence, traditional imaging methods (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide bone scan) have suboptimal performance. This leaves a gap between known disease recurrence as indicated by rising prostate-specific antigen and the ability to localize the recurrence on imaging. Novel positron emission tomography (PET) agents including radiolabeled choline, fluciclovine (18F-FACBC), and agents targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen are being developed and tested to increase diagnostic performance of non-invasive prostate cancer localization. When combined with CT or MRI, these tracers offer a combination of functional information and anatomic localization that is superior to conventional imaging methods. These PET radiotracers have varying mechanisms and excretion patterns affecting their pharmacokinetics and diagnostic performance, which will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Walker
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ilhan Lim
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul, Korea
| | - Liza Lindenberg
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Esther Mena
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Werner C, Dirsch O, Dahmen U, Grimm MO, Schulz S, Lupp A. Evaluation of Somatostatin and CXCR4 Receptor Expression in a Large Set of Prostate Cancer Samples Using Tissue Microarrays and Well-Characterized Monoclonal Antibodies. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100801. [PMID: 32460182 PMCID: PMC7249232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer among men in Western countries. Despite numerous therapeutic options, few treatments are available for patients with end-stage disease. In the present study, different somatostatin receptors (SSTs) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 were evaluated for their suitability as novel therapeutic targets in PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of SST subtypes 1, 2A, 3, and 5 and of CXCR4 was evaluated in 276 PCa tumor samples on a tissue microarray (TMA) in 23 whole-block tumor samples and in 3 PCa cell lines by immunohistochemistry using well-characterized monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: Overall, the frequency and intensity of expression of SSTs and CXCR4 were very low among the PCa samples investigated. Specifically, SST5, SST2A, and SST3 were expressed, albeit at low intensity, in 10.5%, 9.1%, and 0.7% of the TMA samples, respectively. None of the TMA samples showed SST1 or CXCR4 expression. Only a single small-cell-type neuroendocrine carcinoma that was coincidentally included among the whole-block samples exhibited strong SST2A, SST5, and CXCR4 and moderate SST3 expression. Independent of the tumor cells, the tumor capillaries in many of the PCa samples were strongly positive for SST2A, SST3, SST5, or CXCR4 expression. SST expression in the tumor cells was associated with advanced tumor grade and stage. CONCLUSION: Overall, SST and CXCR4 expression levels are clearly of no therapeutic relevance in PCa. SST- or CXCR4-based therapy might be feasible, however, in rare cases of small-cell-type neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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8
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Bakht MK, Derecichei I, Li Y, Ferraiuolo RM, Dunning M, Oh SW, Hussein A, Youn H, Stringer KF, Jeong CW, Cheon GJ, Kwak C, Kang KW, Lamb AD, Wang Y, Dong X, Porter LA. Neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer leads to PSMA suppression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 26:131-146. [PMID: 30400059 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed in most prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPC) cells and acts as a target for molecular imaging. However, some case reports indicate that PSMA-targeted imaging could be ineffectual for delineation of neuroendocrine (NE) prostate cancer (NEPC) lesions due to the suppression of the PSMA gene (FOLH1). These same reports suggest that targeting somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) could be an alternative diagnostic target for NEPC patients. This study evaluates the correlation between expression of FOLH1, NEPC marker genes and SSTR2. We evaluated the transcript abundance for FOLH1 and SSTR2 genes as well as NE markers across 909 tumors. A significant suppression of FOLH1 in NEPC patient samples and AdPC samples with high expression of NE marker genes was observed. We also investigated protein alterations of PSMA and SSTR2 in an NE-induced cell line derived by hormone depletion and lineage plasticity by loss of p53. PSMA is suppressed following NE induction and cellular plasticity in p53-deficient NEPC model. The PSMA-suppressed cells have more colony formation ability and resistance to enzalutamide treatment. Conversely, SSTR2 was only elevated following hormone depletion. In 18 NEPC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models we find a significant suppression of FOLH1 and amplification of SSTR2 expression. Due to the observed FOLH1-supressed signature of NEPC, this study cautions on the reliability of using PMSA as a target for molecular imaging of NEPC. The observed elevation of SSTR2 in NEPC supports the possible ability of SSTR2-targeted imaging for follow-up imaging of low PSMA patients and monitoring for NEPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Bakht
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iulian Derecichei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yinan Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Mark Dunning
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - So Won Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Abdulkadir Hussein
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyewon Youn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keith F Stringer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chang Wook Jeong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa A Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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Tiscornia MM, González HS, Lorenzati MA, Zapata PD. Association Between Methylation of SHP-1 Isoform I and SSTR2A Promoter Regions with Breast and Prostate Carcinoma Development. Cancer Invest 2015; 33:61-9. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.1001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Somatostatin receptor expression in prostate carcinoma: the urological pathologist's role in the era of personalised medicine. Pathology 2014; 45:93-6. [PMID: 23255037 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e32835bae76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Xu Y, Jiang Y, Wu B. New Agonist- and Antagonist-Based Treatment Approaches for Advanced Prostate Cancer. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:1217-26. [PMID: 22971474 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased understanding of prostate cancer biology has led to new treatment strategies and promising new agents for treating prostate cancer, in particular peptide-based agonists and antagonists. In this review article, new therapy modalities and potential approaches for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer are discussed, including agonists and antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, antagonists of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide, and growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin analogues. Though the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer is much improved by some of these treatment approaches, including combination treatment methods, extensive side-effects are still reported. These include sexual dysfunction, functional lesions of the liver and renal system, osteoporosis, anaemia and diarrhoea. Future studies should focus on new treatment agents and treatment approaches that can eliminate side-effects and improve quality of life in patients with prostate cancer on the basis of potent treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yf Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Wu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Immunohistochemical expression and localization of somatostatin receptor subtypes in androgen ablated prostate cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:235-43. [PMID: 21533650 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine the expression and localization of the five somatostatin receptors (termed SSTR1 to 5) in radical prostatectomies (RPs) from patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) under complete androgen ablation (CAA) before operation. MATERIAL The five SSTRs were evaluated in the epithelial, smooth muscle and endothelial cells of normal-looking epithelium (Nep), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and PCa in 20 RPs with clinically detected PCa from patients under CAA. Twenty RPs with clinically detected PCa from hormonally untreated patients were used as control group. RESULTS Concerning the secretory cells (i) Membrane staining was seen for SSTR3 and SSTR4; the mean percentages of positive cells, higher in SSTR3 than in SSTR4, decreased sharply in HGPIN and PCa compared with Nep; the mean percentages in the androgen ablated group were 30% to 90% lower than in the untreated; (ii) Cytoplasmic staining was seen for all five SSTRs; the mean percentages of positive cells in Nep, HGPIN and PCa of the untreated group were similar, and in general as high as 80% or more; in the treated group, the Nep values were similar to those in the untreated, whereas the values in HGPIN and PCa were lower for SSTR1, three and five, with a decrease of 30% for SSTR1; (iii) Nuclear staining was seen with SSTR4 and SSTR5, the mean percentages for the former being much lower than for the latter; treatment affected both HGPIN and PCa, whose proportions of stained cells were 30% to 55% lower than in the untreated group. Cytoplasmic staining in the basal cells was seen for all five SSTRs, both in Nep and HGPIN. The values in the treated group were lower than in the other, the difference between the two group being in general comprised between 10% and 40%. Treatment did not affect SSTR staining in the smooth muscle and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study expands our knowledge on the expression and localization of the five SSTRs in the prostate following CAA.
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Mazzucchelli R, Morichetti D, Scarpelli M, Bono AV, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Kirkali Z, Montironi R. Somatostatin receptor subtypes in hormone-refractory (castration-resistant) prostatic carcinoma. Asian J Androl 2010; 13:242-7. [PMID: 21151154 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the tissue expression and localisation of the somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in hormone-refractory (HR) prostate cancer (PCa). Five SSTRs were evaluated immunohistochemically in 20 radical prostatectomies (RPs) with Gleason score (GS) 3+3=6 PCa, in 20 RPs with GS 4+4=8 and 4+5=9 PCa, and 20 transurethral resection of the prostate specimens with HR PCa. The mean values in the cytoplasm (all five SSTRs were expressed), membrane (only SSTR3 and SSTR4 were expressed) and nuclei (only SSTR4 and SSTR5 were expressed) of the glands in HR PCa were 20-70% lower than in the other two groups, the differences being statistically significant. All five SSTRs were expressed in the smooth muscle and endothelial cells of HR PCa, the mean values being lower than in the other two groups. In conclusion, this study expands our knowledge on the expression and localisation of five SSTRs in the various tissue components in the HR PCa compared with hormone-sensitive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona 60126, Italy
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