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Doroszuk J, Musiejuk M, Jędrzejewski B, Walczak J, Witt D. Convenient and Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized 2-Sulfenylindoles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4492. [PMID: 33050451 PMCID: PMC7601631 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A simple, efficient, and practical sulfenylation at the C2 position of N-tosylindoles under mild conditions was developed. The designed transformation is based on the reaction of N-tosylindoles with BuLi and S-alkyl, and S-aryl phosphorodithioates or thiotosylates to produce 2-sulfenylindoles in moderate to high yields. The presence of additional hydroxy, carboxy, or amino functionalities did not disturb the formation of products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dariusz Witt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (J.D.); (M.M.); (B.J.); (J.W.)
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An insight into the medicinal perspective of synthetic analogs of indole: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:562-612. [PMID: 31344615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterocycles occupy a salient place in chemistry due to their wide range of activity in the fields of drug design, photochemistry, agrochemicals, dyes, and so on. Amongst all, indole scaffold is considered as one of the most promising heterocycles found in natural and synthetic sources and has been shown to possess various biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, antitubercular, antimalarial, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, analgesics, antidepressant, anticancer, antioxidant, antifungal, and antimicrobial, etc. All the reported indole molecules bind to multiple receptors with high affinity, thus expedite the research on the development of novel biologically active compounds through the various approach. In this review, we aimed to highlight synthetic and medicinal perspective on the development of indole-based analogs. In addition, structural activity relationship (SAR) study to correlate for their biological activity also discussed.
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Yan L, Yin Z, Niu L, Shao J, Chen H, Li X. Synthesis of pentacyclic iminosugars with constrained butterfly-like conformation and their HIV-RT inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:425-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shao J, Zhu M, Gao L, Chen H, Li X. Synthesis of tetracyclic azasugars fused benzo[ e ][1,3]thiazin-4-one by the tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig/cyclization and their HIV-RT inhibitory activity. Carbohydr Res 2018; 456:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ye LM, Chen J, Mao P, Zhang XJ, Yan M. Visible-light promoted synthesis of 3-arylthioindoles from indoles and diaryl disulfides. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Srinivasulu V, Janda KD, Abu-Yousef IA, O'Connor MJ, Al-Tel TH. A modular CuI-L-proline catalyzed one-pot route for the rapid access of constrained and privileged hetero-atom-linked medium-sized ring systems. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Famiglini V, Castellano S, Silvestri R. N-Pyrrylarylsulfones with High Therapeutic Potential. Molecules 2017; 22:E434. [PMID: 28282943 PMCID: PMC6155187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review illustrates the various studies made to investigate the activity of N-pyrrylarylsulfone containing compounds as potential antiviral, anticancer and SNC drugs. A number of synthetic approaches to obtain tetracyclic, tricyclic and non-cyclic compounds, and their biological activity with regard to structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been reviewed. The literature reviewed here may provide useful information on the potential of N-pyrrylarylsulfone pharmacophore as well as suggest concepts for the design and synthesis of new N-pyrrylarylsulfone based agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Famiglini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fiscano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
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Yin Z, Zhu M, Wei S, Shao J, Hou Y, Chen H, Li X. Synthesis of tetracyclic iminosugars fused benzo[e][1,3]thiazin-4-one and their HIV-RT inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1738-41. [PMID: 26944616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several aza-C-pseudonucleosides bearing 1,3-benzothiazin-4-one (6 and 7) were prepared by the one-pot three-component condensation from the iminosugar aldehyde 3, amino acid ethyl/methyl ester hydrochlorides 4(a-c), and 2-mercaptobenzoic acid 5. After removal of Boc and the isopropylidene groups, the target novel tetracyclic iminosugars fused benzo[e][1,3]thiazin-4-one 1(a-c) and 2(a-b) were first afforded by the intramolecular cyclo-amidation reaction. Their structures were determined by their (1)H, (13)C NMR, and HRMS (ESI) spectra and X-ray. The tetracyclic iminosugars 1(a-c) and 2(a-b) were examined for their HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitory activities. The result showed that all compounds could effectively inhibit RT activity. Among them, compound 2a was the best one with the IC50 value of RT inhibitory activity of 0.82μM. Structure-activity relationship analysis suggested that 1'R configuration in the tetracyclic azasugars was of benefit to their anti-HIV RT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Mo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Sinan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Xiaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
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Saundane AR, Walmik P, Yarlakatti M, Katkar V, Verma VA. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Some New Annulated Pyrazolopyranopyrimidines and Their Derivatives Containing Indole Nucleus. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand R. Saundane
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Chemistry; Gulbarga University; Gulbarga 585 106 Karnataka India
| | - Prabhaker Walmik
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Chemistry; Gulbarga University; Gulbarga 585 106 Karnataka India
| | - Manjunatha Yarlakatti
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Chemistry; Gulbarga University; Gulbarga 585 106 Karnataka India
| | - Vijaykumar Katkar
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Chemistry; Gulbarga University; Gulbarga 585 106 Karnataka India
| | - Vaijinath A. Verma
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Chemistry; Gulbarga University; Gulbarga 585 106 Karnataka India
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Synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some new indole derivatives containing pyridopyrimidine and pyrazolopyridine moieties. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Du HA, Tang RY, Deng CL, Liu Y, Li JH, Zhang XG. Iron-Facilitated Iodine-Mediated Electrophilic Annulation of N,N-Dimethyl-2-alkynylanilines with Disulfides or Diselenides. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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d'Ischia M, Napolitano A, Pezzella A. 5,6‐Dihydroxyindole Chemistry: Unexplored Opportunities Beyond Eumelanin. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Zhan P, Chen X, Li D, Fang Z, De Clercq E, Liu X. HIV-1 NNRTIs: structural diversity, pharmacophore similarity, and implications for drug design. Med Res Rev 2011; 33 Suppl 1:E1-72. [PMID: 21523792 DOI: 10.1002/med.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) nowadays represent very potent and most promising anti-AIDS agents that specifically target the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). However, the effectiveness of NNRTI drugs can be hampered by rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses and severe side effects upon long-term use. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, highly potent NNRTIs with broad spectrum antiviral activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, and more efficient strategies that facilitate and shorten the drug discovery process would be extremely beneficial. Fortunately, the structural diversity of NNRTIs provided a wide space for novel lead discovery, and the pharmacophore similarity of NNRTIs gave valuable hints for lead discovery and optimization. More importantly, with the continued efforts in the development of computational tools and increased crystallographic information on RT/NNRTI complexes, structure-based approaches using a combination of traditional medicinal chemistry, structural biology, and computational chemistry are being used increasingly in the design of NNRTIs. First, this review covers two decades of research and development for various NNRTI families based on their chemical scaffolds, and then describes the structural similarity of NNRTIs. We have attempted to assemble a comprehensive overview of the general approaches in NNRTI lead discovery and optimization reported in the literature during the last decade. The successful applications of medicinal chemistry strategies, crystallography, and computational tools for designing novel NNRTIs are highlighted. Future directions for research are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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Prajapati DG, Ramajayam R, Yadav MR, Giridhar R. The search for potent, small molecule NNRTIs: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5744-62. [PMID: 19632850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIDS has become the leading pandemic disease, and is the cause of death worldwide. Presently, HAART treatment, a combination of reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease inhibitors is also unsuccessful due to the virus getting resistant to the drugs because of mutational changes. Two types of RT inhibitors exist namely nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The NNRTIs which bind to an allosteric site on RT are an important arsenal of drugs against HIV-1. The specificity of NNRTIs towards HIV-1 has led to extensive structural and molecular modelling studies of enzyme complexes and chemical synthesis of second and third-generation NNRTIs. The major drawbacks of NNRTIs are generation of resistance and pharmacokinetic problems. By mutational studies of non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket (NNIBP) some amino acids which were found to play an important role in proper binding resulted less prone to mutation. In this review we present a chronological history of NNRTI development, also highlighting the need for small molecules belonging to the NNRTI class for the management of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval G Prajapati
- Pharmacy Department, Kalabhavan, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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Novel indole-3-sulfonamides as potent HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:554-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tymoshenko D. Chapter 1 Benzoheteropines with Fused Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene Rings. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(07)00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Pezzella A, Palma A, Iadonisi A, Napolitano A, d’Ischia M. The first entry to 5,6-dihydroxy-3-mercaptoindole, 5-hydroxy-3-mercaptoindole and their 2-carbomethoxy derivatives by a mild thiocyanation/reduction methodology. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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De Martino G, La Regina G, Di Pasquali A, Ragno R, Bergamini A, Ciaprini C, Sinistro A, Maga G, Crespan E, Artico M, Silvestri R. Novel 1-[2-(Diarylmethoxy)ethyl]-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazoles as HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. A Structure−Activity Relationship Investigation. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4378-88. [PMID: 15974590 DOI: 10.1021/jm050273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1-[2-(Diarylmethoxy)ethyl]-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazoles (DAMNIs) is a novel family of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) active at submicromolar concentration. Replacement of one phenyl ring of 1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (4) with heterocyclic rings, such as 2-thienyl or 3-pyridinyl, led to novel DAMNIs with increased activity. In HIV-1 WT cell-based assay the racemic 1-{2-[alpha-(thiophen-2-yl)phenylmethoxy]ethyl}-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (7) (EC(50) = 0.03 microM) proved 5 times more active than compound 4. Docking experiments showed that the introduction of a chiral center would not affect the binding of both (R)-7 and (S)-7. The internal scoring function of the Autodock program calculated the same inhibition constant (K(i) = 7.9 nM) for the two enantiomers. Compounds 7 (ID(50) = 8.25 microM) were found more active than efavirenz (ID(50) = 25 microM) against the viral RT carrying the K103N mutation, suggesting for these compounds a potential use in efavirenz based anti-AIDS regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella De Martino
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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Schlosser KM, Krasutsky AP, Hamilton HW, Reed JE, Sexton K. A highly efficient procedure for 3-sulfenylation of indole-2-carboxylates. Org Lett 2004; 6:819-21. [PMID: 14986983 DOI: 10.1021/ol049956v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient one-pot procedure for 3-sulfenylation of 2-carboxyindoles is described. Treatment of thiols with N-chlorosuccinimide at -78 degrees C in CH(2)Cl(2) affords sulfenyl chlorides in situ that readily react with 2-carboxyindoles to give 3-thioindoles in high yields. This new method is milder, produces less waste, and is compatible with a wide range of thiol and indole functionality. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Schlosser
- Department of Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Silvestri R, De Martino G, La Regina G, Artico M, Massa S, Vargiu L, Mura M, Loi AG, Marceddu T, La Colla P. Novel indolyl aryl sulfones active against HIV-1 carrying NNRTI resistance mutations: synthesis and SAR studies. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2482-93. [PMID: 12773052 DOI: 10.1021/jm0211063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potent anti-HIV-1 activities of L-737,126 (2) and PAS sulfones prompted us to design and test against HIV-1 in acutely infected MT-4 cells a number of novel 1- and 3-benzenesulfonylindoles. Indoles belonging to the 1-benzenesulfonyl series were found poorly or totally inactive. On the contrary, some of the 3-benzenesulfonyl derivatives turned out to be as potent as 2, being endowed with potencies in the low nanomolar concentration range. In particular, (2-methylphenyl)sulfonyl (72) and (3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl (73) derivatives showed EC(50) values of 1 nM. Introduction of two methyl groups at positions 3 and 5 of the phenyl ring of 2 furnished derivatives (80 and 83) which showed very potent and selective anti-HIV-1 activity not only against the wt strain, but also against mutants carrying NNRTI-resistant mutations at positions 103 and 181 of the reverse transcriptase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Silvestri
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Italy.
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De Clercq E. Perspectives of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the therapy of HIV-1 infection. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:26-45. [PMID: 10321027 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have, in addition to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), gained a definitive place in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Starting from the HEPT and TIBO derivatives, more than thirty structurally different classes of compounds have been identified as NNRTIs, that is compounds that are specifically inhibitory to HIV-1 replication and targeted at the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Two NNRTIs (nevirapine and delavirdine) have been formally licensed for clinical use and several others are (or have been) in preclinical and/or clinical development [tivirapine (TIBO R-86183), loviride (alpha-APA R89439), thiocarboxanilide UC-781, HEPT derivative MKC-442, quinoxaline HBY 097, DMP 266 (efavirenz), PETT derivatives (trovirdine, PETT-4, PETT-5) and the dichlorophenylthio(pyridyl)imidazole derivative S-1153]. The NNRTIs interact with a specific 'pocket' site of HIV-1 RT that is closely associated with, but distinct from, the NRTI binding site. NNRTIs are notorious for rapidly eliciting resistance due to mutations of the amino acids surrounding the NNRTI-binding site. However, the emergence of resistant HIV strains can be circumvented if the NNRTIs, preferably in combination with other anti-HIV agents, are used from the start at sufficiently high concentrations. In vitro, this procedure has been shown to 'knock-out' virus replication and to prevent resistance from arising. In vivo, various triple-drug combinations containing NNRTIs, NRTIs and/or PIs may result in an effective viral suppression and ensuing immune recovery. However, this so-called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) may also fail, and this necessitates the design of new and more effective drugs and drug cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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De Clercq E. The role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the therapy of HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 1998; 38:153-79. [PMID: 9754886 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(98)00025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have, in addition to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), gained a definitive place in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Starting from the HEPT and TIBO derivatives, more than 30 structurally different classes of compounds have been identified as NNRTIs, that is compounds that are specifically inhibitory to HIV-1 replication and targeted at the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Two NNRTIs (nevirapine and delavirdine) have been formally licensed for clinical use and several others are in preclinical or clinical development [thiocarboxanilide UC-781, HEPT derivative MKC-442, quinoxaline HBY 097 and DMP 266 (efavirenz)]. The NNRTIs interact with a specific 'pocket' site of HIV-1 RT that is closely associated with, but distinct from, the NRTI binding site. NNRTIs are notorious for rapidly eliciting resistance due to mutations of the amino acids surrounding the NNRTI-binding site. However, the emergence of resistant HIV strains can be circumvented if the NNRTIs, alone or in combination, are used from the start at sufficiently high concentrations. In vitro, this procedure has proved to 'knock-out' virus replication and to prevent resistance from arising. In vivo, various triple-drug combinations of NNRTIs (nevirapine, delavirdine or efavirenz) with NRTIs (AZT, 3TC, ddI or d4T) and/or PIs (indinavir or nelfinavir) have been shown to afford a durable anti-HIV activity, as reflected by both a decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and increased CD4 T-lymphocyte counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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