Protective effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate against methotrexate-induced testicular damage

Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine against titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced kidney damage in rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against kidney damage induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) through biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals each. Saline was administered intragastrically to control group for 14 days. In NAC group, 150 mg/kg NAC was injected intraperitoneally for 21 days. In TiO2NP group, TiO2NP at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, dissolved in saline, was administered intragastrically for 14 days. TiO2NP + NAC group received 50 mg/kg/day TiO2NP for 14 days and 150 mg/kg NAC for 21 days, starting 7 days before TiO2NP administration. At the end of experiment, rats were anesthetized, serum samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and kidney tissue was removed for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. There was no significant change in body weight, kidney weight, or serum urea-creatinine levels between the groups. TiO2NP caused a significant increase in vacuolization and brush border loss scores in tubular cells, as well as scores for congestion and leukocyte infiltration. However, NAC supplementation significantly ameliorated these impairments. Additionally, TiO2NP significantly increased NF-kB, TNF-α, and caspase-3 immunoreactivities, as well as the number of PCNA-positive and TUNEL-positive cells. NAC treatment decreased all immunoreactivities and TUNEL-positive cells, but did not change the number of PCNA-positive cells after TiO2NP exposure. The results of the study showed that the toxic effects of TiO2NP on the kidneys, commonly encountered in daily life, can be mitigated by the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties of NAC.

Gallic acid mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced testicular inflammation via regulation of the NF-κB and PK2/PKR1 pathway

Genital tract infections are common causes of male infertility, and most of diagnosed men are asymptomatic. This study examined the effect of gallic acid (GA) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced testicular inflammation. Thirty-two Spraque Dawley, 2.5-3 month-old male rats were separated into four groups (n = 8). Control group; saline at 3 ml/kg, and in the GA group; GA was dissolved in saline, by gavage at 100 mg/kg for 14 days. LPS group; LPS 5 mg/kg as a single dose was given intraperitoneal on the 11th day. LPS + GA group; GA was given for 14 days and LPS 5 mg/kg on the 11th day. After 72 h of LPS injection, all samples were collected. Semen analysis, biochemical assays, histological evaluations, and immunohistochemical or Western blot analyses for nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Prokineticin 2/prokineticin receptor 1(PK2/PKR1) pathways were performed. There was a significant decrease in body and testicular weight, sperm parameters, serum testosterone level, mean seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelial thickness, and Johnsen score in the LPS group compared to control and GA groups. However, a significant increase was found in interstitial space width, percentage of abnormal sperm, NF-κB and PK2 immunoreactivities, and expression of PK2 and PKR1 proteins. In the LPS + GA group, GA administration was observed to significantly prevent these adverse effects. In conclusion, the inhibitory effects of GA on the NF-κB and PK2/PKR1 pathways not only suppressed the inflammatory response but also restored impaired sperm parameters and testicular structure. These findings indicate GA's potential for treating testicular inflammation and protecting male reproductive health.

Involvement of Nrf2-PPAR-γ signaling in Coenzyme Q10 protecting effect against methotrexate-induced testicular oxidative damage

Studies have identified Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as a promising agent in improving idiopathic male infertility; however, its role in chemically or environmentally induced testicular dysfunction is not well-established. We investigated the potential of CoQ10 to attenuate methotrexate (MTX)-induced testicular damage and to identify molecular targets of CoQ10 effects. Wistar rats received a single intraperitoneal dose of 20 mg/kg MTX on the fifth day of the 10-day experimental protocol. 100 mg/kg CoQ10 was given orally daily for ten days, alone or combined with MTX. The testes of MTX-treated animals showed thickened tunica albuginea, distortion of seminiferous tubules with a marked reduction of germinal lining, a few primary spermatocytes with no spermatozoa, apoptotic cells, congested sub-capsular and interstitial blood vessels, and interstitial edema. Reduction of reproductive hormones and increased oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic biomarkers levels were also seen in the MTX-treated rats. CoQ10 + MTX-treated rats were protected against MTX-induced testicular histological changes and showed improvement in testosterone, luteinizing-, and follicle-stimulating hormone serum levels compared to the MTX group. The testes of the CoQ10 + MTX-treated rats showed reduced malondialdehyde, myloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor -α, interleukin-6 and -1β and Bax: Bcl2 ratio and enhanced glutathione, and catalase compared to MTX alone. CoQ10 enhanced MTX-induced downregulation of Nrf2 and PPAR-γ signaling and modulated its downstream targets, the inducible nitric oxide synthase, NF-κB, Bax, and Bcl2. In conclusion, CoQ10 targeted the Nrf2-PPAR-γ signaling loop and its downstream pathways, mitigating MTX-induced oxidative stress-related damages and alleviating the testicular dysfunction MTX caused. Our data suggest Nrf2-PPAR-γ signaling as a potential therapeutic target in testicular toxicity, where oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis trigger damage.

Hypobaric Hypoxia Aggravates Renal Injury by Inducing the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

OBJECTIVE

The hypersensitivity of the kidney makes it susceptible to hypoxia injury. The involvement of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in renal injury resulting from hypobaric hypoxia (HH) has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of NETs in renal injury induced by HH and the possible underlying mechanism.

METHODS

A total of 24 SD male rats were divided into three groups (n=8 each): normal control group, hypoxia group and hypoxia+pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) group. Rats in hypoxia group and hypoxia+PDTC group were placed in animal chambers with HH which was caused by simulating the altitude at 7000 meters (oxygen partial pressure about 6.9 kPa) for 7 days. PDTC was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally once daily for 7 days. Pathological changes of the rat renal tissues were observed under a light microscope; the levels of serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured; the expression levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), citrullinated histone H3 (cit-H3), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bax, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and phospho-NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65) in rat renal tissues were detected by qRT-qPCR and Western blotting; the localization of NF-κB p65 expression in rat renal tissues was observed by immunofluorescence staining and the expression changes of NETs in rat renal tissues were detected by multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

After hypoxia, the expression of NF-κB protein in renal tissues was significantly increased, the levels of SCr, BUN, cf-DNA and ROS in serum were significantly increased, the formation of NETs in renal tissues was significantly increased, and a large number of tubular dilatation and lymphocyte infiltration were observed in renal tissues. When PDTC was used to inhibit NF-κB activation, NETs formation in renal tissue was significantly decreased, the expression level of Bcl-2 in renal tissues was significantly increased, the expression level of Bax was significantly decreased, and renal injury was significantly alleviated.

CONCLUSION

HH induces the formation of NETs through the NF-κB signaling pathway, and it promotes apoptosis and aggravates renal injury by decreasing Bcl-2 and increasing Bax expression.

NRF2 Activation by Nitrogen Heterocycles: A Review

Several nitrogen heterocyclic analogues have been applied to clinical practice, and about 75% of drugs approved by the FDA contain at least a heterocyclic moiety. Thus, nitrogen heterocycles are beneficial scaffolds that occupy a central position in the development of new drugs. The fact that certain nitrogen heterocyclic compounds significantly activate the NRF2/ARE signaling pathway and upregulate the expression of NRF2-dependent genes, especially HO-1 and NQO1, underscores the need to study the roles and pharmacological effects of N-based heterocyclic moieties in NRF2 activation. Furthermore, nitrogen heterocycles exhibit significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. NRF2-activating molecules have been of tremendous research interest in recent times due to their therapeutic roles in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress-mediated diseases. A comprehensive review of the NRF2-inducing activities of N-based heterocycles and their derivatives will broaden their therapeutic prospects in a wide range of diseases. Thus, the present review, as the first of its kind, provides an overview of the roles and effects of nitrogen heterocyclic moieties in the activation of the NRF2 signaling pathway underpinning their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions in several diseases, their pharmacological properties and structural-activity relationship are also discussed with the aim of making new discoveries that will stimulate innovative research in this area.

Protective role of naftidrofuryl against methotrexate-induced testicular damage via the amelioration of the p53/miRNA-29a/CDC42 apoptotic pathway, inflammation, and oxidative stress

This study aimed to assess the possible protective effects of naftidrofuryl (Naf) against methotrexate (MTX)-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Male rats were randomly distributed into four groups: control, Naf, MTX, and MTX+Naf groups. MTX administration induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the testicular tissue, while pretreatment with Naf attenuated these pathways. Naf pretreatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde and interleukin-6 contents, microRNA-29a (miRNA-29a) expression level, and nuclear factor kappa B and p53 immunostaining in the testicular tissues compared to the MTX group. Conversely, it significantly increased Johnsen's score, serum testosterone level, serum total antioxidant capacity, testicular superoxide dismutase activity, testicular catalase activity, and testicular cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) expression compared to the MTX group. In conclusion, Naf exerted a significant protective effect against MTX-induced testicular toxicity via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms and modulating the p53/miRNA-29a/CDC42 apoptotic pathway.

The impact of Nrf2/HO-1, caspase-3/Bax/Bcl2 and ATF6/IRE1/PERK/GRP78 signaling pathways in the ameliorative effects of morin against methotrexate-induced testicular toxicity in rats

BACKGROUND

Methotrexate (MT) is a broadly used chemotherapeutic drug however its clinical use is confronted with several forms of toxicities containing testicular damage. The current study assessed the ameliorative effects of morin on MT-induced testicular damage with the investigation of its mechanism and the potential involvement of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in such protection.

METHODS

The animals were divided into 5 distinct groups (7 rats in each group). Group 1 was control group, group 2 received MT-only (20 mg/kg bw), group 3 received orally morin-only (100 mg/kg bw), group 4 received MT (20 mg/kg bw) + morin (50 mg/kg bw) and group 5 received MT (20 mg/kg bw) + morin (100 mg/kg). In this study, morin was administered orally for 10 days, while MT was administered intraperitoneally on the 5th day.

RESULTS

MT intoxication was linked with augmented MDA while decreased GSH levels, the enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase and mRNA levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 in the testis tissues. MT injection caused inflammation in the testicular tissue via up-regulation of MAPK14, NFκB, TNF-α and IL-1β. MT application also caused apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the testis tissue via increasing mRNA transcript levels of Bax, caspase-3, PERK, IRE1, ATF-6, GRP78 and down-regulation of Bcl-2.

CONCLUSION

Treatment with morin at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg considerably mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the testicular tissue indicating that testicular damage related to MT toxicity could be modulated by morin administration.