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Rodrigues A, Gaffard A, Moreau J, Monceau K, Delhomme O, Millet M. Analytical development for the assessment of pesticide contaminations in blood and plasma of wild birds: The case of grey partridges (Perdix perdix). J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463681. [PMID: 36502641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, blood and plasma of grey partridges (Perdix perdix) were analyzed to assess their potential contamination by plant protection products (PPP) and especially pesticide compounds. The group of pesticides selected is composed of a huge variety of compounds. Therefore, in this study, two methods were optimized and validated to analyze 104 compounds including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and photoprotectors or synergists. Various extraction methods found in the literature were compared and adapted for the extraction of pesticides from blood and plasma. After extraction, samples were concentrated then injected for quantification simultaneously in LC-MS/MS and ATD-GC-MS/MS with an automatic thermal desorption step (ATD). Both LC-MS/MS and ATD-GC-MS/MS analyses were performed using the MRM mode with 2 mass transitions for each compound.The two analytical methods achieved a good linearity for the calibration responses in plasma and blood. Methods allowed sensitive detection and quantification in complex biological matrices such as plasma and blood in both LC and GC. For plasma samples and considering all 104 compounds of the study, the average LOD was 0.005 ng mg-1 in LC-MS/MS and 0.035 ng mg-1 in ATD-GC-MS/MS and the average LOQ was 0.017 ng mg-1 and 0.116 ng mg-1 in LC-MS/MS and ATD-GC-MS/MS respectively. Accordingly, the average LOD for blood samples was 0.011 ng mg-1 in LC and 0.028 ng mg-1 in GC whereas the average LOQ was 0.038 ng mg-1 and 0.094 ng mg-1 in LC-MS/MS and ATD-GC-MS/MS respectively. Those analytical methods were then successfully applied to 70 blood samples and 35 plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodrigues
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7515, ICPEES, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France.
| | - A Gaffard
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - J Moreau
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France; UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - K Monceau
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - O Delhomme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7515, ICPEES, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France; UFR Sciences fondamentales et appliquées, Université de Lorraine, Campus Bridoux, 57070 Metz, France
| | - M Millet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7515, ICPEES, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
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Wacławik M, Rodzaj W, Wielgomas B. Silicone Wristbands in Exposure Assessment: Analytical Considerations and Comparison with Other Approaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19041935. [PMID: 35206121 PMCID: PMC8872583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to numerous potentially harmful chemicals throughout their lifetime. Although many studies have addressed this issue, the data on chronic exposure is still lacking. Hence, there is a growing interest in methods and tools allowing to longitudinally track personal exposure to multiple chemicals via different routes. Since the seminal work, silicone wristbands (WBs) have been increasingly used to facilitate human exposure assessment, as using WBs as a wearable sampler offers new insights into measuring chemical risks involved in many ambient and occupational scenarios. However, the literature lacks a detailed overview regarding methodologies being used; a comprehensive comparison with other approaches of personal exposure assessment is needed as well. Therefore, the aim of this review is fourfold. First, we summarize hitherto conducted research that employed silicone WBs as personal passive samplers. Second, all pre-analytical and analytical steps used to obtain exposure data are discussed. Third, we compare main characteristics of WBs with key features of selected matrices used in exposure assessment, namely urine, blood, hand wipes, active air sampling, and settled dust. Finally, we discuss future needs of research employing silicone WBs. Our work shows a variety of possibilities, advantages, and caveats associated with employment of silicone WBs as personal passive samplers. Although further research is necessary, silicone WBs have already been proven valuable as a tool for longitudinal assessment of personal exposure.
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Liang YJ, Long DX, Xu MY, Wang HP, Sun YJ, Wu YJ. Body fluids from the rat exposed to chlorpyrifos induce cytotoxicity against the corresponding tissue-derived cells in vitro. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:60. [PMID: 34670615 PMCID: PMC8527830 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to establish an in vitro monitoring approach to evaluate the pesticide exposures. We studied the in vitro cytotoxicity of three different body fluids of rats to the respective corresponding tissue-derived cells. METHODS Wistar rats were orally administrated daily with three different doses of chlorpyrifos (1.30, 3.26, and 8.15 mg/kg body weight/day, which is equal to the doses of 1/125, 1/50, and 1/20 LD50, respectively) for consecutive 90 days. Blood samples as well as 24-hour urine and fecal samples were collected and processed. Then, urine, serum, and feces samples were used to treat the correspondent cell lines, i.e., T24 bladder cancer cells, Jurkat lymphocytes, and HT-29 colon cancer cells respectively, which derived from the correspondent tissues that could interact with the respective corresponding body fluids in organism. Cell viability was determined by using MTT or trypan blue staining. RESULTS The results showed that urine, serum, and feces extract of the rats exposed to chlorpyrifos displayed concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity to the cell lines. Furthermore, we found that the cytotoxicity of body fluids from the exposed animals was mainly due to the presence of 3, 4, 5-trichloropyrindinol, the major toxic metabolite of chlorpyrifos. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that urine, serum, and feces extraction, especially urine, combining with the corresponding tissue-derived cell lines as the in vitro cell models could be used to evaluate the animal exposure to pesticides even at the low dose with no apparent toxicological signs in the animals. Thus, this in vitro approach could be served as complementary methodology to the existing toolbox of biological monitoring of long-term and low-dose exposure to environmental pesticide residues in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Liang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Beijing University of Agriculture, 102206, Beijing, PR China
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ding-Xin Long
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, PR China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yuan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Beijing University of Agriculture, 102206, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, PR China.
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Organophosphorus pesticide determination in biological specimens: bioanalytical and toxicological aspects. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1763-1784. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Phung D, Miller G, Connell D, Chu C. Is the World Health Organization predicted exposure assessment model for space spraying of insecticides applicable to agricultural farmers? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:896-904. [PMID: 30417237 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural farmers in developing countries are at high risk of pesticide exposure and adverse effects because of unsafe practices and inappropriate legislation. Biological monitoring is considered a useful tool for pesticide exposure assessment; however, its use is limited in developing countries due to a lack of techniques and resources such as laboratory analysis, trained staff and budgets. This study examines whether the World Health Organization predicted exposure assessment model (WHO-PEAM) is a suitable alternative tool for assessing insecticide exposure among agricultural farmers. WHO-PEAM was used to predict daily doses (PDD) of chlorpyrifos for a group of Vietnamese rice farmers using a set of exposure parameters obtained from a questionnaire survey of participant famers during a field study. These results were compared to absorbed daily doses (ADD) of chlorpyrifos for the farmers measured using a biological monitoring program, in which 24-h urine samples were collected and analysed for the chlorpyrifos metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) using LC/MS. Validation of the model results was tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (WSR) and two-way mixed-model intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The mean of total ADD was 20 μg/kg/day while that of total PDD was 22 μg/kg/day. The WSR test revealed no statistically significant difference in the average values of ADDT and PDDT. ICC indicated substantial agreement for both single and average measures between ADDT and PDDT (ICC, 0.62 and 0.77, respectively). The results demonstrate that a refined WHO-PEAM model can be readily used as a field method, without biological monitoring, to evaluate chlorpyrifos exposure among agricultural farmers in Vietnam and similar developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Medicine, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Greg Miller
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Medicine, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Des Connell
- Griffith School of Science and Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Medicine, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
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Three-dimensional ionic liquid-ferrite functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite for pipette-tip solid phase extraction of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human blood sample. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1552:1-9. [PMID: 29673765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitously found in the environment and have been proved to be prospectively associated with the risk of cancer. In this study, a simple method based on pipette-tip solid phase extraction (PT-SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been firstly developed for the determination of 16 PAHs in human whole blood. Three-dimensional ionic liquid-ferrite functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite (3D-IL-Fe3O4-GO) was used as sorbent in PT-SPE. Compared with conventional SPE method, the PT-SPE method was solvent-saving (1.0 mL), reusable (at least 10 times) and required less blood sample (200 μL). Affecting parameters on extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, a good linearity was obtained and the recoveries of 16 PAHs at three spiked levels ranged from 85.0% to 115%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.007-0.013 μg/L. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of 16 PAHs in 14 human blood samples. The results showed that the predominant PAHs in human whole blood was low-molecular-weight PAHs, with the rank order phenanthrene (PHE)> naphthalene (NAP)> fluorene (FLU)> fluoranthene (FLT)> pyrene (PYR). Because of its simplicity, accuracy and reliability, the PT-SPE method combined with GC-MS demonstrated the applicability for clinical analysis and provided more information for PAHs exposure studies.
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Young HA, Meeker JD, Martenies SE, Figueroa ZI, Barr DB, Perry MJ. Environmental exposure to pyrethroids and sperm sex chromosome disomy: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2013; 12:111. [PMID: 24345058 PMCID: PMC3929259 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of environmental pesticide exposures, such as pyrethroids, and their relationship to sperm abnormalities are not well understood. This study investigated whether environmental exposure to pyrethroids was associated with altered frequency of sperm sex chromosome disomy in adult men. METHODS A sample of 75 subjects recruited through a Massachusetts infertility clinic provided urine and semen samples. Individual exposures were measured as urinary concentrations of three pyrethroid metabolites ((3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA), cis- and trans- 3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (CDCCA and TDCCA)). Multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosomes X, Y, and 18 was used to determine XX, YY, XY, 1818, and total sex chromosome disomy in sperm nuclei. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the association between aneuploidy rates and pyrethroid metabolites while adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Between 25-56% of the sample were above the limit of detection (LOD) for the pyrethroid metabolites. All sex chromosome disomies were increased by 7-30% when comparing men with CDCCA and TDCCA levels above the LOD to those below the LOD. For 3PBA, compared to those below the LOD, those above the LOD had YY18 disomy rates 1.28 times higher (95% CI: 1.15, 1.42) whereas a reduced rate was seen for XY18 and total disomy (IRR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.87; IRR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87-0.97), and no association was seen for XX18 and 1818. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that urinary concentrations of CDCCA and TDCCA above the LOD were associated with increased rates of aneuploidy. However the findings for 3BPA were not consistent. This is the first study to examine these relationships, and replication of our findings is needed before the association between pyrethroid metabolites and aneuploidy can be fully defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Young
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sheena E Martenies
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Zaida I Figueroa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Melissa J Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Abstract
Here we describe how measurements in biological samples can be used to provide direct measures of exposures to environmental pollutants, nutrients, infectious organisms and drugs of abuse, and to validate other less direct measures of exposure such as questionnaire responses. They can also be used as measures of outcome traits or intermediate phenotypes which may lie on the pathways to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jones
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Mills PK. Response to Commentary on "Agricultural exposures and gastric cancer risk in Hispanic farm workers in California" (Mills, P.K., and Yang, R.C., Environmental Research (2007) 104, 282-289). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 105:287-288. [PMID: 20852727 PMCID: PMC2940059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Mills
- Epidemiologist, Cancer Registry of Central California, Fresno, CA
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Whyatt RM, Camann D, Perera FP, Rauh VA, Tang D, Kinney PL, Garfinkel R, Andrews H, Hoepner L, Barr DB. Biomarkers in assessing residential insecticide exposures during pregnancy and effects on fetal growth. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 206:246-54. [PMID: 15967215 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health is using a combination of environmental and biologic measures to evaluate the effects of prenatal insecticide exposures among urban minorities in New York City. Of the 571 women enrolled, 85% report using some form of pest control during pregnancy and 46% report using exterminators, can sprays, and/or pest bombs. Chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and propoxur were detected in 99.7-100% of 48-h personal air samples collected from the mothers during pregnancy (n = 394) and in 39-70% of blood samples collected from the mothers (n = 326) and/or newborns (n = 341) at delivery. Maternal and newborn blood levels are similar and highly correlated (r = 0.4-08, P < 0.001). Levels of insecticides in blood samples and/or personal air samples decreased significantly following the 2000-2001 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's regulatory actions to phase out residential use of chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Among infants born prior to 1/1/01, birth weight decreased by 67.3 g (95% confidence interval (CI) -116.6 to -17.8, P = 0.008) and birth length decreased by 0.43 centimeters (95% CI, -0.73 to -0.14, P = 0.004) for each unit increase in log-transformed cord plasma chlorpyrifos levels. Combined measures of (ln)cord plasma chlorpyrifos and diazinon (adjusted for relative potency) were also inversely associated with birth weight and length (P </= 0.007). Birth weight averaged 215.1 g less (95% CI -384.7 to -45.5) among those with the highest exposures compared to those without detectable levels. No association was seen between birth weight and length and cord plasma chlorpyrifos or diazinon among newborns born after 1/1/01 (P > 0.8). Results support recent regulatory action to phase out residential uses of these insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Whyatt
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Hernández F, Sancho JV, Pozo OJ. Critical review of the application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to the determination of pesticide residues in biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:934-46. [PMID: 15915347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A critical review is made on the use of hyphenated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the identification and quantification of pesticides and their metabolites in human biosamples (whole blood, plasma, serum and urine). The first applications of LC-MS in this field began in the early 1990s. Since then, increasing interest has been shown in applying this powerful technique, with most applications dealing with the determination of a variety of chemically diverse metabolites in urine. The use of different LC-MS interfaces and mass spectral detection modes are discussed. Special attention is given to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) due to its inherent advantages of increased sensitivity and selectivity, as well as its advantages for identification and confirmation of analytes in samples. Quantification can be severely affected by matrix effects, the most common being inhibition of the ionisation of analytes in the mass spectrometer, which leads to unacceptable errors if no correction is made. Different approaches can be employed to minimise this undesirable matrix effect, the preferred being the use of labelled internal standards (when available) in isotope dilution methods or the application of an efficient clean-up, performed off-line or automated on-line. Adequate criteria for confirming the identities of residues detected are required in order to avoid false positives. The criterion most commonly used with a triple quadrupole instrument is the monitoring of two MS/MS transitions together with the ion abundance ratio. TOF mass analysers are seldom used in pesticide residue analysis despite their improved resolution and mass accuracy characteristics, which makes them very suitable for confirmation purposes. The main reasons for the relative unpopularity of TOF MS in residue analysis are its limited sensitivity and its high acquisition cost. In this paper, we present a critical assessment on current techniques, trends and future developments, and give illustrative examples to point out the main characteristics of LC-MS for pesticide residue analysis in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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