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Tran Y, Liao HH, Yeh EH, Ellis LA, Clay-Williams R, Braithwaite J. Examining the pathways by which work-life balance influences safety culture among healthcare workers in Taiwan: path analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey on patient safety culture among hospital staff. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e054143. [PMID: 34728459 PMCID: PMC8565544 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the pathways by which work-life balance influences safety climate in hospital settings. DESIGN A national cross-sectional survey on patient safety culture. SETTINGS Healthcare workers from 56 hospitals in Taiwan, covering three work settings: intensive care units, operation rooms and emergency departments. PARTICIPANTS 14 345 healthcare workers took part in the survey and were included in the present analysis. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The Safety Attitudes, Maslach's Burn-out Inventory and Work-life balance questionnaires were used to measure patient safety culture, teamwork, leadership, emotional exhaustion and work-life balance. Path analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between work-life balance and safety climate. We tested for mediating and moderating factors influencing this relationship. RESULTS The path between work-life balance and safety climate was found to be significant (b=0.32, p<0.001) and explained through a serial mediation. This relationship was found to be mediated by emotional exhaustion followed by teamwork climate in a full mediation. Leadership factors such as identifying as a manager, moderated the indirect pathway between work-life balance and safety climate through teamwork climate (index of moderation: b=0.083, bias corrected 95% CI 0.044 to 0.120) but not through emotional exhaustion or the serial pathway. Subgroup analysis from non-managers on their perception of management was also found to moderate this relationship. CONCLUSION We found work-life balance to be associated with safety climate through a fully mediated model. The mediation pathways are moderated by self-identified leadership and perceptions of leadership. Understanding the pathways on how work-life balance influences safety climate provides an explanatory model that can be used when designing effective interventions for implementation in system-based approaches to improve patient safety culture in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Tran
- MU Hearing, Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hsun-Hsiang Liao
- Joint Commission of Taiwan, Banciao, Taiwan
- Departmment of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Hui Yeh
- Joint Commission of Taiwan, Banciao, Taiwan
| | - Louise A Ellis
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn Clay-Williams
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Braithwaite
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Mitchell AJ, Gill J. Research productivity of staff in NHS mental health trusts: comparison using the Leiden method. PSYCHIATRIC BULLETIN (2014) 2014; 38:19-23. [PMID: 25237485 PMCID: PMC4067840 DOI: 10.1192/pb.bp.113.042630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims and method To examine research productivity of staff working across 57 National Health Service (NHS) mental health trusts in England. We examined research productivity between 2010 and 2012, including funded portfolio studies and all research (funded and unfunded). Results Across 57 trusts there were 1297 National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) studies in 2011/2012, involving 46 140 participants and in the same year staff in these trusts published 1334 articles (an average of only 23.4 per trust per annum). After correcting for trust size and budget, the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust was the most productive. In terms of funded portfolio studies, Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust as well as South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust had the strongest performance in 2011/2012. Clinical implications Trusts should aim to capitalise on valuable staff resources and expertise and better support and encourage research in the NHS to help improve clinical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Mitchell
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
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Umene-Nakano W, Kato TA, Kikuchi S, Tateno M, Fujisawa D, Hoshuyama T, Nakamura J. Nationwide survey of work environment, work-life balance and burnout among psychiatrists in Japan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55189. [PMID: 23418435 PMCID: PMC3572110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatry has been consistently shown to be a profession characterised by 'high-burnout'; however, no nationwide surveys on this topic have been conducted in Japan. AIMS The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of burnout and to ascertain the relationship between work environment satisfaction, work-life balance satisfaction and burnout among psychiatrists working in medical schools in Japan. METHOD We mailed anonymous questionnaires to all 80 psychiatry departments in medical schools throughout Japan. Work-life satisfaction, work-environment satisfaction and social support assessments, as well as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), were used. RESULTS Sixty psychiatric departments (75.0%) responded, and 704 psychiatrists provided answers to the assessments and MBI. Half of the respondents (n = 311, 46.0%) experienced difficulty with their work-life balance. Based on the responses to the MBI, 21.0% of the respondents had a high level of emotional exhaustion, 12.0% had a high level of depersonalisation, and 72.0% had a low level of personal accomplishment. Receiving little support, experiencing difficulty with work-life balance, and having less work-environment satisfaction were significantly associated with higher emotional exhaustion. A higher number of nights worked per month was significantly associated with higher depersonalisation. CONCLUSIONS A low level of personal accomplishment was quite prevalent among Japanese psychiatrists compared with the results of previous studies. Poor work-life balance was related to burnout, and social support was noted to mitigate the impact of burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Umene-Nakano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Kumar S, Hatcher S, Dutu G, Fischer J, Ma'u E. Stresses experienced by psychiatrists and their role in burnout: a national follow-up study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2011; 57:166-79. [PMID: 20068020 DOI: 10.1177/0020764009341211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have looked at sources of stress in psychiatrists, yet the role played by different factors in the causation of burnout in psychiatrists remains unclear. We had two aims, first, to develop a predictive model for the onset of burnout. Second, we aimed to study the differences in the perception of what caused stress between psychiatrists who rated themselves high on Emotional Exhaustion compared to those who rated themselves as low on Emotional Exhaustion. METHODS A previously described questionnaire that identified stressors relevant to consultant psychiatrists was mailed out to 426 psychiatrists, with 240 replies. Scores on the Emotional Exhaustion dimension of the Maslach Burnout Inventory were available for 131 respondents. RESULTS Based on an earlier literature review, the Sources of Stress Questionnaire (SOS-Q) used in the study had 45 factors, categorized into predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors for burnout in psychiatrists. Of these, factor analysis identified 11 non-correlated factors which were used in the final analysis of this study. Four factors emerged as associated with burnout in psychiatrists in New Zealand: too much work; working long hours; an aggressive administrative environment; and lacking support from management. Two factors negatively correlated with Emotional Exhaustion were a high level of job satisfaction and/or enjoyment, and low pay compared to other countries. CONCLUSIONS Most factors associated with burnout are preventable and can be managed jointly between psychiatrists and administrators. Service providers need to address burnout seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Kumar
- Health Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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VonDras DD, Pouliot GS, Malcore SA, Iwahashi S. Effects of culture and age on the perceived exchange of social support resources. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2008; 67:63-100. [PMID: 18630191 DOI: 10.2190/ag.67.1.d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This research explores the perceived exchange of social support resources of young, midlife, and older adults in the United States and Japan, and how perceptions of exchange may moderate attributions of control, difficulty, and success in attaining important life-goals. A survey was administered to participants in the United States and Japan who ranged in age from 17 to 70 years. Results suggested culture and age to influence the designation of important life-goals, and to interactively moderate the perceived exchange of social support resources in the interpersonal contexts of family and business associates and co-workers. Furthermore, relationships between the perceived exchange of social support and perceptions of control and success in achieving life-goals indicated different intracultural effects. Overall, these findings suggest nuances in the perceived exchange of social support and social cognitions that reflect the cultural orientations of young, midlife and older adults in the United States and Japan. A culturally grounded model of social support is proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean D VonDras
- University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, College of Human Development and Psychology, Green Bay, WI 54311-7011, USA.
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Kumar S, Fischer J, Robinson E, Hatcher S, Bhagat RN. Burnout and job satisfaction in New Zealand psychiatrists: a national study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2007; 53:306-16. [PMID: 17703646 DOI: 10.1177/0020764006074534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of burnout and the level of job satisfaction among New Zealand psychiatrists, and to ascertain relationships between socio-demographic variables, job satisfaction and burnout in the target population. METHOD In phase one of the study a postal survey was mailed out to every practising psychiatrist on record as well as all doctors working in psychiatry without specialist qualifications (MOSS). Three questionnaires were used: a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and a Job Diagnostic Survey (JSS). Regression analysis was performed on returned data sets using socio-demographic characteristics as explanatory variables and score components of the MBI and JDS as the outcome measures. RESULTS The results showed that the prevalence of burnout in New Zealand psychiatrists is cause for concern. Two-thirds of all psychiatrists described moderate to severely high levels of emotional exhaustion, with a similar proportion describing low levels of personal accomplishment. Depersonalisation did not appear to be a major problem in the population. Job satisfaction remained relatively high despite the high prevalence of burnout, although there was a relationship between burnout and job satisfaction scores. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated a high prevalence of burnout and factors associated with it among New Zealand psychiatrists. Further research is needed to ascertain why job satisfaction remains high in the presence of burnout, and factors predisposing to, or protective of, burnout.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews burnout in psychiatrists. A model of burnout is presented which considers three factors: those which may predispose, precipitate, and perpetuate burnout. Lastly, recommendations are made for future research. METHODS We conducted a selective literature review to expand on two recent systematic reviews to examine the etiology, prevalence, and consequences of burnout in psychiatrists. We distinguish the effects of burnout, depression, and work-related stress. RESULTS An etiological model for the development of burnout in psychiatrists is described here in terms of an interaction between the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors. CONCLUSIONS Research is needed on the long-term effects of work-place stress on psychiatrists, to identify possible protective factors, and to utilize this information to inform the design of interventions that protect or mitigate the effects of work-place stress on psychiatrists.
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Kumar S, Bhagat RN, Lau T, Ng B. Psychiatrists in New Zealand: are they burning out, satisfied at work and, in any case, who cares? Australas Psychiatry 2006; 14:20-3. [PMID: 16630192 DOI: 10.1080/j.1440-1665.2006.02244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore possible contributing or mitigating factors for burnout in New Zealand psychiatrists as well as future research directions in this area. METHOD A selective review of the literature pertaining to burnout and reports regarding New Zealand's medical workforce. RESULTS Possible factors contributing to burnout in New Zealand psychiatrists include rapid changes in the country's health system, the challenge of recruiting and retaining psychiatrists, poor distribution of staff and funds and difficulties in psychiatric training. Potential protective factors against burnout include lifestyle factors, long experience in psychiatry, proposed long lengths of career in New Zealand and potentially positive changes in the health system. Research challenges include subject recruitment, the lack of exploration of personal protective factors and completing longitudinal studies. CONCLUSIONS Given the current state of knowledge, it would be difficult to accurately know whether New Zealand psychiatrists were burnt out or satisfied with their work. Carefully designed studies would help to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Rotorua Hospital, Rotorua, New Zealand.
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Younès N, Hardy-Bayle MC, Falissard B, Kovess V, Chaillet MP, Gasquet I. Differing mental health practice among general practitioners, private psychiatrists and public psychiatrists. BMC Public Health 2005; 5:104. [PMID: 16212666 PMCID: PMC1266376 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing care for mental health problems concerns General Practitioners (GPs), Private Psychiatrists (PrPs) and Public Psychiatrists (PuPs). As patient distribution and patterns of practice among these professionals are not well known, a survey was planned prior to a re-organisation of mental health services in an area close to Paris METHODS All GPs (n = 492), PrPs (n = 82) and PuPs (n = 78) in the South-Yvelines area in France were informed of the implementation of a local mental health program. Practitioners interested in taking part were invited to include prospectively all patients with mental health problem they saw over an 8-day period and to complete a 6-month retrospective questionnaire on their mental health practice. 180 GPs (36.6%), 45 PrPs (54.9%) and 63 PuPs (84.0%) responded. RESULTS GPs and PrPs were very similar but very different from PuPs for the proportion of patients with anxious or depressive disorders (70% v. 65% v. 38%, p < .001), psychotic disorders (5% v. 7% v. 30%, p < .001), previous psychiatric hospitalization (22% v. 26 v. 61%, p < .001) and receiving disability allowance (16% v. 18% v. 52%, p < .001). GPs had fewer patients with long-standing psychiatric disorders than PrPs and PuPs (52%, 64% v. 63%, p < .001). Time-lapse between consultations was longest for GPs, intermediate for PuPs and shortest for PrPs (36 days v. 26 v. 18, p < .001). Access to care had been delayed longer for Psychiatrists (PrPs, PuPs) than for GPs (61% v. 53% v. 25%, p < .001). GPs and PuPs frequently felt a need for collaboration for their patients, PrPs rarely (42% v. 61%. v. 10%, p < .001). Satisfaction with mental health practice was low for all categories of physicians (42.6% encountered difficulties hospitalizing patients and 61.4% had patients they would prefer not to cater for). GPs more often reported unsatisfactory relationships with mental health professionals than did PrPs and PuPs (54% v. 15% v. 8%, p < .001). CONCLUSION GP patients with mental health problems are very similar to patients of private psychiatrists; there is a lack of the collaboration felt to be necessary, because of psychiatrists' workload, and because GPs have specific needs in this respect. The "Yvelines-Sud Mental Health Network" has been created to enhance collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Younès
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 Rue de Versailles 78157 Le Chesnay Cedex. France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM-U669), Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - MC Hardy-Bayle
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 Rue de Versailles 78157 Le Chesnay Cedex. France
| | - B Falissard
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM-U669), Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - V Kovess
- Mental Health Foundation, MGEN, Paris, France
| | - MP Chaillet
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 Rue de Versailles 78157 Le Chesnay Cedex. France
| | - I Gasquet
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM-U669), Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Direction of Medical Policy, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris
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Garfinkel PE, Bagby RM, Schuller DR, Dickens SE, Schulte FS. Predictors of professional and personal satisfaction with a career in psychiatry. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2005; 50:333-41. [PMID: 15999949 DOI: 10.1177/070674370505000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many factors, including personal experience and personality traits, contribute to the emotional difficulties that psychiatrists experience in their professional work. The nature of the work itself also plays a significant role. OBJECTIVE To determine those personal and professional characteristics that predict satisfaction with the practice of psychiatry. METHOD We mailed a questionnaire that included items pertaining to aspects of personal and professional life to the entire population of psychiatrists in Ontario (N = 1574). RESULTS Of the 1574, 52% (n = 802) responded. We conducted a series of regression analyses to determine factors related to career satisfaction or regret. A belief in the intrinsic value of psychiatry, a low perceived degree of emotional burden from patients, financial success, and satisfaction with psychotherapeutic work emerged consistently as significant predictors. A subsequent discriminant function analysis indicated that all 4 of these variables accurately predicted those psychiatrists with extreme satisfaction or dissatisfaction with work. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal several variables associated with career satisfaction in the practice of psychiatry that might be useful to discuss with residents who are beginning their careers.
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Rey JM, Walter G, Giuffrida M. Australian psychiatrists today: proud of their profession but stressed and apprehensive about the future. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004; 38:105-10. [PMID: 14961926 DOI: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the levels of satisfaction and stress of Australian psychiatrists. METHOD A survey was mailed in December 2002 to all Fellows of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists residing in Australia; 1039 out of 2059 (50%) returned the questionnaire. RESULTS The large majority of respondents (79%) were proud of being a psychiatrist. Most (88%) reported being satisfied with their work. Reasons for dissatisfaction varied between public and private psychiatrists. Private psychiatrists nominated litigation/indemnity issues as the most frequent (69%) while the most common for public psychiatrists was lack of beds (47%). The main reason for satisfaction was helping patients get better (72%). Sixty-two percent found their work in the previous 12 months to be stressful. Dissatisfied psychiatrists were 11 times as likely to report being stressed as those satisfied. In the previous 12 months, 34% reported having had a threat of legal action, 39% had to answer a formal complaint, 67% had been verbally or physically abused by patients or relatives and 29% had patients who had suicided. Overall, psychiatrists were more pessimistic about the future than optimistic and 15% said they would not do psychiatry again. There were few differences according to state of origin or type of practice. However, females differed from males in several areas. CONCLUSION Helping patients was reported as the main source of satisfaction for Australian psychiatrists while not being able to provide the best care for patients was described as one of the main reasons for dissatisfaction. Although most Australian psychiatrists are satisfied and proud of their profession, they are stressed and often experience verbal or physical abuse and threats of legal action and complaints. They are apprehensive about the future. The increasing number of females in the profession, their higher levels of stress and dissatisfaction, and other differences from males must be taken into account as the profession reshapes its future. There is a need for regular surveys of this kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Rey
- University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Coral Tree Family Service, PO Box 142, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia.
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