1
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Zhang W, Jiang P, Xu T, Ye Y. Be Careful When Using Peer-Influence on Nudging Solicitation: Evidence of Potential Negative Effect from a Sample of Chinese University Students. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:3019-3033. [PMID: 37559779 PMCID: PMC10408720 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s415959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Peer information is now commonly used in solicitation. However, scholars have long focused on testing its effectiveness on increasing the donation amount without paying attention to its potential negative effects on donors. Thus, the current study employs high vs low peer donation amount (HPDA vs LPDA) information to explore its effect on "how-much-to-donate" decisions and the corresponding neural and psychological reactions at the same time. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Student samples from a Chinese university and behavioral experiments with the event-related potential (ERP) method were used in this study. RESULTS The behavioral results are consistent with previous research in which HPDA was positively associated with higher donation levels. ERP results show the mechanisms behind decision-making can be summarized into a cognitive approach represented by cost-benefit analysis and an affective approach represented by reward perception. More surprisingly, in contrast to the behavioral results, LPDA elicits higher level of reward perception than HPDA. CONCLUSION The results indicate that although HPDA leads to higher levels of donation, donors do not show higher levels of reward anticipation at the neurological level, indicating the increment of donation may come at the cost of donors. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuke Zhang
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengtao Jiang
- Business School, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Xu
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Ye
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Zhang Q, Liu Z, Qian H, Hu Y, Gao X. Interpersonal Competition in Elderly Couples: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040600. [PMID: 37190565 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly people tend not to compete with others, and if they do, the mechanism behind the competition is not clear. In this study, groups of elderly couples and matched cross-sex controls were recruited to perform a competitive button-pressing task, while their brain signals were simultaneously collected using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning. Several fundamental observations were made. First, controls showed attenuated interpersonal competition across task processes, but couples held the competition with each other. Second, couples demonstrated increased inter-brain synchronization (IBS) between the middle temporal cortex and the temporoparietal junction across task processes. Third, Granger causality analysis in couples revealed significant differences between the directions (i.e., from men to women, and from women to men) in the first half of the competitive task, whereas there was no significant difference in the second half. Finally, the groups of couples and controls could be successfully discriminated against based on IBS by using a machine-learning approach. In sum, these findings indicate that elderly couples can maintain interpersonal competition, and such maintenance might be associated with changes in the IBS of the mentalizing system. It suggests the possible positive impact of long-term spouse relationships on interpersonal interactions, both behaviorally and neurally, in terms of competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zhennan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Haoyue Qian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Early Childhood Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yinying Hu
- Department of Psychology, Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiangping Gao
- Department of Psychology, Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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3
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The influence of power on sacrifice willingness in romantic relationships: Goal salience as a moderator. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Chen C, Martínez RM, Chen YC, Fan YT, Cheng Y. The Neural Mediators of Moral Attitudes and Behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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Zhang H, Zhuo B, Wei L, Chen C. Prosocial advice to close versus non‐close others. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:1202-1220. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Psychology School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Beibei Zhuo
- Department of Psychology School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Psychology School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Psychology Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
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6
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Perceived Partner's Self-Control and Social Support Effects on Relationship Satisfaction in Couples Experiencing Infertility or Miscarriage: Dyadic Analyses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19041970. [PMID: 35206157 PMCID: PMC8872363 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The process that infertile couples and those after a miscarriage go through is unpredictable and difficult to control; therefore, it is associated with a lowered sense of control for both partners. Uncontrolled stress creates a higher level of anxiety, which is associated not only with a lower quality of life but also with worse results from infertility treatment and higher risks of miscarriage. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the partner’s perceived self-control and marital satisfaction in the context of the partners’ coping strategies. The actor-partner interdependence model was applied to 90 heterosexual married couples. Our results show that men who perceive their wives as being more self-controlled and women who are perceived by their husbands as being more self-controlled feel more satisfied in their relationships. The effect of a partner’s perceived self-control on satisfaction with the relationship was weaker when controlled for the length of marriage. It also appeared to be moderated through the spouses’ use of social support. We conclude that the effects of the partner’s perceived self-control and social support are strong for marital satisfaction in the context of infertility and miscarriage.
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7
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Uğurlar P, Sümer N, Posten A. The cognitive cost of closeness: Interpersonal closeness reduces accuracy and slows down decision‐making. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Uğurlar
- University of Cologne I, Yeditepe University Cologne Germany
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8
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Buyukcan-Tetik A, Pronk TM. Partner self-control and intrusive behaviors: A gender-specific examination of the mediating role of trust. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Evans K, Sanner B, Chiu CY(C. Shared Leadership, Unshared Burdens: How Shared Leadership Structure Schema Lowers Individual Enjoyment Without Increasing Performance. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601121997225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing popularity of shared leadership, there is little research on how beliefs about the benefits of shared leadership—a shared leadership structure schema (LSS)—affect individual outcomes. We address this by integrating adaptive leadership and conservation of resources theories. We apply adaptive leadership theory to hypothesize that a shared LSS leads individuals to support shared leadership by interacting more frequently and taking on interpersonal responsibility, especially when low peer engagement signals a leadership void that shared LSS members try to fill. However, adaptive leadership theory does not discuss how the tendencies motivated by shared LSS impacts members’ outcome. Therefore, we apply conservation of resources theory to hypothesize that taking on interpersonal responsibility makes frequent interactions more stressful, thereby harming individual enjoyment. Further, the demands of interpersonal responsibility reduce members’ ability to process the information acquired in interactions, which negates interaction frequency’s usual performance benefits. Together, these theories suggest that, especially when peer engagement is low, shared LSS has a negative indirect effect on enjoyment and an attenuating effect on performance through interaction frequency due to shared LSS members taking on interpersonal responsibility. We test our model using five waves of multisource data on student consulting teams. Our results extend understanding of shared LSS’s consequences to the individual level and highlight potential costs of supporting shared leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Evans
- Manning School of Business, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Bret Sanner
- LaPenta School of Business, Iona College, New Rochelle, NY, USA
| | - Chia-Yen (Chad) Chiu
- Centre for Workplace Excellence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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10
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Zuo PY, Karremans JC, Scheres A, Kluwer ES, Burk WJ, Kappen G, Ter Kuile H. A Dyadic Test of the Association Between Trait Self-Control and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction. Front Psychol 2020; 11:594476. [PMID: 33408667 PMCID: PMC7779548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.594476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that trait self-control is related to a range of positive romantic relationship processes, suggesting that trait self-control should be positively and robustly linked to relationship satisfaction in both partners in a romantic relationship. However, the existing empirical evidence is limited and mixed, especially regarding partner effects (i.e., the effect of one's self-control on the partner's relationship satisfaction). With three datasets of heterosexual couples (S1: N = 195 newlyweds, longitudinal; S2: N = 249 couples who transition into first parenthood, longitudinal; S3: N = 929 couples, cross-sectional), the present pre-registered studies examined: (1) the dyadic associations between trait self-control and relationship satisfaction both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and (2) whether these effects hold when controlling for both partners' relationship commitment. The results indicated a cross-sectional positive actor effect, some support for a positive cross-sectional partner effect, and only little support for a longitudinal actor (but not partner) effect. After controlling for relationship commitment, all effects of trait self-control on satisfaction diminished except for a longitudinal actor effect among women in Study 2. Potential explanations for the current results, and implications for theory and practice, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ying Zuo
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan C. Karremans
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Esther S. Kluwer
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - William J. Burk
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gesa Kappen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hagar Ter Kuile
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Sanner B, Ziauddin H, Chou E. Are we really better together? A bottom-up aggregation of communal orientation and its effect on interdependent decision-making. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220930410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Though communal orientation impacts how people interact, and members’ interactions influence interdependent decision-making, communal orientation’s impact on interdependent decision-making has received little attention. We address this by applying interdependence theory to take a bottom-up approach across three studies. We find that individuals who are higher on communal orientation are less likely to use prohibitive voice. We also show that dyadic communal orientation harms interdependent decision performance by lowering the amount of prohibitive voice used. At the team level, we find that team communal orientation is negatively related to interdependent decision performance unless the team is also high on relationship orientation diversity, which has a positive effect on interdependent decision performance. Combined, these studies contribute to the communal orientation literature by extending it to an important context—interdependent decision-making—and helping it be more balanced by demonstrating communal orientation’s downside.
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12
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Liu H, Li H. Self-Control Modulates the Behavioral Response of Interpersonal Forgiveness. Front Psychol 2020; 11:472. [PMID: 32292367 PMCID: PMC7118213 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that forgiveness is associated with the ability of self-control. However, whether self-control can modulate interpersonal forgiveness remains unclear. In the current study, we aimed to explore the relationship between self-control and the process of forgiveness using a behavioral measure of forgiveness during which participants distributed money between themselves and unknown others who had previously treated them fairly or unfairly in an adapted decision-making task. Seventy-two participants with low or high self-control were recruited based on their scores on the self-control scale (SCS). Results showed that participants exhibited increased anger and decreased happiness after experiencing unfair treatment. Participants with high self-control distributed more money to opponents who previously treated them unfairly compared with those with low self-control, whereas no such difference was observed to opponents who previously treated them fairly between the two groups. A significantly positive correlation was also found between the forgiveness rates and participants’ self-control scores. These findings suggest that self-control modulates interpersonal forgiveness responses. Individuals with high self-control expressed an increased prosocial response toward people who previously offended them, which is similar to the process of forgiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijiang Li
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Kong F, Zhang H, Xia H, Huang B, Qin J, Zhang Y, Sun X, Zhou Z. Why Do People With Self-Control Forgive Others Easily? The Role of Rumination and Anger. Front Psychol 2020; 11:129. [PMID: 32153452 PMCID: PMC7045615 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research shows that self-control predicts forgiveness, but few studies have investigated the internal mechanism of this link. The current study explored the effects of rumination and anger on the relationship between self-control and forgiveness. A total of 580 college students recruited from three universities in Wuhan completed the self-control, rumination, anger, and trait forgiveness scales. Results showed that self-control was positively correlated with forgiveness (r = 0.34, p < 0.001). Rumination (β = 0.08, p < 0.05) and anger (β = 0.13, p < 0.05) mediate the relationship between self-control and forgiveness. Moreover, a serial mediation effect of rumination and anger was observed between self-control and trait forgiveness (β = 0.02, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that self-control may impair individuals’ rumination. Moreover, less rumination may restrain anger and consequently increase forgiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haishuo Xia
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingkuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Educational Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongkui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Stephenson AL, Heckert DA, Yerger DB. Examining college student retention: a closer look at low self-control. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/ijem-07-2018-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore the association between low self-control and college student retention.Design/methodology/approachCross-sectional survey data were obtained from 369 undergraduate students in the USA and combined with follow-up data on retention. Factor analysis was used to develop and validate the abbreviated eight-item low self-control instrument. Propensity score matching, an analytic technique that permits the assertion of causality without the need for experimental design, was used to examine the relationship between low self-control and second-semester college retention. Use of propensity score matching permitted the pairing of survey respondents under the defined circumstance of low self-control with those respondents not having low self-control under multiple relevant covariates.FindingsThe results showed a relationship between low self-control and college retention. Specifically, in the matched sample, those students with low self-control were 8 percent less likely to be retained at the institution at the onset of the second year than their counterparts with higher self-control.Practical implicationsThe results of the study prompt the important question of how colleges and universities can alter their structures and processes to better support students with low self-control. Key managerial and administrative implications from the findings of this study revolve around the recognition, motivation, and subsequent performance appraisals of those students with low self-control.Originality/valueThis study extends the quite limited research on how low self-control correlates with retention and subsequently offers insights on how to further support students with low self-control as a way to improve retention outcomes. Additionally, the validated eight-item survey provides a quick, low-cost assessment tool for interested researchers and managers.
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15
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Li J, Xie X. Light in Darkness: Low Self-Control Promotes Altruism in Crises. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1616549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingyu Li
- Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited
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16
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Choi I, Lim S, Catapano R, Choi J. Comparing two roads to success: Self-control predicts achievement and positive affect predicts relationships. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Hortensius R, Neyret S, Slater M, de Gelder B. The relation between bystanders' behavioral reactivity to distress and later helping behavior during a violent conflict in virtual reality. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196074. [PMID: 29672638 PMCID: PMC5908166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of helping behavior is thought to be automatically triggered by reflexive reactions and promoted by intuitive decisions. Here, we studied whether reflexive reactions to an emergency situation are associated with later helping behavior in a different situation, a violent conflict. First, 29 male supporters of F.C. Barcelona performed a cued-reaction time task with a low and high cognitive load manipulation, to tap into reflexive and reflective processes respectively, during the observation of an emergency. Next, participants entered a bar in Virtual Reality and had a conversation with a virtual fellow supporter. During this conversation, a virtual Real Madrid supporter entered and started an aggressive argument with the fellow supporter that escalated into a physical fight. Verbal and physical interventions of the participant served as measures of helping behavior. Results showed that faster responses to an emergency situation during low, but not during high cognitive load, were associated with more interventions during the violent conflict. However, a tendency to describe the decision to act during the violent conflict as intuitive and reflex-like was related to more interventions. Further analyses revealed that a disposition to experience sympathy, other-oriented feelings during distressful situations, was related to self-reported intuitive decision-making, a reduced distance to the perpetrator, and higher in the intervening participants. Taken together, these results shed new light on helping behavior and are consistent with the notion of a motivational system in which the act of helping is dependent on a complex interplay between intuitive, reflexive and deliberate, reflective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Hortensius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Solène Neyret
- Experimental Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Technology (EVENT) Laboratory, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mel Slater
- Experimental Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Technology (EVENT) Laboratory, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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Uziel L. The Intricacies of the Pursuit of Higher Self-Control. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417744322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liad Uziel
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University
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19
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Joo M, Park SW. Effect of identity fusion on decision to make extreme sacrifices in romantic relationships: The moderating role of impulsiveness. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 56:819-827. [PMID: 28895158 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present research investigated the roles of identity fusion and impulsiveness in extreme sacrifices for romantic partners. After completing questionnaires assessing identity fusion, inclusion of other in the self, passionate love, and communal orientation, participants responded to the trolley dilemma in which they could save their partner by sacrificing themselves. Participants in the time-pressure condition were given eight-seconds to respond to the dilemma; the other group had no time constraints. Identity fusion was the only variable that significantly predicted ultimate sacrifice. Hurrying participants' response to the dilemma (i.e., inducing impulsive decision-making) increased self-sacrifice in highly fused but not in weakly fused individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjoo Joo
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sun W Park
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Righetti F, Impett E. Sacrifice in close relationships: Motives, emotions, and relationship outcomes. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Low self-esteem is often related to interpersonal difficulties. In fact, low self-esteem people fear rejection and tend to adopt self-protection goals. In the present work, we tested the idea that when low self-esteem individuals decide to sacrifice personal preferences for their relationship, they come to regret those actions, with further consequences for their well-being. We conducted a study with 130 couples, using experience sampling, daily diary, and a 1-year follow-up assessment. Results showed that low self-esteem is related to greater regret of past sacrifices, which, in turn, affects negative mood, stress, and life satisfaction. Furthermore, mediation analyses revealed that low self-esteem individuals feel less supported by the partner after they sacrifice, which helps explaining why they come to regret their sacrifices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Righetti
- Department of Social Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariko Visserman
- Department of Social Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Stanton SC, Campbell L. Attachment avoidance and amends-making: A case advocating the need for attempting to replicate one's own work. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Willard J, Guyll M, Madon S, Allen JE. Relationship Closeness and Self-reported Willingness to Falsely Take the Blame. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2016; 34:767-783. [PMID: 28127798 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One reason people falsely confess is to protect the true perpetrator. The current study examined whether relationship closeness influences people's self-reported willingness to falsely take the blame. Utilizing theoretical work from the prosocial area, three potential mediators were investigated. Participants (N = 131) were randomly assigned to think of either a close or a casual friend and then read one of two scenarios that described a minor offense committed by the friend. Participants' willingness to take the blame was assessed, as well as their perceptions of reciprocity, feelings of empathy, and distress concerns related to their relationship with the offending friend. Results showed that, in both scenarios, participants more often took the blame in the close friend condition than in the casual friend condition. Reciprocity and empathy each uniquely and independently mediated relationship closeness, whereas distress concerns did not. Differences in the two scenarios, which describe different offenses, are discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Willard
- Kennesaw State University, Psychology Department, 402 Bartow Avenue NW, MD 2202, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
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Visserman ML, Righetti F, Kumashiro M, Van Lange PAM. Me or Us? Self-Control Promotes a Healthy Balance Between Personal and Relationship Concerns. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550616662121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although romantic partners strive to achieve an optimal balance in fulfilling both personal and relational concerns, they are inevitably challenged by how much time and effort they can dedicate to both concerns. In the present work, we examined the role of self-control in successfully maintaining personal–relational balance through promoting balance and preventing personal and relational imbalance (overdedication to personal or relational concerns, respectively). We conducted two studies among romantic couples (total N = 555), using questionnaires and diary procedures to assess everyday experiences of personal-relational balance and imbalance. Both studies consistently showed that self-control promotes personal–relational balance. Moreover, findings partly supported our hypothesis that self-control prevents personal and relational imbalance (Study 2). Finally, findings also revealed that maintaining personal–relational balance is one of the mechanisms by which self-control can promote personal and relationship well-being. Implications of the present findings and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko L. Visserman
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Righetti
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Madoka Kumashiro
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Paul A. M. Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Karremans JC, Schellekens MPJ, Kappen G. Bridging the Sciences of Mindfulness and Romantic Relationships. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 21:29-49. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868315615450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Research on mindfulness, defined as paying conscious and non-judgmental attention to present-moment experiences, has increased rapidly in the past decade but has focused almost entirely on the benefits of mindfulness for individual well-being. This article considers the role of mindfulness in romantic relationships. Although strong claims have been made about the potentially powerful role of mindfulness in creating better relationships, it is less clear whether, when, and how this may occur. This article integrates the literatures on mindfulness and romantic relationship science, and sketches a theory-driven model and future research agenda to test possible pathways of when and how mindfulness may affect romantic relationship functioning. We review some initial direct and indirect evidence relevant to the proposed model. Finally, we discuss the implications of how studying mindfulness may further our understanding of romantic relationship (dys)functioning, and how mindfulness may be a promising and effective tool in couple interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan C. Karremans
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gesa Kappen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Capraro V, Cococcioni G. Social setting, intuition and experience in laboratory experiments interact to shape cooperative decision-making. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.0237. [PMID: 26156762 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that cooperative decision-making in one-shot interactions is a history-dependent dynamic process: promoting intuition versus deliberation typically has a positive effect on cooperation (dynamism) among people living in a cooperative setting and with no previous experience in economic games on cooperation (history dependence). Here, we report on a laboratory experiment exploring how these findings transfer to a non-cooperative setting. We find two major results: (i) promoting intuition versus deliberation has no effect on cooperative behaviour among inexperienced subjects living in a non-cooperative setting; (ii) experienced subjects cooperate more than inexperienced subjects, but only under time pressure. These results suggest that cooperation is a learning process, rather than an instinctive impulse or a self-controlled choice, and that experience operates primarily via the channel of intuition. Our findings shed further light on the cognitive basis of human cooperative decision-making and provide further support for the recently proposed social heuristics hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Capraro
- Center for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI), Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
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Köbis NC, van Prooijen JW, Righetti F, Van Lange PAM. Prospection in Individual and Interpersonal Corruption Dilemmas. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Corruption represents 1 of the main societal challenges of our time. At present, there is no theoretical framework distinguishing the prospective decision-making processes involved in different acts of corruption. We differentiate between 2 broad categories of corrupt acts that have different implications for prospective cognition: individual corrupt acts, which refer to a power holder individually abusing entrusted power; and interpersonal corrupt acts, which refer to a power holder abusing entrusted power in collaboration with other corrupt agents. We model the decision structure as 2 inherently different social dilemmas: individual corruption requires a power holder to prospect own and collective consequences, whereas interpersonal corruption requires a prospection of self-interest, the interest of corrupt partner(s) conflict and collective interests (nested social dilemma). Individual and interpersonal corruption rest on different prospective decision-making processes, which we illustrate along intrapersonal factors (prospection of costs and benefits, self-control, guilt) and interpersonal factors (social norms, trust). We explore the advantages of this novel distinction for theory development, experimental corruption research, as well as anticorruption efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils C. Köbis
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University Amsterdam
| | | | - Francesca Righetti
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University Amsterdam
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McNulty J. Highlighting the Contextual Nature of Interpersonal Relationships. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Karremans JC, Pronk TM, van der Wal RC. Executive Control and Relationship Maintenance Processes: An Empirical Overview and Theoretical Integration. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Carlson RW, Aknin LB, Liotti M. When is giving an impulse? An ERP investigation of intuitive prosocial behavior. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:1121-9. [PMID: 26084530 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human prosociality is often assumed to emerge from exerting reflective control over initial, selfish impulses. However, recent findings suggest that prosocial actions can also stem from processes that are fast, automatic and intuitive. Here, we attempt to clarify when prosocial behavior may be intuitive by examining prosociality as a form of reward seeking. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we explored whether a neural signature that rapidly encodes the motivational salience of an event-the P300-can predict intuitive prosocial motivation. Participants allocated varying amounts of money between themselves and charities they initially labelled as high- or low-empathy targets under conditions that promoted intuitive or reflective decision making. Consistent with our predictions, P300 amplitude over centroparietal regions was greater when giving involved high-empathy targets than low-empathy targets, but only when deciding under intuitive conditions. Reflective conditions, alternatively, elicited an earlier frontocentral positivity related to response inhibition, regardless of target. Our findings suggest that during prosocial decision making, larger P300 amplitude could (i) signal intuitive prosocial motivation and (ii) predict subsequent engagement in prosocial behavior. This work offers novel insight into when prosociality may be driven by intuitive processes and the roots of such behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Carlson
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Lara B Aknin
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Mario Liotti
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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IJzerman H, Coan JA, Wagemans FMA, Missler MA, van Beest I, Lindenberg S, Tops M. A theory of social thermoregulation in human primates. Front Psychol 2015; 6:464. [PMID: 25954223 PMCID: PMC4404741 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond breathing, the regulation of body temperature-thermoregulation-is one of the most pressing concerns for many animals. A dysregulated body temperature has dire consequences for survival and development. Despite the high frequency of social thermoregulation occurring across many species, little is known about the role of social thermoregulation in human (social) psychological functioning. We outline a theory of social thermoregulation and reconsider earlier research on people's expectations of their social world (i.e., attachment) and their prediction of the social world. We provide support and outline a research agenda that includes consequences for individual variation in self-regulatory strategies and capabilities. In our paper, we discuss physiological, neural, and social processes surrounding thermoregulation. Emphasizing social thermoregulation in particular, we appeal to the economy of action principle and the hierarchical organization of human thermoregulatory systems. We close with future directions of a crucial aspect of human functioning: the social regulation of body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans IJzerman
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - James A. Coan
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Marjolein A. Missler
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Ilja van Beest
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Siegwart Lindenberg
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mattie Tops
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Day LC, Muise A, Joel S, Impett EA. To do it or not to do it? How communally motivated people navigate sexual interdependence dilemmas. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 41:791-804. [PMID: 25855662 DOI: 10.1177/0146167215580129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current research investigates how people make sexual decisions when romantic partners' sexual desires conflict, situations we refer to as sexual interdependence dilemmas. Across an experimental study, a retrospective recall study, and a 21-day daily experience study, we found that people who were motivated to meet their partner's sexual needs--those high in sexual communal strength--were more willing to engage in sex with their romantic partner, even when their own desire was low, and as a result, both partners reported enhanced relationship and sexual satisfaction. The benefits of sexual communal strength were due to communally oriented people's increased desire to promote their partner's interests and decreased desire to pursue their own interests. This is the first set of studies to investigate how people make decisions in sexual interdependence dilemmas and show that communally motivated individuals navigate these situations in a way that is beneficial for relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Day
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Muise
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Righetti F, Luchies LB, van Gils S, Slotter EB, Witcher B, Kumashiro M. The Prosocial Versus Proself Power Holder. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 41:779-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167215579054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Romantic partners often have to sacrifice their interests to benefit their partner or to maintain the relationship. In the present work, we investigated whether relative power within the relationship plays an important role in determining the extent to which partners are likely to sacrifice. Drawing from both classic theories and recent research on power, we tested two competing predictions on the relationship between power and sacrifice in romantic relationships. We tested whether (a) power is negatively related to sacrifice and (b) power is positively related to sacrifice. Furthermore, we also explored whether the association between power and sacrifice is moderated by commitment and inclusion of the other in the self. To test our hypotheses, we used different methodologies, including questionnaires, diary studies, and videotaped interactions. Results across the five studies ( N = 1,088) consistently supported the hypothesis that power is negatively related to tendencies to sacrifice in close relationships.
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Kim J, Lee S, Rua T. Feeling depleted and powerless: the construal-level mechanism. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 41:599-609. [PMID: 25725036 DOI: 10.1177/0146167215574993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals exercise self-control daily to achieve desired goals; at the same time, people engage in social interaction daily and influence (feel powerful) or are influenced (feel powerless) by others. Does controlling the self have an unforeseen consequence for people's perception of their capacity to control others? Five studies-one correlational and four experimental-demonstrate that ego depletion from prior self-control determines one's personal sense of power; low-level, concrete mental construals account for this relationship. Our results showed that people with higher trait self-control reported a greater sense of power (Study 1). People who had depleted their self-control-related regulatory resources (vs. those who had not) experienced a lower sense of power (Study 2). The relationship between ego depletion and low sense of power was mediated by construal level (Study 3) and observed only when low-level, concrete construals were present, but not under high-level, abstract construals (Studies 4 and 5).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tuvana Rua
- Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT, USA
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Pronk TM, Righetti F. How executive control promotes happy relationships and a well-balanced life. Curr Opin Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rand DG, Kraft-Todd G, Gruber J. The collective benefits of feeling good and letting go: positive emotion and (dis)inhibition interact to predict cooperative behavior. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117426. [PMID: 25625722 PMCID: PMC4308081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperation is central to human existence, forming the bedrock of everyday social relationships and larger societal structures. Thus, understanding the psychological underpinnings of cooperation is of both scientific and practical importance. Recent work using a dual-process framework suggests that intuitive processing can promote cooperation while deliberative processing can undermine it. Here we add to this line of research by more specifically identifying deliberative and intuitive processes that affect cooperation. To do so, we applied automated text analysis using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software to investigate the association between behavior in one-shot anonymous economic cooperation games and the presence inhibition (a deliberative process) and positive emotion (an intuitive process) in free-response narratives written after (Study 1, N = 4,218) or during (Study 2, N = 236) the decision-making process. Consistent with previous results, across both studies inhibition predicted reduced cooperation while positive emotion predicted increased cooperation (even when controlling for negative emotion). Importantly, there was a significant interaction between positive emotion and inhibition, such that the most cooperative individuals had high positive emotion and low inhibition. This suggests that inhibition (i.e., reflective or deliberative processing) may undermine cooperative behavior by suppressing the prosocial effects of positive emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Rand
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gordon Kraft-Todd
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - June Gruber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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Cone J, Rand DG. Time pressure increases cooperation in competitively framed social dilemmas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115756. [PMID: 25551386 PMCID: PMC4281206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
What makes people willing to pay costs to benefit others? Does such cooperation require effortful self-control, or do automatic, intuitive processes favor cooperation? Time pressure has been shown to increase cooperative behavior in Public Goods Games, implying a predisposition towards cooperation. Consistent with the hypothesis that this predisposition results from the fact that cooperation is typically advantageous outside the lab, it has further been shown that the time pressure effect is undermined by prior experience playing lab games (where selfishness is the more advantageous strategy). Furthermore, a recent study found that time pressure increases cooperation even in a game framed as a competition, suggesting that the time pressure effect is not the result of social norm compliance. Here, we successfully replicate these findings, again observing a positive effect of time pressure on cooperation in a competitively framed game, but not when using the standard cooperative framing. These results suggest that participants' intuitions favor cooperation rather than norm compliance, and also that simply changing the framing of the Public Goods Game is enough to make it appear novel to participants and thus to restore the time pressure effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Cone
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David G. Rand
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Joel S, Teper R, MacDonald G. People Overestimate Their Willingness to Reject Potential Romantic Partners by Overlooking Their Concern for Other People. Psychol Sci 2014; 25:2233-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797614552828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mate preferences often fail to correspond with actual mate choices. We present a novel explanation for this phenomenon: People overestimate their willingness to reject unsuitable romantic partners. In two studies, single people were given the opportunity to accept or decline advances from potential dates who were physically unattractive (Study 1) or incompatible with their dating preferences (Study 2). We found that participants were significantly less willing to reject these unsuitable potential dates when they believed the situation to be real rather than hypothetical. This effect was partially explained by other-focused motives: Participants for whom the scenario was hypothetical anticipated less motivation to avoid hurting the potential date’s feelings than participants actually felt when they believed the situation to be real. Thus, other-focused motives appear to exert an influence on mate choice that has been overlooked by researchers and laypeople alike.
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Rand DG, Epstein ZG. Risking your life without a second thought: intuitive decision-making and extreme altruism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109687. [PMID: 25333876 PMCID: PMC4198114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
When faced with the chance to help someone in mortal danger, what is our first response? Do we leap into action, only later considering the risks to ourselves? Or must instinctive self-preservation be overcome by will-power in order to act? We investigate this question by examining the testimony of Carnegie Hero Medal Recipients (CHMRs), extreme altruists who risked their lives to save others. We collected published interviews with CHMRs where they described their decisions to help. We then had participants rate the intuitiveness versus deliberativeness of the decision-making process described in each CHMR statement. The statements were judged to be overwhelmingly dominated by intuition; to be significantly more intuitive than a set of control statements describing deliberative decision-making; and to not differ significantly from a set of intuitive control statements. This remained true when restricting to scenarios in which the CHMRs had sufficient time to reflect before acting if they had so chosen. Text-analysis software found similar results. These findings suggest that high-stakes extreme altruism may be largely motivated by automatic, intuitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Rand
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Self–control is a powerful tool that promotes goal pursuit by helping individuals curb personal desires, follow norms, and adopt rational thinking. In interdependent social contexts, the socially acceptable (i.e. normative) and rational approach to secure long–term goals is prosocial behaviour. Consistent with that, much research associates self–control with prosociality. The present research demonstrates that when norm salience is reduced (i.e. social relations are no longer interdependent), high self–control leads to more selfish behaviour when it is economically rational. In three studies, participants were asked to allocate an endowment between themselves and another person (one–round, zero–sum version of the dictator game), facing a conflict between a socially normative and an economically rational approach. Across the studies, norm salience was manipulated [through manipulation of social context (private/public; Studies 1 and 2), measurement of social desirability (Studies 1 and 3), and measurement (Study 2) and manipulation (Study 3) of social power] such that some participants experienced low normative pressure. Findings showed that among individuals in a low normative pressure context, self–control led to economically rational, yet selfish, behaviour. The findings highlight the role of self–control in regulating behaviour so as to maximize situational adaptation. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Uziel
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Uri Hefetz
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Social heuristics shape intuitive cooperation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3677. [PMID: 24751464 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperation is central to human societies. Yet relatively little is known about the cognitive underpinnings of cooperative decision making. Does cooperation require deliberate self-restraint? Or is spontaneous prosociality reined in by calculating self-interest? Here we present a theory of why (and for whom) intuition favors cooperation: cooperation is typically advantageous in everyday life, leading to the formation of generalized cooperative intuitions. Deliberation, by contrast, adjusts behaviour towards the optimum for a given situation. Thus, in one-shot anonymous interactions where selfishness is optimal, intuitive responses tend to be more cooperative than deliberative responses. We test this 'social heuristics hypothesis' by aggregating across every cooperation experiment using time pressure that we conducted over a 2-year period (15 studies and 6,910 decisions), as well as performing a novel time pressure experiment. Doing so demonstrates a positive average effect of time pressure on cooperation. We also find substantial variation in this effect, and show that this variation is partly explained by previous experience with one-shot lab experiments.
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van der Wal RC, Karremans JC, Cillessen AHN. It Takes Two to Forgive: The Interactive Role of Relationship Value and Executive Control. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:803-815. [PMID: 24609944 DOI: 10.1177/0146167214525807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that perceived relationship value is a strong predictor of forgiveness. Here we suggest that relationship value may not be sufficient. Given that executive control is an important facilitator of forgiveness, we predicted that relationship value and executive control should interact toward promoting forgiveness. Using different indicators of executive control, including adults and children samples, measured or experimentally varied relationship value, and both self-report and behavioral forgiveness measures, across four studies we found support for our main prediction: Relationship value was positively associated with forgiveness; however, this association was mostly pronounced among individuals high (vs. low) in executive control. In addition, executive control was positively associated with forgiveness, but particularly in relationships of high (vs. low) relationship value. These findings suggest that relationship value and executive control in combination are associated with higher interpersonal forgiveness. Implications for the extant literature on forgiveness, and interpersonal relationships more broadly, are discussed.
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aan Het Rot M, Moskowitz DS, Young SN. Impulsive behaviour in interpersonal encounters: associations with quarrelsomeness and agreeableness. Br J Psychol 2014; 106:152-61. [PMID: 24606671 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Associations between impulsivity and interpersonal behaviours have rarely been examined, even though impulsivity may disrupt the flow of social interactions. For example, it is unknown to what extent the commonly used Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) predicts impulsive behaviour in social situations, and how behaving impulsively during interpersonal encounters might influence levels of quarrelsomeness and agreeableness. In this study, 48 healthy working individuals completed the BIS-11 and recorded their behaviour in social situations using event-contingent recording. Record forms included items representing quarrelsome, agreeable, and impulsive behaviours. BIS-11 motor impulsiveness scores predicted impulsive behaviour in social situations. Impulsive behaviour was associated, in different interactions, with both agreeableness and quarrelsomeness. Behaving impulsively in specific interactions was negatively associated with agreeableness in participants with higher BIS-11 motor impulsiveness and positively associated with agreeableness in participants with lower BIS-11 motor impulsiveness. Impulsive quarrelsome behaviour may cause interpersonal problems. Impulsive agreeable behaviour may have positive effects in individuals with low trait impulsivity. The idea that there are between-person differences in the effects of state impulsivity on the flow of social interaction deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije aan Het Rot
- Department of Psychology and School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Burnette JL, Davisson EK, Finkel EJ, Van Tongeren DR, Hui CM, Hoyle RH. Self-Control and Forgiveness. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550613502991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the 12 years since scholars first investigated the link between self-control and forgiveness (Finkel & Campbell, 2001), the literature investigating this relation has grown rapidly. The present article reports a meta-analytic review of this link across 40 independent samples and 5,105 independent observations. In addition, it investigates an array of potential moderators. Results revealed that the overall link between self-control and forgiveness is statistically robust and small to moderate in magnitude ( r = .18). Consistent with the prevailing theoretical models, this link is stronger when forgiveness is assessed in terms of low vengeance (resisting retaliation: r = .31) rather than in terms of high benevolence (fostering prosociality: r = .16). Discussion focuses on the potentially crucial role of forgiveness, especially vengeance inhibition, in linking self-control to relationship well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeni L. Burnette
- Psychology Department, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
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