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McGuigan C, Bellevergue P, Jones BCNM, Mahmood N, Hay AJ, Petrik J, Karpas A. Alkyl Hydrogen Phosphonate Derivatives of the anti-HIV Agent AZT may be Less Toxic than the Parent Nucleoside Analogue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel alkyl hydrogen phosphonate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridite chemistry. These materials are designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bioactive free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation has revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral action. Short-chain (C1-C7) alkyl derivatives are more potent than the parent hydrogen phosphonate, whilst one long-chain (C18) compound is less active. In an assay that demonstrates the toxicity of the parent drug AZT, the alkyl H-phosphonates appear to be less cytotoxic, whilst retaining full antiviral activity. Lastly, the compounds are all poorly active in a cell line (JM) that is poorly responsive to AZT, indicating that they act as depot forms of the nucleoside rather than of the free nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - P. Bellevergue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - B. C. N. M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - N. Mahmood
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. J. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - J. Petrik
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
| | - A. Karpas
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
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Holmes HC, Mahmood N, Karpas A, Petrik J, Kinchington D, O'Connor T, Jeffries DJ, Desmyter J, De Clercq E, Pauwels R, Hay A. Screening of Compounds for Activity against HIV: A Collaborative Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029100200503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The collaborative study was undertaken to examine the sensitivity of a range of tests used in assessing the antiviral activities of compounds against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A panel of 20 compounds with diverse antiviral activities against HIV were tested under code at three antiviral testing centres supported by the Medical Research Council's AIDS Directed Programme and at the European Community Centralised Facility (ECCF) for New Antiviral Compounds against AIDS in Belgium. Compounds known to have major anti-HIV activity ranked high in all assays, with the exception of the glucosidase inhibitors and certain nucleoside analogues. Results of two assays based on MT4 cells (centre IV) showed a high degree of similarity, despite the use of distinct HIV-1 (HTLV-IIIB) and HIV-2 (ROD) viruses. Considerable similarity was also observed between the assays based on HTLV-IIIRF in C8166 cells (centres I and II). Other assays performed at centre II and at centre III had enhanced sensitivity for glycosidase inhibitors. The differences in anti-HIV activity that were observed may be attributable to specific properties of the cell lines used and particular testing methodologies. The use of more than one type of assay is advisable in order not to miss compounds with low to moderate activity against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. C. Holmes
- WHO Collaborating Centre for AIDS, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
| | - N. Mahmood
- MRC Collaborative Centre, Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. Karpas
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
| | - J. Petrik
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
| | - D. Kinchington
- Department of Virology, Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - T. O'Connor
- Department of Virology, Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - D. J. Jeffries
- Department of Virology, Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - J. Desmyter
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universität Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universität Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. Pauwels
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universität Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Hicks N, Hutchinson DW, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. The Enzymatic Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of 9-β-D-2-Deoxy and 9-β-D-2′,3′-Dideoxynucleossdes of 2-Aminopurine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029200300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 9-β-D-2′-deoxy and 9-β-D-2′,3′-dideoxyribonucleosides of 2-aminopurine have been prepared using crude nucleoside N-deoxyribosyltransferases (E.C. 2.4.2.6) from Lactobacillus leichmannii in the presence of 10% ethylene glycol to inhibit degradation of the product nucleosides. The 2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside of 2-aminopurine is an inhibitor of the replication of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV with EC50 values in the range 8–100 μM depending on the cell line used and has low in vitro toxicity at its effective concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hicks
- Chemistry Department Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - N. Mahmood
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. J. Hay
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
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Hicks N, Hutchinson DW. Synthesis of Nucleoside Analogues Using Immobilised N-Deoxyribosyltransferases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429409034372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hicks
- Chemistry Department, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Metropolitan Police Forensic Laboratory, 109 Lambeth Road, London, SEI 7LP
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Huard CN, Hutchinson DW. The Beneficial Effect of Organic Solvents on the Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleoside Analogues Using N-Deoxyribosyltransferases fromLactobacillus leichmannii(E.C. 2.4.2.6). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429209014896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecile N. Huard
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Becker J, Brendel M. Rapid purification and characterization of two distinct N-deoxyribosyltransferases of Lactobacillus leichmannii. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1996; 377:357-62. [PMID: 8839981 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1996.377.6.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct N-deoxyribosyltransferases of Lactobacillus leichmannii, designated as DRTase I and DRTase II, were separated and purified almost to homogeneity by one-step affinity chromatography. DRTase I is distinguished by specifically catalyzing the direct transfer of 2-deoxyribosyl residues from purine deoxyribonucleosides to free purine bases, whereas DRTase II has a rather broad substrate specificity and is able to transfer the deoxyribosyl moiety between pyrimidines and between purines and pyrimidines. Furthermore, in addition to the different substrate spectrum, we clearly differentiated the two enzymes by comparing their varying temperature/activity and pH/activity profiles, their kinetic constants, their behaviour in Western blot analysis, and their N-terminal amino acid sequences. Denaturing and non-denaturing DISK-PAGE revealed strong evidence that both intact enzymes consist of hexamers with subunit molecular weights of approximately 20,000 for DRTase I and 18,000 for DRTase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Becker
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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McGuigan C, Bellevergue P, Sheeka H, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. Certain phosphoramidate derivatives of dideoxy uridine (ddU) are active against HIV and successfully by-pass thymidine kinase. FEBS Lett 1994; 351:11-4. [PMID: 8076677 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As part of our effort to deliver masked phosphates inside living cells we have discovered that certain phosphate triester derivatives of the inactive nucleoside analogue, dideoxy uridine (ddU) are inhibitors of HIV replication at microM levels. Moreover, we note that certain phosphoramidate derivatives retain their activity in thymidine kinase-deficient cells, which indicates that they do indeed act by intracellular release of the free nucleotide, and that they successfully by-pass the nucleoside kinase. The increased structural freedom in drug design which this allows may have implications for dealing with the emergence of resistance and may stimulate the discovery of improved therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, UK
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Piacente S, Aquino R, De Tommasi N, Pizza C, Lock De Ugaz O, Chavez Orellana H, Mahmood N. Constituents of Werneria ciliolata and their in vitro anti-HIV activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1994; 36:991-996. [PMID: 7765214 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aerial part of Werneria ciliolata afforded a series of new diterpenes: two ent-kaurane derivatives, a norkaurane, an ent-manoyloxide derivative, a dimeric diterpene, as well as a rare diterpene. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including the concerted application of 1D NMR techniques (DEPT and NOEDS) and 2D NMR techniques (1H-1H COSY and HETCOR). In addition, four known kauranes, four coumarins and 6-hydroxytremetone were isolated. All isolated compounds from W. ciliolata and W. dactylophylla were tested in vitro for anti-viral activity against HIV-1, but only 6-hydroxytremetone showed a significant anti-HIV-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piacente
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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McGuigan C, Davies M, Pathirana R, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of some novel diaryl phosphate derivatives of AZT. Antiviral Res 1994; 24:69-77. [PMID: 7944314 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(94)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel diaryl phosphate triester derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials were designed to act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In particular, novel parasubstituted diaryl phosphate derivatives were prepared. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral effect, the magnitude of which varied considerably with the nature of the aryl substituent. In particular, strongly electron-withdrawing aryl substituents correlate with high anti-HIV potency in C8166 cells. Along with AZT, the compounds are poorly effective in JM cells, which appear to lack thymidine kinase, indicating the phosphates to act as pro-drugs of the nucleoside rather than of the free phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
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Abstract
The majority of potential antiviral agents which are currently undergoing clinical trials are inhibitors of the replication of nucleic acids. The most common class of these inhibitors are nucleoside analogues and the elucidation of synthetic routes to these compounds has been of interest for many years as many are anticancer agents. One synthetic development has been the application of bio-transformations to nucleoside syntheses. This topic has been reviewed recently (Shirae et al., 1991) but this review is not widely available. In the present review, the application of biotechnology to the synthesis of antiviral agents including those which are not nucleoside analogues will be discussed. Enzymatic syntheses of nucleosides can be simpler and quicker than syntheses carried out by chemical methods. The most useful enzymes are those found in catabolic pathways. Nucleoside phosphorylases and N-deoxyribosyltransferases have both been widely used for nucleoside synthesis catalysing the transfer of sugar residues from a donor nucleoside to a heterocyclic base. Enzymatic methods have also been applied to the resolution of racemic mixtures and adenosine deaminase is a convenient catalyst for the hydrolysis of amino groups on purines and purine analogues. Regioselective deprotection of nucleoside esters has been achieved with lipases and these enzymes have also been applied to the synthesis of esters of sugar-like alkaloids. The latter have potential as inhibitors of the replication of HIV. Esterases have also been used in combined chemical and enzymatic syntheses of organophosphorus antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hanrahan
- Chemistry Department, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
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McGuigan C, Pathirana RN, Mahmood N, Devine KG, Hay AJ. Aryl phosphate derivatives of AZT retain activity against HIV1 in cell lines which are resistant to the action of AZT. Antiviral Res 1992; 17:311-21. [PMID: 1642482 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel aryl phosphate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials are designed to act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced, selective antiviral activity, which, in one case, was more potent than the parent nucleoside AZT. The magnitude of the biological effect varied considerably with the nature of the phosphate-blocking group. Moreover, one of the compounds, a phosphoramidate, is particularly active in a cell line restrictive to the activity of AZT, due to poor phosphorylation therein. These data support the suggestion that the phosphate derivatives exert their biological effects via intracellular release of the nucleotide forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, U.K
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Hicks N, Howarth OW, Hutchinson DW. N.m.r. studies of the flexibility of the glycosyl ring in thymidine and uridine nucleosides. Carbohydr Res 1991; 216:1-9. [PMID: 1797374 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)84145-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1H-N.m.r. spectroscopy at various temperatures has been used to investigate the flexibility of the glycosyl ring and to calculate the percentage of N- and S-character in the most favoured conformations in solution adopted by various pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides. The position and orientation of substituents have a definite and predictable influence on the conformation of the deoxyribose ring in these nucleosides. The deoxyribose rings in the nucleosides studied were, in general, flexible except for those of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro- and 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-thymidine and 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-5-methyl-arabinosyluracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hicks
- Chemistry Department, Warwick University, Great Britain
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