A Moratorium on the Euphemism MAID

It is essential for high-quality health care for providers to adhere to the principle of truth telling, speaking with clarity and honesty. The euphemism medical aid in dying, MAID, is being mainstreamed in the medical literature by proponents of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. This trend is deleterious because MAID's proponents do not consistently express the meaning and intent of the practice, and the phrase downplays the fact that a provider is participating in the act of death for a patient. The euphemism blurs the differences between providing high-quality palliative care and participating in the death of a patient prior to a natural death. Some believe the term MAID is used exclusively for assisted suicide in patients with a terminal diagnosis with less than 6 months to live, when in fact it is being used for both assisted suicide and euthanasia and for patients who have no terminal diagnosis with potentially years to live. We are calling up on our colleagues to cease the use of this and other euphemisms in this ethically controversial practice. We recommend standardized language that accurately denotes the context and process. Provider Assisted Death by Prescription (PAD-P) and Provider Assisted Death by Administration (PAD-A) are terms that most accurately describe the process, taking into account who is prescribing or administering a lethal substance and the outcome of the actions. Literature that addresses this practice should be described as ending life literature. The standardized language needs to be used on death certificates so we can most accurately assess the impact that provider-assisted death is having on society. Emphasizing truth telling in morally controversial practices will foster trust among health care providers and with patients.

Integrating Palliative Care Into the Management of Genitourinary Malignancies

Palliative care (PC) plays a critical role in managing the difficulties associated with genitourinary malignancies. Its primary aim is to improve the overall health of patients, provide support to both patients and their caregivers, and help individuals to navigate the complex decisions about treatment and end-of-life care. PC takes a holistic approach to patient care, recognizing that genitourinary malignancies affect multiple aspects of a person's life. By addressing physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs, PC aims to provide comprehensive support that is consistent with the patient's values and preferences. The goal is to optimize comfort, minimize distress, and enhance the patient's quality of life throughout the course of the illness. PC is not a one-off intervention, but an ongoing source of support. This article aims to provide a thorough overview of the critical elements involved in addressing the challenges posed by genitourinary cancers, emphasizing the importance of palliative interventions. We will highlight the multifaceted aspects of care and explore strategies to optimize the overall well-being of patients throughout the course of treatment for genitourinary malignancies.

[Difficult situations and feelings in palliative oncology care]

The act of caring for people in pain, shortness of breath, and imminent death on a daily basis can intensify difficult situations for health professionals. However, difficult situations are rarely discussed in the services and in the professional training process. This study aimed to analyze difficult situations and feelings that emerge from healthcare. This is a phenomenological and qualitative study based on 30 difficult situations of health professionals who work exclusively in palliative oncological care. The interviews were conducted from August to February 2020. The results show that the main difficulties were motivated by identification (when the professional recognizes similarities in the patient they are caring for), a bad death (with suffering), caring for young patients, the death of a mother with a small child, and when there was a divergence between what the professional proposed and the patient's choice. There was a relationship between types of difficult situations and professional category. The professionals expressed both unpleasant feelings (sadness, impotence, anguish, fear) and pleasant feelings (compassion, gratitude). The results show that the concealment of the dying process throughout the societies' development turned it into a taboo, causing distress even in those who work in palliative care. They also show an important subjective dimension of care, usually neglected, which generates suffering, but also resignification. To properly provide care, health professionals must find meaning in the work, made possible by the modification of the their internal mindset via experience, which generates transformation, new meaning, and knowledge from praxis.

Simultaneous care in oncology: Assessment of benefit in relation to symptoms, sex, and age in 753 patients

BACKGROUND

Early activation of palliative care for patients with advanced cancer is central in the treatment trajectory. At the Veneto Institute of Oncology, a simultaneous-care outpatient clinic (SCOC) has been active since 2014, where patients are evaluated by an oncologist together with a palliative care team. Recently, we reported on consecutive patients admitted at SCOC from 2018 to 2021 in terms of appropriateness, process, and outcome indicators. Here, we report further analysis in the same group of 753 patients, evaluating other parameters and the correlation between symptom intensity, gender, age, and survival.

METHODS

SCOC data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained database.

RESULTS

Among the patients, 42.2% were women, and the median age was 68 years, with 46.7% of patients aged ≥70 years. The most prevalent disease type was gastrointestinal cancer (75.2%), and 90.9% of the patients had metastatic disease. The median score for the distress thermometer was 4; the vast majority of the patients (98.6%) reported physical problems, and 69.4% presented emotional issues. Younger women demonstrated a significantly greater median distress than other patients (p=0.0018). Almost all symptoms had a higher prevalence on the 0-3 Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) score, except for fatigue. About 43.8% of the patients received systemic anticancer treatment (SAT) in the last 60 days of life, 15.0% of whom received SAT in the last month and 3.1% in the last 2 weeks. For some symptoms, women frequently had more ESAS >3. Pain and nausea were significantly less reported by older patients compared with younger adults. Men had a lower risk of having MUST score ≥ 2 (p=0.0311). Men and older patients showed a lower prognosis awareness (p=0.0011 and p=0.0049, respectively). Older patients received less SAT within the last 30 days of life (p=0.0006) and had death risk decreased by 20.0%.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified two subgroups of patients with advanced cancer who require special attention and support due to important symptoms' burden detected by Patient Reported Outcome Measures tests: women and younger adults. These categories of patients require special attention and should be provided early access at SCOC. The role of an oncologist remains crucial to intercept all patients in need of early palliative care and balancing trade-offs of anticancer treatment in advanced metastatic disease.

Hospice and Palliative Medicine Fellowship after Surgical Training: A Roadmap to the Future of Surgical Palliative Care

OBJECTIVE

Surgeons comprise only 2% of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (HPM) board-certified physicians. Little is known about the motivations of individuals who pursue this combined training or the perceived benefits of this pathway. This study aimed to capture the pathways and experiences of HPM fellowship trained surgeons and to establish recommendations for surgical trainees who may benefit from HPM fellowship training.

DESIGN

A qualitative study was designed using semi-structured zoom interviews that elicited experiences of HPM trained surgeons. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

SETTING

Researchers were from the University of Kansas School of Medicine and the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Participants were trained and worked across the United States in a variety of settings.

PARTICIPANTS

Eligibility included completion of a 1-year HPM fellowship and training in general surgery, general obstetrics and gynecology, or affiliated subspecialties.

RESULTS

Seventeen interviews were conducted. All participants expressed satisfaction with their HPM fellowship training. Four themes emerged as recommendations for surgeons to pursue HPM fellowship training: 1) a commitment to joining the HPM workforce, 2) becoming ambassadors for HPM and surgical culture change, 3) desire for advanced communication and symptom management skills at the specialist level, and 4) specialist level HPM skills may enhance surgical career.

CONCLUSIONS

HPM fellowship training is achievable through multiple pathways for surgeons from a variety of training backgrounds.

Respecting Faith, Hope, and Miracles in African American Christian Patients at End-of-Life: Moving from Labeling Goals of Care as "Aggressive" to Providing Equitable Goal-Concordant Care

In this article, we demonstrate first how the term "aggressive care," used loosely by clinicians to denote care that can negatively impact quality of life in serious illness, is often used to inappropriately label the preferences of African American patients, and discounts, discredits, and dismisses the deeply held beliefs of African American Christians. This form of biased communication results in a higher proportion of African Americans than whites receiving care that is non-goal-concordant and contributes to the prevailing lack of trust the African American community has in our healthcare system. Second, we invite clinicians and health care centers to make the perspectives of socially marginalized groups (in this case, African American Christians) the central axis around which we find solutions to this problem. Based on this, we provide insight and understanding to clinicians caring for seriously ill African American Christian patients by sharing their beliefs, origins, and substantive importance to the African American Christian community. Third, we provide recommendations to clinicians and healthcare systems that will result in African Americans, regardless of religious affiliation, receiving equitable levels of goal-concordant care if implemented. KEY MESSAGE: Labeling care at end-of-life as "aggressive" discounts the deeply held beliefs of African American Christians. By focusing on the perspectives of this group clinicians will understand the importance of respecting their religious values. The focus on providing equitable goal-concordant care is the goal.

Equity consideration in palliative care policies, programs, and evaluation: an analysis of selected federal and South Australian documents

Background

Inequity in access to palliative care and symptom relief is one of the greatest disparities in global health care. A public health approach to palliative care is underpinned by the social view of health that puts an emphasis on equity, community engagement and empowerment, a supportive policy environment, and social determinants of health. Consideration of equity in policy is critical so that it can be translated into equitable services. However, the extent to which Australian palliative care policies incorporate equity, and their translation into actual actions have not been extensively examined.

This exploratory study aimed to examine the extent to which Australian federal and South Australian palliative care policies and initiatives incorporate equity, and to identify evidence gaps and research priorities that can inform equity-oriented policies and practices.

Methods

We reviewed 25 federal and South Australian documents relating to palliative care published over the past five years. Documents were publicly available from the Australian Government Department of Health website. We used search filter ‘Palliative care and end of life’ in the Department’s resource webpage to narrow down documents to those with palliative care and end of life in the document title and/or content. The initial list was discussed in the research team to ensure key documents are included. Supplementary to document review, we conducted five key informant interviews in South Australia. Interview participants were people from the policy sector, not-for-profit organisations, a funding body and a community advocacy group in South Australia who had knowledge and experience in palliative care policy, practice and research. Documents and interview transcripts were imported into the NVivo 12 software for coding. Content analysis looked at the frequencies of relevant terms, and then more detailed inductive and deductive thematic analysis was undertaken which was guided by an equity action framework.

Results

Overall, we found incremental steps forward over the past few years in considering equity in Australian palliative care policies. Key themes that emerged from the study were: identifying population groups experiencing poor access to palliative care, strategies to improve access including increased awareness of palliative care, flexible models of care, building workforce capacity, and the need for greater investment in palliative care research and evaluation. Strategies to address systemic barriers as well as social, political and cultural determinants of inequity was less evident in policy documents. There was little evidence of actions to engage and empower communities. Interviews provided insight on key areas of priority for future palliative care research.

Conclusions

Achieving the goal of equity in palliative care for all is complex and multifaceted. It requires strong commitment and actions at policy and government level but also in clinical practice, workforce planning and capacity building, community engagement and research investment to implement and evaluate public health approaches to palliative care.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12904-022-00997-2.

Evolution of Oncology and Palliative Nursing in Meeting the Changing Landscape of Cancer Care

Nursing is a vital health profession. In almost all clinical and hospital settings, nurses offer primary palliative care. Nurses are recognized for their strong philosophy of care for a wide spectrum of disorders. No matter the sickness, condition, or clinical situation, palliative care is considered essential in nursing practice. Palliative care nursing is the provision of palliative care services to cancer patients and their families, regardless of whether cancer can be cured or not. A large body of evidence shows that early palliative care nursing integration improves the quality of life and survival of cancer patients. Due to the intricacy of cancer, the landscape of cancer care is shifting. Cancer is a life-threatening disease with a high mortality rate. Oncology nurses' skills and experience are vital in providing specialized patient care and fulfilling the needs of patients and their families. The current study examines the shifting environment of palliative care nursing in oncology. However, new palliative care nursing approaches are required to adapt to the evolving cancer scenario.

Existential Dimension and Spiritual Assistance in the “A. Gemelli” University Hospital in Rome: A Cross-Disciplinary and Sacramental Enhanced Dynamical Approach in Palliative Care

In the A. Gemelli university hospital in Rome, the presence of highly specialized inter-professional palliative care teams and spiritual assistants who are dedicated to their role in the service of inpatients is valuable to person-centered healthcare. Spiritual needs are commonly experienced by patients with sudden illness, chronic conditions, and life-limiting conditions, and, consequently, spiritual care is an intrinsic and essential component of palliative care. This paper focuses on the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick to demonstrate the importance of spiritual care as an integral part of palliative care and highlights the need for all interdisciplinary team members to address spiritual issues in order to improve the holistic assistance to the patient. Over a 3-year period (October 2018–September 2021), data about the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick administered by the hospitaller chaplaincy were collected. A total of 1541 anointings were administered, with an average of 514 anointings per year, excluding reductions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 98% of cases, the sacrament was requested by health personnel, and in 96% of cases, the same health personnel participated in the sacrament. These results demonstrate that, at the A. Gemelli polyclinic in Rome, the level of training that the care team has received in collaboration with the chaplains has generated a good generalized awareness of the importance of integrating the spiritual needs of patients and their families into their care, considering salvation as well as health, in a model of dynamic interprofessional integration.

Key concepts and opportunities

Neuropalliative care is an emerging field dedicated to applying palliative care approaches to meet the needs of persons living with neurologic illness and their families. The development of this field acknowledges the unique needs of this population, including in terms of neuropsychiatric symptoms, the impact of neurologic illness on personhood, and the logistics of managing neurologic disability. In defining the goals of this field, it is important to distinguish between neuropalliative care as an approach to care, as a skillset, as a medical subspecialty, and as a public health goal as each of these constructs offers their own contributions and opportunities. As a newly emerging field, there are nearly unlimited opportunities to improve care through research, clinical care, education, and advocacy.

Realidade virtual imersiva nos Cuidados Paliativos: perspectivas para a Reabilitação Total

Resumo Introdução A Realidade Virtual se apresenta como ferramenta promissora para aprimoramento de tecnologias em saúde e potencialização de intervenções para a melhora da funcionalidade e qualidade de vida de pacientes e familiares que enfrentam doenças e/ou condições progressivas ameaçadoras da vida. Objetivo Este ensaio discute o papel promissor da Realidade Virtual Imersiva na reabilitação em Cuidados Paliativos e propõe o conceito de Reabilitação Total como possibilidade para ampliação da concepção de reabilitação atual. Método Apresentamos reflexões baseadas na teoria de Dor Total, própria dos Cuidados Paliativos, e a inserção das Novas Tecnologias na saúde, especialmente no âmbito da reabilitação, por meio de documentos baseados na linha reflexiva que os autores pretendem submeter à apreciação e ao debate público. Resultados É importante e promissor o papel da Realidade Virtual Imersiva em intervenções de saúde, bem como a proposta conceitual de ampliação do conceito e compreensão de Reabilitação, cunhando o termo Reabilitação Total. Além disso, fomentou-se o processo reflexivo de debate sobre as possibilidades terapêuticas e suas inovações. Conclusão A partir da Reabilitação Total, inovações relativas ao cuidado em saúde, sejam tecnológicas e/ou das práticas clínicas, podem ser aprimoradas e disponibilizadas através de intervenções em ambientes físicos e/ou virtuais, tendo como premissas para os processos de reabilitação a funcionalidade global e dignidade da pessoa humana, com ações que envolvam as dimensões física, social, psicológica e espiritual, tal como apresentado pelo conceito de Dor Total.

International models of neuropalliative care

Can equitable Neuropalliative care (NpC) be delivered globally? This chapter surveys existing services and ground realities in different parts of the world. In many countries, universal healthcare (UHC) seems to have been a precondition for the establishment of palliative care (PC). PC has been recognized as a basic human right as a part of UHC. Quality of Death and PC surveys provide an overview of the existing situation. Currently, PC is largely focused on the needs of cancer patients and this is a legacy issue for professionals and systems. Communities however recognize suffering and do not distinguish between medical diagnoses. The development of NpC as a subspecialty of neurology allows neurologists everywhere to become primary palliative care providers for their own patients. It is also necessary to integrate neurology with existing palliative care services. There is much that can be done to improve NpC provision even within the limits that bound every jurisdiction and trial evidence is emerging to inform this practice. This chapter is a survey of the challenges and the potential.

Evaluation of a multimodal rehabilitative palliative care programme for patients with high-grade glioma and their family caregivers

BACKGROUND

Patients diagnosed with high-grade glioma and their family caregivers often experience intense disease and treatment trajectories. Fluctuations in patient's symptoms lead to enormous burdens for caregivers and the risk of developing symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression.

AIM

The study aim is to explore patient and caregiver experiences and evaluate the relevance of and satisfaction with a multimodal rehabilitative palliative care programme for patients diagnosed with a high-grade glioma and their family caregivers.

METHODS

In a longitudinal multi-methods study, adult patients with high-grade glioma (n = 17) and their family caregivers (n = 16) completed a 4-day residential programme and a 2-day follow-up programme 3 months later. Participants completed questionnaires after each programme, scoring relevance and satisfaction on a 5-point Likert scale. Qualitative data were collected during four evaluation group interviews with patients and caregivers.

RESULTS

The mean overall satisfaction score was 4.80 (standard deviation [SD], 0.55) for the initial 4-day programme and 4.28 (SD, 0.83) for the follow-up programme. Three themes emerged in the evaluation group interviews: (1) meeting peers strengthens social well-being, (2) the value of information and focusing on individual needs, and (3) accepting life as an unpredictable passage.

CONCLUSION

Participants found completing the REHPA-HGG programme feasible and rated all sessions highly for relevance and satisfaction. Qualitative findings confirm the value of individualised information, acceptance, and peer interactions.

IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE

A multimodal rehabilitative palliative care programme addressed unmet patient and caregiver needs. Peer-to-peer interventions for family caregivers may address individual support needs. Similar programmes may maximise benefit by avoiding planned behaviour changes and enhancing palliative approaches.