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Martin-Krumm C, Tarquinio C, Tarquinio C. [Optimism and COVID-19: A resource to support people in confinement?]. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2020; 178:728-737. [PMID: 32836302 PMCID: PMC7274603 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This text envisages looking at the psychological consequences of the health situation related to COVID-19 from the concept of optimism. Positive psychology has for several years been dealing with this concept, which is well known to the general public, but which has been the subject of major conceptual development in the field of science. It seems to us that the concept of optimism can be particularly useful in understanding and influencing the behaviour of our fellow citizens during the period of confinement that is currently imposed on everyone, in the same way that we must consider the consequences in the short, medium and long term, both economically and in terms of the moral and physical health of our fellow citizens, that is, after the period of confinement. Traditionally, being optimistic means being confident in the positive outcome of an event, whereas pessimism means expecting the worst. The uncertainty that this virus imposes on us and the new situations that it brings about, forces us to think the world in uncertain terms, which can be destabilizing. Understanding the contribution of the concept of optimism in the potential of the adaptive processes that each of us may or may not be able to mobilize to face and adapt to this unprecedented and unprecedented health crisis is essential. This will undoubtedly be a major challenge for the social sciences and psychology. This is why we believe that the concept of optimism can help to provide additional insights that will enable us to better grasp the rational (or non-rational) behaviours that we may face in the future, and in which we are already involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Martin-Krumm
- Laboratoire VCR, École de Psychologues Praticiens de l'Institut Catholique de Paris - Equipe d'accueil Religion, culture et société, Paris, France.,ChartUpon Nanterre Paris Ouest, Paris, France.,IRBA Brétigny, Brétigny, France.,ChartUpon EA 4004 Nanterre Paris Ouest, Nanterre, France
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Lee B, Kaya C, Chen X, Wu JR, Iwanaga K, Umucu E, Bezyak J, Tansey TN, Chan F. The Buffering Effect of Character Strengths on Depression. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The transition from high school to college can be very stressful for Turkish students because they may experience value conflicts and adjustment issues, which can trigger the development of mental health problems. Character strengths can serve as a buffer against psychopathology. The aim of the study was to examine perceived stress and negative attributional style as mediating factors between character strengths and depression among Turkish college students. Bootstrap testing approach was implemented to compute direct and indirect effects and total effect in the mediation analysis. Altogether 235 students from two Turkish universities participated in the study. The results showed that character strengths were associated with lower levels of depression and it was negatively associated with perceived stress and negative attributional style. The results also indicated that perceived stress and negative attribution style completely mediated the relationship between character strengths and depression among Turkish college students. These findings suggested the need to develop empirically supported interventions that can promote character strengths toward reducing stress, negative attributions, and depression in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cahit Kaya
- Department of Educational Sciences, Giresun University, Turkey
| | - Xiangli Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jia-Rung Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kanako Iwanaga
- Health and Human Sciences Department, Northern Illinois University, IL, USA
| | - Emre Umucu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jill Bezyak
- Rehabilitation Counseling and Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Timothy N. Tansey
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fong Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
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Gordeeva T, Sheldon K, Sychev O. Linking academic performance to optimistic attributional style: attributions following positive events matter most. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10212-019-00414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vittengl JR, Clark LA, Thase ME, Jarrett RB. Partner criticism during acute-phase cognitive therapy for recurrent major depressive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2018; 113:48-56. [PMID: 30593975 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are married or in marriage-like relationships that could influence treatment process and outcomes. We clarified relations of patient-reported criticism from partners (perceived criticism) and criticism of partners with psychosocial functioning and changes in cognitive therapy (CT) for depression. Partnered outpatients (N = 219) received a 12-week CT protocol and completed measures repeatedly. As hypothesized, perceived criticism and criticism of partners correlated with personality (e.g., perceived criticism: trait mistrust, self-harm; criticism of partners: negative temperament, aggression), social-interpersonal problems (perceived criticism: cold and overly nurturant behavior; criticism of partners: vindictive and domineering behavior; both measures: poor adjustment in partnered and family relationships), cognitive content (both measures: negative failure attributions, dysfunctional attitudes), and depressive symptom intensity (both measures), although effect sizes were small-moderate. Both criticism measures decreased little during CT and remained elevated compared to community norms, despite the fact that relations between the criticism measures and depressive symptoms included both stable trait and more transient state components. From these findings, we speculate that some patients with MDD elicit or amplify criticism in ways that harm their relationships and psychosocial functioning and may benefit from additional or strategic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael E Thase
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robin B Jarrett
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.
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Lee I, Bardhoshi G, Yoon E, Sandersfeld T, Rush RD, Priest JB. Attributional Style and Burnout of Counselors-in-Training. COUNSELOR EDUCATION AND SUPERVISION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceas.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Injung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, University of Iowa
| | - Gerta Bardhoshi
- Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, University of Iowa
| | - Eunhui Yoon
- Department of Counselor Education, Seattle Pacific University
| | - Tyler Sandersfeld
- Department of Educational Measurement and Statistics, University of Iowa
| | - Roma D. Rush
- Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, University of Iowa
| | - Jacob B. Priest
- Department of Psychological and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa
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Vittengl JR, Clark LA, Thase ME, Jarrett RB. Relations of Shared and Unique Components of Personality and Psychosocial Functioning to Depressive Symptoms. J Pers Disord 2018; 32:577-602. [PMID: 28902564 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2017_31_313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with theories of depression, several personality (e.g., high neuroticism, low extraversion) and psychosocial (e.g., interpersonal problems, cognitive content) variables predict depressive symptoms substantively. In this extended replication, we clarified whether 13 theoretically relevant personality and psychosocial variables were unique versus overlapping predictors of symptoms among 351 adult outpatients with recurrent major depressive disorder who received acute-phase cognitive therapy (CT). Using factor analysis and regression methods, we partitioned the measures' variance into general components common across the two types of measures (psychosocial and personality), within-type components shared only with other measures of the same type, and scale-specific components. From early to late in CT, and from late in CT through 8 months after response, the general components were the strongest (median r = .23)-and scale-specific components the weakest (median r = .01)-forward predictors of symptoms. We discuss implications for measurement and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Anna Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Michael E Thase
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Robin B Jarrett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Avirbach
- School of Education, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Baruch Perlman
- School of Education, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nilly Mor
- School of Education, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kneebone II, Dewar SJ. Reliability and validity of the Attributional Style Questionnaire- Survey in people with multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2016; 10:33-40. [PMID: 28450893 DOI: 10.1177/1756285616673515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of an attributional style measure that can be administered remotely, to people who have multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS A total of 495 participants with MS were recruited. Participants completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire-Survey (ASQ-S) and two comparison measures of cognitive variables via postal survey on three occasions, each 12 months apart. Internal reliability, test-retest reliability and congruent validity were considered. RESULTS The internal reliability of the ASQ-S was good (α > 0.7). The test-retest correlations were significant, but failed to reach the 0.7 set. The congruent validity of the ASQ-S was established relative to the comparisons. CONCLUSIONS The psychometric properties of the ASQ-S indicate that it shows promise as a tool for researchers investigating depression in people with MS and is likely sound to use clinically in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian I Kneebone
- Discipline of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Level 4, Building 7, Broadway, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Sophie J Dewar
- Evelina Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Cognitive reflection as a predictor of susceptibility to behavioral anomalies. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500007634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTo study the effect of cognitive reflection on behavioral anomalies, we used the cognitive reflection test to measure cognitive reflection. The study was conducted on 395 Iranian university students and shows that subjects with lower cognitive reflection are significantly more likely to exhibit the conjunction fallacy, illusion of control, overconfidence, base rate fallacy, and conservatism. In addition, test scores are correlated with risk preferences. The results do not show any relationship between cognitive reflection and self-serving bias or status quo bias. We also find that gender is significantly related to illusion of control and self-serving bias.
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Vittengl JR, Clark LA, Thase ME, Jarrett RB. Improved cognitive content endures for 2 years among unstable responders to acute-phase cognitive therapy for recurrent major depressive disorder. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3191-3204. [PMID: 26098793 PMCID: PMC4631666 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cognitive model of depression suggests that cognitive therapy (CT) improves major depressive disorder (MDD) in part by changing depressive cognitive content (e.g. dysfunctional attitudes, hopelessness). The current analyses clarified: (1) the durability of improvements in cognitive content made by acute-phase CT responders; (2) whether continuation-phase CT (C-CT) or fluoxetine (FLX) further improves cognitive content; and (3) the extent to which cognitive content mediates continuation treatments' effects on depressive symptoms and major depressive relapse/recurrence. METHOD Out-patients with recurrent MDD who responded to acute-phase CT (n = 241) were randomized to 8 months of C-CT, FLX or pill placebo (PBO) and followed for an 24 additional months. Cognitive content was assessed approximately every 4 months using five standard patient-report measures. RESULTS Large improvements in cognitive content made during acute-phase CT were maintained for 32 months, with 78-90% of patients scoring in normal ranges, on average. Cognitive content varied little between C-CT, FLX and PBO arms, overall. Small, transient improvements in cognitive content in C-CT or FLX compared with PBO patients did not clearly mediate the treatments' effects on depressive symptoms or on major depressive relapse/recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Outpatients with recurrent MDD who respond to acute-phase CT show durable improvements in cognitive content. C-CT or FLX may not continue to improve patient-reported cognitive content substantively, and thus may treat recurrent MDD by other paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Vittengl
- Address correspondence to either author: Jeffrey R. Vittengl, Department of Psychology, Truman State University, 100 East Normal Street, Kirksville, MO 63501-4221, USA. . Robin B. Jarrett, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9149, USA.
| | | | - Michael E. Thase
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Robin B. Jarrett
- Address correspondence to either author: Jeffrey R. Vittengl, Department of Psychology, Truman State University, 100 East Normal Street, Kirksville, MO 63501-4221, USA. . Robin B. Jarrett, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9149, USA.
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A Longitudinal Examination of the Hopelessness Theory of Depression in People Who Have Multiple Sclerosis. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:190405. [PMID: 26290622 PMCID: PMC4531170 DOI: 10.1155/2015/190405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hopelessness theory predicts that negative attributional style will interact with negative life events over time to predict depression. The intention of this study was to test this in a population who are at greater risk of negative life events, people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). METHOD Data, including measures of attributional style, negative life events, and depressive symptoms, were collected via postal survey in 3 phases, each one a year apart. RESULTS Responses were received from over 380 participants at each study phase. Negative attributional style was consistently able to predict future depressive symptoms at low to moderate levels of association; however, this ability was not sustained when depressive symptoms at Phase 1 were controlled for. No substantial evidence to support the hypothesised interaction of negative attributional style and negative life events was found. CONCLUSIONS Findings were not supportive of the causal interaction proposed by the hopelessness theory of depression. Further work considering other time frames, using methods to prime attributional style before assessment and specifically assessing the hopelessness subtype of depression, may prove to be more fruitful. Intervention directly to address attributional style should also be considered.
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Hu T, Zhang D, Yang Z. The Relationship Between Attributional Style for Negative Outcomes and Depression: A Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2015.34.4.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vittengl JR, Clark LA, Thase ME, Jarrett RB. Are Improvements in Cognitive Content and Depressive Symptoms Correlates or Mediators during Acute-Phase Cognitive Therapy for Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder? Int J Cogn Ther 2014; 7:255-271. [PMID: 26401194 DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2014.7.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive model of depression posits that cognitive therapy's (CT) effect on depressive symptoms is mediated by changes in cognitive content (e.g., automatic negative thoughts dysfunctional attitudes, failure attributions). We tested improvement and normalization of cognitive content among outpatients (N = 523) with recurrent major depressive disorder treated with acute-phase CT (Jarrett & Thase, 2010; Jarrett et al., 2013). We also tested whether improvement in cognitive content accounted for subsequent changes in depressive symptoms and vice versa. Five measures of content improved substantively from pre- to post-CT (median d = 0.96), and the proportions of patients scoring in "healthy" ranges increased (median 45% to 82%). Evidence for cognitive mediation of symptom reduction was limited (median r = .06), as was evidence for symptom mediation of cognitive content improvement (median r = .07). We discuss measurement and design issues relevant to detection of mediators and consider alternative theories of change.
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Kestemont J, Ma N, Baetens K, Clément N, Van Overwalle F, Vandekerckhove M. Neural correlates of attributing causes to the self, another person and the situation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:114-21. [PMID: 24633532 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares brain activation during causal attribution to three different loci, the self, another person and the situation; and further explores correlations with clinical scales (i.e. depression, anxiety and autism) in a typical population. While they underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging, 20 participants read short sentences about another person ('someone') who engaged in behaviors with the participant or made comments about the participant. The participants then attributed these behaviors to three attribution loci: themselves, the other person or the situation. The results revealed common activation across the three attribution loci in the bilateral temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), left posterior superior temporal sulcus, precuneus and right temporal pole (TP). Comparisons between the attribution loci revealed very little differences, except for increased activation of the right TP while making attributions to the situation compared with the self. In addition, when making attributions to the situation or other persons for negative events, there were reliable correlations between low activity in the left TPJ and high levels of anxiety and problematic social interaction in autism. The results indicate that attributions to different loci are based on the same underlying brain process, which might be atypical among persons with anxiety or autism symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kestemont
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ning Ma
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Baetens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nikki Clément
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Kwan SO, Wong FKD. The relationship between attributional style and destructive responses to job dissatisfaction: an exploratory study of internal migrant workers in China. Health Psychol Behav Med 2014; 2:686-695. [PMID: 25750811 PMCID: PMC4346085 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2014.919864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between attributional style and destructive responses to job dissatisfaction among internal migrant workers in mainland China. Contrary to previous studies conducted in the West, we found that internality of bad events was negatively related to destructive responses to job dissatisfaction. Stability and globality were positively related to destructive responses to job dissatisfaction. We suggest that the concept of interdependent self-construal may explain the unique positive meaning of internality of bad events among Chinese migrant workers. The practical significance of the findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-On Kwan
- Department of Management, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Keung Daniel Wong
- Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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Acute phase cognitive therapy for recurrent major depressive disorder: who drops out and how much do patient skills influence response? Behav Res Ther 2013; 51:221-30. [PMID: 23485420 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims were to predict cognitive therapy (CT) noncompletion and to determine, relative to other putative predictors, the extent to which the patient skills in CT for recurrent major depressive disorder predicted response in a large, two-site trial. METHOD Among 523 outpatients aged 18e70, exposed to 12e14 weeks of CT, 21.6% dropped out. Of the 410 completers, 26.1% did not respond. To predict these outcomes, we conducted logistic regression analyses of demographics, pre-treatment illness characteristics and psychosocial measures, and midtreatment therapeutic alliance. RESULTS The 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD17) scores at entry predicted dropout and nonresponse. Patients working for pay, of non-Hispanic white race, who were older, or had more education were significantly more likely to complete. Controlling for HRSD17, significant predictors of nonresponse included: lower scores on the Skills of Cognitive Therapy-Observer Version (SoCT-O), not working for pay, history of only two depressive episodes, greater pre-treatment social impairment. Midphase symptom reduction was a strong predictor of final outcome. CONCLUSIONS These prognostic indicators forecast which patients tend to be optimal candidates for standard CT, as well as which patients may benefit from changes in therapy, its focus, or from alternate modalities of treatment. Pending replication, the findings underscore the importance of promoting patients’ understanding and use of CT skills, as well as reducing depressive symptoms early. Future research may determine the extent to which these findings generalize to other therapies, providers who vary in competency, and patients with other depressive subtypes or disorders.
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Kurman J. What I do and What I think they Would Do: Social Axioms and Behaviour. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/per.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The social axioms system uniquely predicted a large variety of behaviours and preferences. It is suggested that (a) the assistance social axioms provide in predicting the behaviour of others, and (b) the self–characteristics embedded in the axioms account for this unique prediction ability. Three studies, each pertaining to a different axiom, tested the prediction power of the social axiom regarding two types of behaviours: One that is directly impacted by how others are expected to behave, and another that is more self–directed. Results consistently revealed a unique contribution of the social axioms over personal characteristics in prediction of behaviours directed by how others are expected to behave, whereas behaviours that are more self–directed were largely explained by relevant personal characteristics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kurman
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
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Kleim B, Gonzalo D, Ehlers A. The Depressive Attributions Questionnaire (DAQ): Development of a Short Self-Report Measure of Depressogenic Attributions. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2011; 33:375-385. [PMID: 21909186 PMCID: PMC3143342 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-011-9234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A depressogenic attributional style, i.e., internal, stable and global causal interpretations of negative events, is a stable vulnerability factor for depression. Current measures of pessimistic attributional style can be time-consuming to complete, and some are designed for specific use with student populations. We developed and validated a new short questionnaire suitable for the measurement of depressogenic attributions in clinical settings, the Depressive Attributions Questionnaire (DAQ). The 16-item DAQ, and measures of depression and related cognitive concepts were completed by three samples of depressed patients and matched controls, or depressed and non-depressed participants who had been exposed to a recent uncontrollable stressful life event (total N = 375). The DAQ had high (i) internal reliability, (ii) test-retest reliability, (iii) convergent, discriminant and construct validity. It predicted a diagnosis of major depression at 6 months after an uncontrollable stressor, over and above what could be predicted from initial depression severity. Depressed patients rated the scale as acceptable. The DAQ may be a useful short measure of depressogenic attributions, which is easy to administer, and predicts concurrent and future depression. It has possible applications as a screening measure for risk of depression, or as a treatment process measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Kleim
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
- Present Address: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty for Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 26, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Désirée Gonzalo
- Present Address: Psychology Department, University of New York in Prague, Legerová 72, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anke Ehlers
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Hui CH, Pak ST, Kwan SO, Chao A. Attributional Style and Engagement/Disengagement Responses in the Chinese Workforce. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jarrett RB, Thase ME. Comparative efficacy and durability of continuation phase cognitive therapy for preventing recurrent depression: design of a double-blinded, fluoxetine- and pill placebo-controlled, randomized trial with 2-year follow-up. Contemp Clin Trials 2010; 31:355-77. [PMID: 20451668 PMCID: PMC2936266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent and associated with disability and chronicity. Although cognitive therapy (CT) is an effective short-term treatment for MDD, a significant proportion of responders subsequently suffer relapses or recurrences. PURPOSE This design prospectively evaluates: 1) a method to discriminate CT-treated responders at lower vs. higher risk for relapse; and 2) the subsequent durability of 8-month continuation phase therapies in randomized higher risk responders followed for an additional 24 months. The primary prediction is: after protocol treatments are stopped, higher risk patients randomly assigned to continuation phase CT (C-CT) will have a lower risk of relapse/recurrence than those randomized to fluoxetine (FLX). METHODS Outpatients, aged 18 to 70 years, with recurrent MDD received 12-14 weeks of CT provided by 15 experienced therapists from two sites. Responders (i.e., no MDD and 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression RESULTS The trial began in 2000. Enrollment is complete (n=523). The follow-up continues. CONCLUSIONS The trial evaluates the preventive effects and durability of acute and continuation phase treatments in the largest known sample of CT responders collected worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B. Jarrett
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9149, United States of America; 214-648-5345; fax 214-648-5340
| | - Michael E. Thase
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Suite 670, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America. Philadelphia, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
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Bennett KK, Elliot M. Pessimistic Explanatory Style and Cardiac Health: What is the Relation and the Mechanism that Links Them? BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp2703_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Levy BR, Slade MD, Ranasinghe P. Causal thinking after a tsunami wave: karma beliefs, pessimistic explanatory style and health among Sri Lankan survivors. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2009; 48:38-45. [PMID: 19229624 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-008-9162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In 2004, one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded led to a tsunami devastating two-thirds of the Sri Lankan coastline. We examined whether certain causal beliefs (attributional style and karma, a Buddhist concept used to explain bad events) are associated with tsunami survivors experiencing PTSD and poor health about six months later. Previous studies of causal beliefs associated with illness following the same traumatic event have focused on Western countries and none have considered the role of karma. We interviewed 264 Sri Lankan tsunami survivors. As predicted, we found that belief in karma and a pessimistic explanatory style are independently associated with poor health and a pessimistic explanatory style is associated with PTSD, after adjusting for relevant factors. Thus, both universal and more culturally specific beliefs may contribute to coping following a natural disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca R Levy
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
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Ho SMY, Chu KW, Yiu J. The relationship between explanatory style and posttraumatic growth after bereavement in a non-clinical sample. DEATH STUDIES 2008; 32:461-478. [PMID: 18767238 DOI: 10.1080/07481180801974760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between explanatory style and self-perceived posttraumatic growth was examined among 105 undergraduates in Hong Kong who had experienced bereavement in the past 6 years. Individuals who tended to attribute positive events to internal, global, and stable factors reported more posttraumatic growth than individuals who tended to attribute positive events to external, specific, and unstable factors. The explanatory style for positive events might affect later cognitive processing, such as meaning making after bereavement, which will affect self-perceived posttraumatic growth. One's explanatory style for negative events is not related to posttraumatic growth after bereavement. Directions for future study are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Y Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
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Rupp DE, Vodanovich SJ, Crede M. Age Bias in the Workplace: The Impact of Ageism and Causal Attributions1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wichman AL, Reich DA, Weary G. Perceived likelihood as a measure of optimism and pessimism: Support for the Future Events Scale. Psychol Assess 2006; 18:215-9. [PMID: 16768598 DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Future Events Scale (FES; S. M. Andersen, 1990) is an expectancy-based measure of optimism and pessimism, grounded in cognitive theories of depression, with implications for clinical practice. Although ample research has documented the utility of the FES in predicting important cognitive and behavioral outcomes, psychometric data on the scale are lacking. The current article presents multisample analyses to show that the FES has clear factor structure, good reliability, and a theoretically meaningful nomological network. The FES is shown to be distinct from the best known measure of optimism and pessimism, the Life Orientation Test (M. F. Scheier & C. S. Carver, 1985). Applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Wichman
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA.
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Day L, Maltby J. Can Kinderman and Bentalls’ suggestions for a personal and situational attributions questionnaire be used to examine all aspects of attributional style? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lee F, Robinson RJ. An Attributional Analysis of Social Accounts: Implications of Playing the Blame Game1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Faryna EL, Morales E. Self-efficacy and HIV-related risk behaviors among multiethnic adolescents. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2000; 6:42-56. [PMID: 10975166 DOI: 10.1037/1099-9809.6.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional correlational design was used to investigate (a) self-efficacy and risk behaviors related to HIV; (b) the comparative predictiveness of self-efficacy and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding sexual activity and substance use; and (c) possible risk profiles for HIV among adolescents. High school students (N = 427), ranging in age from 12 to 20 years and attending Family Life Education classes in Alameda, California, volunteered to complete a self-administered questionnaire, resulting in a 73% response rate. Ethnic representation included African American, Chinese, Filipino, other Asian/Pacific Islander, Latino, and European American. Over half of this sample of teens were sexually active by the age of 14, with sexually active teens and substance-using teens scoring higher on HIV knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding HIV-related behaviors. Ethnicity consistently appeared more significant in predicting these risk behaviors than gender, self-efficacy, and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. The predominance of ethnicity as the predictor for these HIV risk behaviors indicates that theoretical models for behavior change must include a dimension of culture, diversity, and ethnic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Faryna
- Sonoma Developmental Center, Eldridge, California, USA
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