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Gurney N, Loewenstein G, Chater N. Conversational technology and reactions to withheld information. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301382. [PMID: 38603734 PMCID: PMC11008880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
People frequently face decisions that require making inferences about withheld information. The advent of large language models coupled with conversational technology, e.g., Alexa, Siri, Cortana, and the Google Assistant, is changing the mode in which people make these inferences. We demonstrate that conversational modes of information provision, relative to traditional digital media, result in more critical responses to withheld information, including: (1) a reduction in evaluations of a product or service for which information is withheld and (2) an increased likelihood of recalling that information was withheld. These effects are robust across multiple conversational modes: a recorded phone conversation, an unfolding chat conversation, and a conversation script. We provide further evidence that these effects hold for conversations with the Google Assistant, a prominent conversational technology. The experimental results point to participants' intuitions about why the information was withheld as the driver of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolos Gurney
- Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States America
| | - George Loewenstein
- Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States America
| | - Nick Chater
- Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom
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2
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Wald KA, Kardas M, Epley N. Misplaced Divides? Discussing Political Disagreement With Strangers Can Be Unexpectedly Positive. Psychol Sci 2024:9567976241230005. [PMID: 38547166 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241230005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Differences of opinion between people are common in everyday life, but discussing those differences openly in conversation may be unnecessarily rare. We report three experiments (N = 1,264 U.S.-based adults) demonstrating that people's interest in discussing important but potentially divisive topics is guided by their expectations about how positively the conversation will unfold, leaving them more interested in having a conversation with someone who agrees versus disagrees with them. People's expectations about their conversations, however, were systematically miscalibrated such that people underestimated how positive these conversations would be-especially in cases of disagreement. Miscalibrated expectations stemmed from underestimating the degree of common ground that would emerge in conversation and from failing to appreciate the power of social forces in conversation that create social connection. Misunderstanding the outcomes of conversation could lead people to avoid discussing disagreements more often, creating a misplaced barrier to learning, social connection, free inquiry, and free expression.
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3
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Combs A, Tierney G, Guay B, Merhout F, Bail CA, Hillygus DS, Volfovsky A. Reducing political polarization in the United States with a mobile chat platform. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1454-1461. [PMID: 37604989 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Do anonymous online conversations between people with different political views exacerbate or mitigate partisan polarization? We created a mobile chat platform to study the impact of such discussions. Our study recruited Republicans and Democrats in the United States to complete a survey about their political views. We later randomized them into treatment conditions where they were offered financial incentives to use our platform to discuss a contentious policy issue with an opposing partisan. We found that people who engage in anonymous cross-party conversations about political topics exhibit substantial decreases in polarization compared with a placebo group that wrote an essay using the same conversation prompts. Moreover, these depolarizing effects were correlated with the civility of dialogue between study participants. Our findings demonstrate the potential for well-designed social media platforms to mitigate political polarization and underscore the need for a flexible platform for scientific research on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Combs
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Graham Tierney
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian Guay
- Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Friedolin Merhout
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher A Bail
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D Sunshine Hillygus
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Political Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Sawyer JE, Gampa A. Social Movements as Parsimonious Explanations for Implicit and Explicit Attitude Change. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023; 27:28-51. [PMID: 35652682 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221095697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, interest in aggregate and population-level implicit and explicit attitudes has opened inquiry into how attitudes relate to sociopolitical phenomenon. This creates an opportunity to examine social movements as dynamic forces with the potential to generate widespread, lasting attitude change. Although collective action remains underexplored as a means of reducing bias, we advance historical and theoretical justifications for doing so. We review recent studies of aggregate attitudes through the lens of social movement theory, proposing movements as a parsimonious explanation for observed patterns. We outline a model for conceptualizing causal pathways between social movements and implicit and explicit attitudes among participants, supporters, bystanders, and opponents. We identify six categories of mechanisms through which movements may transform attitudes: changing society; media representations; intergroup contact and affiliation; empathy, perspective-taking, and reduced intergroup anxiety; social recategorization; and social identification and self-efficacy processes. Generative questions, testable hypotheses, and promising methods for future work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E Sawyer
- Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, USA
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5
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Mariadassou S, Bechler CJ, Levav J. The Effect of Auditory and Visual Recommendations on Choice. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:47-59. [PMID: 36282898 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore the effect of recommendation modality on recommendation adherence. Results from five experiments run on various online platforms (N = 6,103 adults from TurkPrime and Prolific) show that people are more likely to adhere to recommendations that they hear (auditory) than recommendations that they read (visual). This effect persists regardless of whether the auditory recommendation is spoken by a human voice or an automated voice and holds for hypothetical and consequential choices. We show that the effect is in part driven by the relative need for closure-manifested in a sense of urgency-that is evoked by the ephemerality of auditory messages. This work suggests that differences in the physical properties of auditory and visual modalities can lead to meaningful psychological and behavioral consequences.
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6
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Collins HK, Dorison CA, Gino F, Minson JA. Underestimating Counterparts' Learning Goals Impairs Conflictual Conversations. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:1732-1752. [PMID: 36070731 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221085494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the many contexts in which people have difficulty engaging with views that disagree with their own-from political discussions to workplace conflicts-it is critical to understand how conflictual conversations can be improved. Whereas previous work has focused on strategies to change individual-level mindsets (e.g., encouraging open-mindedness), the present study investigated the role of partners' beliefs about their counterparts. Across seven preregistered studies (N = 2,614 adults), people consistently underestimated how willing disagreeing counterparts were to learn about opposing views (compared with how willing participants were themselves and how willing they believed agreeing others would be). Further, this belief strongly predicted greater derogation of attitude opponents and more negative expectations for conflictual conversations. Critically, in both American partisan politics and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a short informational intervention that increased beliefs that disagreeing counterparts were willing to learn about one's views decreased derogation and increased willingness to engage in the future. We built on research recognizing the power of the situation to highlight a fruitful new focus for conflict research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne K Collins
- Organizational Behavior Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University
| | - Charles A Dorison
- Management & Organizations Department, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University
| | - Francesca Gino
- Negotiation, Organizations, & Markets Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University
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7
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The Zoom solution: Promoting effective cross-ideological communication online. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270355. [PMID: 35857746 PMCID: PMC9299349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of ideological polarization in the U.S. over the past few decades has come with an increase in hostility on both sides of the political aisle. Although communication and compromise are hallmarks of a functioning society, research has shown that people overestimate the negative affect they will experience when viewing oppositional media, and it is likely that negative forecasts lead many to avoid cross-ideological communication (CIC) altogether. Additionally, a growing ideological geographic divide and online extremism fueled by social media audiences make engaging in CIC more difficult than ever. Here, we demonstrate that online video-chat platforms (i.e., Zoom) can be used to promote effective CIC among ideologically polarized individuals, as well as to better study CIC in a controlled setting. Participants (n = 122) had a face-to-face CIC over Zoom, either privately or publicly with a silent ingroup audience present. Participant forecasts about the interaction were largely inaccurate, with the actual conversation experience found to be more positive than anticipated. Additionally, the presence of an ingroup audience was associated with increased conflict. In both conditions, participants showed preliminary signs of attitude moderation, felt more favorable toward the outgroup, and felt more informed about the issue after the CIC. These results suggest that face-to-face CIC’s are generally positive and beneficial for polarized individuals, and that greater effects may be achieved through private conversations, as opposed to more public social media-like interactions. Future researchers studying ideological conflict may find success using similar Zoom paradigms to bring together ideologically diverse individuals in controlled lab settings.
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8
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Santoro E, Broockman DE. The promise and pitfalls of cross-partisan conversations for reducing affective polarization: Evidence from randomized experiments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5515. [PMID: 35731881 PMCID: PMC9217089 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organizations, activists, and scholars hope that conversations between outpartisans (supporters of opposing political parties) can reduce affective polarization (dislike of outpartisans) and bolster democratic accountability (e.g., support for democratic norms). We argue that such conversations can reduce affective polarization but that these effects are likely to be conditional on topic, being especially likely if the conversations topics avoid discussion of areas of disagreement; usually not persist long-term; and be circumscribed, not affecting attitudes toward democratic accountability. We support this argument with two unique experiments where we paired outpartisan strangers to discuss randomly assigned topics over video calls. In study 1, we found that conversations between outpartisans about their perfect day dramatically decreased affective polarization, although these impacts decayed long-term. Study 2 also included conversations focusing on disagreement (e.g., why each supports their own party), which had no effects. Both studies found little change in attitudes related to democratic accountability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Santoro
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David E. Broockman
- Charles and Louise Travers Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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9
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Epley N, Kardas M, Zhao X, Atir S, Schroeder J. Undersociality: miscalibrated social cognition can inhibit social connection. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:406-418. [PMID: 35341673 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A person's well-being depends heavily on forming and maintaining positive relationships, but people can be reluctant to connect in ways that would create or strengthen relationships. Emerging research suggests that miscalibrated social cognition may create psychological barriers to connecting with others more often. Specifically, people may underestimate how positively others will respond to their own sociality across a variety of social actions, including engaging in conversation, expressing appreciation, and performing acts of kindness. We suggest that these miscalibrated expectations are created and maintained by at least three mechanisms: differential construal, uncertain responsiveness, and asymmetric learning. Underestimating the positive consequences of social engagement could make people less social than would be optimal for both their own and others' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuan Zhao
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stav Atir
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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10
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Kteily NS, Landry AP. Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:222-240. [PMID: 35042655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite our many differences, one superordinate category we all belong to is 'humans'. To strip away or overlook others' humanity, then, is to mark them as 'other' and, typically, 'less than'. We review growing evidence revealing how and why we subtly disregard the humanity of those around us. We then highlight new research suggesting that we continue to blatantly dehumanize certain groups, overtly likening them to animals, with important implications for intergroup hostility. We discuss advances in understanding the experience of being dehumanized and novel interventions to mitigate dehumanization, address the conceptual boundaries of dehumanization, and consider recent accounts challenging the importance of dehumanization and its role in intergroup violence. Finally, we present an agenda of outstanding questions to propel dehumanization research forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour S Kteily
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Alexander P Landry
- Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Chen F, Lian J, Zhang G, Guo C. Semantics-Prosody Stroop Effect on English Emotion Word Processing in Chinese College Students With Trait Depression. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:889476. [PMID: 35733799 PMCID: PMC9207235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.889476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the performance of Chinese college students with different severity of trait depression to process English emotional speech under a complete semantics-prosody Stroop effect paradigm in quiet and noisy conditions. A total of 24 college students with high-trait depression and 24 students with low-trait depression participated in this study. They were required to selectively attend to either the prosodic emotion (happy, sad) or semantic valence (positive and negative) of the English words they heard and then respond quickly. Both prosody task and semantic task were performed in quiet and noisy listening conditions. Results showed that the high-trait group reacted slower than the low-trait group in the prosody task due to their bluntness and insensitivity toward emotional processing. Besides, both groups reacted faster under the consistent situation, showing a clear congruency-induced facilitation effect and the wide existence of the Stroop effect in both tasks. Only the Stroop effect played a bigger role during emotional prosody identification in quiet condition, and the noise eliminated such an effect. For the sake of experimental design, both groups spent less time on the prosody task than the semantic task regardless of consistency in all listening conditions, indicating the friendliness of basic emotion identification and the difficulty for second language learners in face of semantic judgment. These findings suggest the unneglectable effects of college students' mood conditions and noise outside on emotion word processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- School of Foreign Languages, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Lian
- School of Foreign Languages, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaode Zhang
- School of Foreign Languages, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengyu Guo
- School of Foreign Languages, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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12
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Minson JA, Chen FS. Receptiveness to Opposing Views: Conceptualization and Integrative Review. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2021; 26:93-111. [PMID: 34964408 DOI: 10.1177/10888683211061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews a growing body of research on receptiveness to opposing views-the willingness to access, consider, and evaluate contradictory opinions in a relatively impartial manner. First, we describe the construct of receptiveness and consider how it can be measured and studied at the individual level. Next, we extend our theorizing to the interpersonal level, arguing that receptiveness in the course of any given interaction is mutually constituted by the dispositional tendencies and observable behaviors of the parties involved. We advance the argument that receptiveness should be conceptualized and studied as an interpersonal construct that emerges dynamically over the course of an interaction and is powerfully influenced by counterpart behavior. This interpersonal conceptualization of receptiveness has important implications for intervention design and raises a suite of novel research questions.
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13
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Holtzman S, Kushlev K, Wozny A, Godard R. Long-distance texting: Text messaging is linked with higher relationship satisfaction in long-distance relationships. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2021; 38:3543-3565. [PMID: 34924671 PMCID: PMC8669216 DOI: 10.1177/02654075211043296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread use of smartphones, romantic couples can connect with their partners from virtually anywhere, at any time. Remote communication may be particularly important to long-distance relationships (LDRs), compared to geographically close relationships (GCRs). The goals of the current research were to examine differences between LDRs and GCRs in (1) the patterns of remote communication (video calls, voice calls, and texting), and (2) how frequency and responsiveness of remote communication are related to relationship satisfaction. Data were drawn from an online survey of emerging adults (n = 647) who were in a relationship or dating someone (36.5% were in an LDR). Participants in LDRs engaged in more frequent video calling, voice calling and texting, compared to those in GCRs. Long-distance relationship participants also perceived their partners to be more responsive during video and voice calls, compared to GCR participants. More frequent and responsive texting predicted significantly greater relationship satisfaction among participants in LDRs, but not GCRs. Meanwhile, frequency of voice calls was associated with greater relationship satisfaction in GCRs, but not in LDRs. The use of video calls was not significantly related to relationship satisfaction in either group. Overall, study findings add to a growing literature on remote communication in romantic couples and suggest a uniquely positive role of texting within LDRs. Further research is needed to examine the ways in which LDR and GCR couples can best capitalize on different forms of remote technology to maintain their relationships during periods of separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Holtzman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Kostadin Kushlev
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alisha Wozny
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Godard
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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14
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Lu X, Lin Z. COVID-19, Economic Impact, Mental Health, and Coping Behaviors: A Conceptual Framework and Future Research Directions. Front Psychol 2021; 12:759974. [PMID: 34899503 PMCID: PMC8660126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.759974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused serious economic and social consequences. Recent research shows that the pandemic has not only caused a physical health crisis but also caused many psychological and mental crises. Based on the contemporary cognitive-behavioral models, this article offers a conceptual analysis of how the pandemic affects individual mental health and coping behaviors from the perspective of individual economic status, individual context, and social context. The analysis shows that (1) the pandemic has led to increased economic uncertainty, increased unemployment and underemployment pressure, increased income uncertainty, and different degrees of employment pressure and economic difficulties; (2) these difficulties have stimulated different levels of mental health problems, ranging from perceived insecurity (environmental, food safety, etc.), worry, fear, to stress, anxiety, depression, etc., and the mental health deterioration varies across different groups, with the symptoms of psychological distress are more obvious among disadvantageous groups; and (3) mental health problems have caused behavior changes, and various stress behaviors such as protective behaviors and resistive behaviors. Future research directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Lu
- School of Business Administration, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhibin Lin
- Durham University Business School, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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15
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Dunbar RIM, Robledo JP, Tamarit I, Cross I, Smith E. Nonverbal Auditory Cues Allow Relationship Quality to be Inferred During Conversations. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 46:1-18. [PMID: 35250136 PMCID: PMC8881250 DOI: 10.1007/s10919-021-00386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The claim that nonverbal cues provide more information than the linguistic content of a conversational exchange (the Mehrabian Conjecture) has been widely cited and equally widely disputed, mainly on methodological grounds. Most studies that have tested the Conjecture have used individual words or short phrases spoken by actors imitating emotions. While cue recognition is certainly important, speech evolved to manage interactions and relationships rather than simple information exchange. In a cross-cultural design, we tested participants’ ability to identify the quality of the interaction (rapport) in naturalistic third party conversations in their own and a less familiar language, using full auditory content versus audio clips whose verbal content has been digitally altered to differing extents. We found that, using nonverbal content alone, people are 75–90% as accurate as they are with full audio cues in identifying positive vs negative relationships, and 45–53% as accurate in identifying eight different relationship types. The results broadly support Mehrabian’s claim that a significant amount of information about others’ social relationships is conveyed in the nonverbal component of speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. I. M. Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Anna Watts Building, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
| | - Juan-Pablo Robledo
- Centre for Music and Science, Faculty of Music, University of Cambridge, 11 West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DP UK
- Laboratoire Interpsy, Campus Lettres et Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Université de Lorraine, 23, Bd Albert 1er, 54015 Nancy cedex, France
- Millennium Institute for Caregiving Research (MICARE), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Tamarit
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian Cross
- Centre for Music and Science, Faculty of Music, University of Cambridge, 11 West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DP UK
| | - Emma Smith
- Wysing Arts Centre, Fox Road, Bourn, Cambridge, CB23 2TX UK
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16
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Toward a psychology of attitude conflict. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 43:182-188. [PMID: 34416681 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review research on "attitude conflict" -- competitive disagreement with regard to beliefs, values, and preferences, characterized by parties' intolerance of each other's positions. We propose a simple causal model of attitude conflict, including three antecedents that drive it and two consequences that frequently emerge. Whereas prior research has focused on the consequences - negative inferences about holders of opposing views and negative affect at the prospect of interacting with them - we focus on the antecedents. Specifically, we propose that disagreements that lead to attitude conflict are often characterized by perceptions of high (1) outcome importance, (2) actor interdependence, and (3) evidentiary skew. Our analysis offers multiple paths for future research to more accurately predict and more effectively intervene in such situations.
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17
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Hussein MA, Tormala ZL. Undermining Your Case to Enhance Your Impact: A Framework for Understanding the Effects of Acts of Receptiveness in Persuasion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2021; 25:229-250. [PMID: 33813983 DOI: 10.1177/10888683211001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Past research has uncovered actions that would seem to undermine but in fact frequently enhance persuasion. For example, expressing doubt about one's view or presenting arguments against it would seem to weaken one's case, but can sometimes promote it. We propose a framework for understanding these findings. We posit that these actions constitute acts of receptiveness-behaviors that signal openness to new information and opposing viewpoints. We review four classes of acts of receptiveness: conveying uncertainty, acknowledging mistakes, highlighting drawbacks, and asking questions. We identify conditions under which and mechanisms through which these actions boost persuasion. Acts of receptiveness appear to be more persuasive when they come from expert or high-status sources, rather than non-expert or low-status sources, and to operate through two primary mechanisms: increased involvement and enhanced source perceptions. Following a review of this work, we delineate potentially novel acts of receptiveness and outline directions for future research.
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18
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Abstract
Social groups are a pervasive feature of human life. One factor that is often understudied in the literature on person perception and social categorization is language. Yet, someone's language (and accent) provides a tremendous amount of social information to a listener. Disciplines across the social and behavioral sciences-ranging from linguistics to anthropology to economics-have exposed the social significance of language. Less social psychological research has historically focused on language as a vehicle for social grouping. Yet, new approaches in psychology are reversing this trend. This article first reviews evidence, primarily from psycholinguistics, documenting how speech provides social information. Next it turns to developmental psychology, showing how young humans begin to see others' language as conveying social group information. It then explores how the tendency to see language as a social cue has vast implications for people's psychological processes (e.g., psychological essentialism and trust) and also for society, including education and the law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Kinzler
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
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19
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Gender, power and emotions in the collaborative production of knowledge: A large-scale analysis of Wikipedia editor conversations. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Yeomans M, Minson J, Collins H, Chen F, Gino F. Conversational receptiveness: Improving engagement with opposing views. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Sun KQ, Slepian ML. The conversations we seek to avoid. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Schirmer A, Chiu MH, Lo C, Feng YJ, Penney TB. Angry, old, male - and trustworthy? How expressive and person voice characteristics shape listener trust. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232431. [PMID: 32365066 PMCID: PMC7197804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined how trustworthiness impressions depend on vocal expressive and person characteristics and how their dependence may be explained by acoustical profiles. Sentences spoken in a range of emotional and conversational expressions by 20 speakers differing in age and sex were presented to 80 age and sex matched listeners who rated speaker trustworthiness. Positive speaker valence but not arousal consistently predicted greater perceived trustworthiness. Additionally, voices from younger as compared with older and female as compared with male speakers were judged more trustworthy. Acoustic analysis highlighted several parameters as relevant for being perceived as trustworthy (i.e., accelerated tempo, low harmonic-to-noise ratio, more shimmer, low fundamental frequency, more jitter, large intensity range) and showed that effects partially overlapped with those for perceived speaker affect, age, but not sex. Specifically, a fast speech rate and a lower harmonic-to-noise ratio differentiated trustworthy from untrustworthy, positive from negative, and younger from older voices. Male and female voices differed in other ways. Together, these results show that a speaker’s expressive as well as person characteristics shape trustworthiness impressions and that their effect likely results from a combination of low-level perceptual and higher-order conceptual processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Schirmer
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
| | - Man Hey Chiu
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Clive Lo
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yen-Ju Feng
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Trevor B. Penney
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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23
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Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M, Crockett MJ, Crum AJ, Douglas KM, Druckman JN, Drury J, Dube O, Ellemers N, Finkel EJ, Fowler JH, Gelfand M, Han S, Haslam SA, Jetten J, Kitayama S, Mobbs D, Napper LE, Packer DJ, Pennycook G, Peters E, Petty RE, Rand DG, Reicher SD, Schnall S, Shariff A, Skitka LJ, Smith SS, Sunstein CR, Tabri N, Tucker JA, Linden SVD, Lange PV, Weeden KA, Wohl MJA, Zaki J, Zion SR, Willer R. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/y38m9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Katherine Baicker
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Aleksandra Cichocka
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alia J Crum
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - James N Druckman
- Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Drury
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Oeindrila Dube
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology and the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James H Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health and Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michele Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lucy E Napper
- Department of Psychology and Health, Medicine & Society Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordon Pennycook
- Hill/Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ellen Peters
- School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Richard E Petty
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David G Rand
- Sloan School and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Reicher
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Simone Schnall
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Bennett Institute for Public Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Azim Shariff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda J Skitka
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Susan Smith
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cass R Sunstein
- Harvard Law School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua A Tucker
- Department of Politics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul van Lange
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A Weeden
- Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Zion
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robb Willer
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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24
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Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:460-471. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2039] [Impact Index Per Article: 509.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
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25
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Lieberman A, Schroeder J. Two social lives: How differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 31:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Getting to less: When negotiating harms post-agreement performance. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Fast NJ, Schroeder J. Power and decision making: new directions for research in the age of artificial intelligence. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:172-176. [PMID: 31473586 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Throughout history, the experience of power has occurred within the context of human-human interactions. Such power can influence decision making through at least two primary mechanisms: (1) increased goal-orientation, and (2) increased activation of social role expectations. Importantly, new advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are creating the potential to experience power in human-AI interactions. To the extent that some forms of AI can be made to seem like low-power humans (e.g. autonomous digital assistants), people may feel powerful when interacting with such entities. However, it is unclear whether feeling power over AI will lead to the same psychological consequences as feeling power over humans. In this article, we review findings on power and decision making and then consider how they may be meaningfully extended by considering interactions with artificially intelligent digital assistants. We conclude with a call for new theorizing and research on power in the age of artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael J Fast
- University of Southern California, 701 Exposition Blvd - Hoffman Hall 431, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1424 MC: 1424, United States.
| | - Juliana Schroeder
- University of California, Berkeley 2220 Piedmont Ave, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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28
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Shank DB, Graves C, Gott A, Gamez P, Rodriguez S. Feeling our way to machine minds: People's emotions when perceiving mind in artificial intelligence. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Langan LM, Cheng Y, Hunka AD. Empirically supported out-of-the-box strategies for science communication by environmental scientists. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:499-504. [PMID: 30900811 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scientists are expected to communicate their research to a wide audience, while often lacking appreciable training. Environmental science poses many value-laden and ethical questions. This necessitates the identification and use of specific strategies or guidelines, which encourage 2-way communication and enable trust in both the experts and the scientific results. The objective of this paper is to give environmental scientists tools for effective science communication based on sound scientific evidence that does not require further specialization in communication studies. Using common scientific search engines in Europe, scientific communication literature that met specific parameters was identified. The summarized data contextualize the importance of science communication in environmental sciences but also highlight the need of scientists for communication experts to aid in establishing objectives for particularly complex topics and audiences. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:499-504. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Agnieszka D Hunka
- Halmstad University, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad, Sweden
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg
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30
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Angry, old, male - and trustworthy? How expressive and person voice characteristics shape listener trust. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210555. [PMID: 30650135 PMCID: PMC6334957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined how trustworthiness impressions depend on vocal expressive and person characteristics and how their dependence may be explained by acoustical profiles. Sentences spoken in a range of emotional and conversational expressions by 20 speakers differing in age and sex were presented to 80 age and sex matched listeners who rated speaker trustworthiness. Positive speaker valence but not arousal consistently predicted greater perceived trustworthiness. Additionally, voices from younger as compared with older and female as compared with male speakers were judged more trustworthy. Acoustic analysis highlighted several parameters as relevant for differentiating trustworthiness ratings and showed that effects largely overlapped with those for speaker valence and age, but not sex. Specifically, a fast speech rate, a low harmonic-to-noise ratio, and a low fundamental frequency mean and standard deviation differentiated trustworthy from untrustworthy, positive from negative, and younger from older voices. Male and female voices differed in other ways. Together, these results show that a speaker’s expressive as well as person characteristics shape trustworthiness impressions and that their effect likely results from a combination of low-level perceptual and higher-order conceptual processes.
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31
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Epley N. A Mind like Mine: The Exceptionally Ordinary Underpinnings of Anthropomorphism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1086/699516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Sawyer J, Gampa A. Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes Changed During Black Lives Matter. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218757454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lab-based interventions have been ineffective in changing individuals’ implicit racial attitudes for more than brief durations, and exposure to high-status Black exemplars like Obama has proven ineffective in shifting societal-level racial attitudes. Antiracist social movements, however, offer a potential societal-level alternative for reducing racial bias. Racial attitudes were examined before and during Black Lives Matter (BLM) and its high points of struggle with 1,369,204 participants from 2009 to 2016. After controlling for changes in participant demographics, overall implicit attitudes were less pro-White during BLM than pre-BLM, became increasingly less pro-White across BLM, and were less pro-White during most periods of high BLM struggle. Considering changes in implicit attitudes by participant race, Whites became less implicitly pro-White during BLM, whereas Blacks showed little change. Regarding explicit attitudes, Whites became less pro-White and Blacks became less pro-Black during BLM, each moving toward an egalitarian “no preference” position.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anup Gampa
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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