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Kashyap D, Salman H. Targeting Interleukin-13 Receptor α2 and EphA2 in Aggressive Breast Cancer Subtypes with Special References to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3780. [PMID: 38612592 PMCID: PMC11011362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCA) remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. This review delves into the therapeutic challenges of BCA, emphasizing the roles of interleukin-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) and erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2) in tumor progression and resistance. Highlighting their overexpression in BCA, particularly in aggressive subtypes, such as Her-2-enriched and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), we discuss the potential of these receptors as targets for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies. We examine the structural and functional roles of IL-13Rα2 and EphA2, their pathological significance in BCA, and the promising therapeutic avenues their targeting presents. With an in-depth analysis of current immunotherapeutic strategies, including the limitations of existing treatments and the potential of dual antigen-targeting CAR T-cell therapies, this review aims to summarize potential future novel, more effective therapeutic interventions for BCA. Through a thorough examination of preclinical and clinical studies, it underlines the urgent need for targeted therapies in combating the high mortality rates associated with Her-2-enriched and TNBC subtypes and discusses the potential role of IL-13Rα2 and EphA2 as promising candidates for the development of CAR T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huda Salman
- Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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Targeting of the Interleukin-13 Receptor (IL-13R)α2 Expressing Prostate Cancer by a Novel Hybrid Lytic Peptide. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020356. [PMID: 36830725 PMCID: PMC9953383 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-13Rα2 cell surface receptor is highly expressed in tumours such as prostate cancer. In this report, we evaluated the hypothesis that prostate cancer cells with enhanced IL-13Rα2 expression are a suitable target for the hybrid lytic peptide (Pep-1-Phor21) peptide, which is generated by fusing the IL-13Rα2 specific ligand (Pep-1) and a cell membrane disrupting lytic peptide (Phor21). The expression of IL-13Rα2 mRNA and protein in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines was assessed via real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and immunoblotting. The effect of Pep-1-Phor21 on the viability of prostate cancer cells grown in monolayers (2D) and microtissue spheroids (3D) was assessed via CellTox green cytotoxic assay. IL-13Rα2 expression and Pep-1-Phor21-mediated killing were also determined in the cells treated with epigenetic regulators (Trichostatin A (TSA) and 5-aza-2 deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC)). The hybrid lytic peptide cytotoxic activity correlated with the expression of IL-13Rα2 in prostate cancer cell lines cultured as monolayers (2D) or 3D spheroids. In addition, TSA or 5-Aza-dC treatment of prostate cancer cells, particularly those with low expression of IL-13Rα2, enhanced the cells' sensitivity to the lytic peptide by increasing IL-13Rα2 expression. These results demonstrate that the Pep-1-Phor21 hybrid lytic peptide has potent and selective anticancer properties against IL-13Rα2-expressing prostate cancer cells.
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Dupilumab-Associated Mycosis Fungoides with a CD8+ Immunophenotype. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2022; 9:385-391. [PMID: 36547219 PMCID: PMC9776571 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology9040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dupilumab is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal-antibody that is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in patients aged 12 years and older. In recent years, several case studies have associated the unmasking or progression of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) with dupilumab treatment. To date, all reported cases of dupilumab-associated CTCL have shown a CD4+ T-helper-cell-predominant immunophenotype. Here, we report a case of a 72-year-old man who presented with a 2-year history of a diffuse, pruritic eruption, who was started on dupilumab for 9 weeks. He subsequently developed mycosis fungoides (MF) with a CD8+-predominant immunophenotype. Overall, cases of CD8+ mycosis fungoides are less common and relatively less understood than their CD4+ counterparts, with varied presentations and courses. We present a case of dupilumab-associated CD8+ MF to highlight this presentation for pathologists and providers.
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Park A, Wong L, Lang A, Kraus C, Anderson N, Elsensohn A. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma following dupilumab use: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol 2022. [PMID: 36073768 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, studies have associated dupilumab with unmasking or progression of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The objective of this study was to synthesize reported cases of CTCL in the setting of dupilumab use. Two independent reviewers conducted a systematic review using PubMed and Embase databases. Twelve studies, of 27 total patients, were included. Dupilumab-associated CTCL was diagnosed on average 7.8 months following dupilumab initiation. Of reports that included body surface area (BSA), 100% had a BSA >50% prior to diagnosis, and the majority of patients were diagnosed at later stages of disease: stage III (4/18) or IV (6/18). Post-dupilumab biopsies revealed a greater density of cells and a predominant lichenoid pattern, compared to various histologic patterns and less cell density in pre-dupilumab biopsies. The majority of TCR gene rearrangement studies were equivocal (20%) or negative (60%), posing a potential diagnostic pitfall. Limitations included lack of standardized data collection and reporting and a small number of studies. We suggest that earlier biopsies, three to four months after initiation of dupilumab, may be helpful for earlier recognition of CTCL in patients who are not improving, progressing, or have morphologic changes on dupilumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Park
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Lulu Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Annalise Lang
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Christina Kraus
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Anderson
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Elsensohn
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Shankar A, McAlees JW, Lewkowich IP. Modulation of IL-4/IL-13 cytokine signaling in the context of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:266-276. [PMID: 35934680 PMCID: PMC9371363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of CD4 TH2 cells and excessive production of TH2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Generally, IL-4 and IL-13 utilize Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways for induction of inflammatory gene expression and the effector functions associated with disease pathology in many allergic diseases. However, it is increasingly clear that JAK/STAT pathways activated by IL-4/IL-13 can themselves be modulated in the presence of other intracellular signaling programs, thereby changing the overall tone and/or magnitude of IL-4/IL-13 signaling. Apart from direct activation of the canonic JAK/STAT pathways, IL-4 and IL-13 also induce proinflammatory gene expression and effector functions through activation of additional signaling cascades. These alternative signaling cascades contribute to several specific aspects of IL-4/IL-13-associated cellular and molecular responses. A more complete understanding of IL-4/IL-13 signaling pathways, including the precise conditions under which noncanonic signaling pathways are activated, and the impact of these pathways on cellular- and host-level responses, will better allow us to design agents that target specific pathologic outcomes or tailor therapies for the treatment of uncommon disease endotypes.
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Knudson KM, Hwang S, McCann MS, Joshi BH, Husain SR, Puri RK. Recent Advances in IL-13Rα2-Directed Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878365. [PMID: 35464460 PMCID: PMC9023787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-13Rα2, CD213A), a high-affinity membrane receptor of the anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine IL-13, is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors and is correlated with poor prognosis in glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, adrenocortical carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. While initially hypothesized as a decoy receptor for IL-13-mediated signaling, recent evidence demonstrates IL-13 can signal through IL-13Rα2 in human cells. In addition, expression of IL-13Rα2 and IL-13Rα2-mediated signaling has been shown to promote tumor proliferation, cell survival, tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Given its differential expression in tumor versus normal tissue, IL-13Rα2 is an attractive immunotherapy target, as both a targetable receptor and an immunogenic antigen. Multiple promising strategies, including immunotoxins, cancer vaccines, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have been developed to target IL-13Rα2. In this mini-review, we discuss recent developments surrounding IL-13Rα2-targeted therapies in pre-clinical and clinical study, including potential strategies to improve IL-13Rα2-directed cancer treatment efficacy.
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Liu Q, Zhang J, Liu Y, Peng H, Wu Y. Extracellular vesicles extracted from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells carrying MicroRNA-342-3p inhibit the INHBA/IL13Rα2 axis to suppress the growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Transl Oncol 2022; 18:101333. [PMID: 35093789 PMCID: PMC8802125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BMSC-EVs carrying miR-342-3p could prevent breast cancer growth and metastasis by downregulating the INHBA/IL13Rα2 axis, highlighting a potential target for anti-cancer treatment for breast cancer.
Increasing focus has come to the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in various cancers. Hence, we designed this study to explore the mechanism whereby microRNA-342-3p (miR-342-3p)-containing EVs derived from BMSCs might affect breast cancer. MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was co-incubated with the EVs isolated from rat BMSCs, followed by alteration of miR-342-3p and INHBA expression. Microarray-based analyses predicted a possible regulatory mechanism involving miR-342-3p, INHBA, and IL13Rα2 in breast cancer, which was verified by luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down, and RIP assays. Besides, in order to evaluate the effects of miR-342-3p on the biological features of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, we employed the scratch assay, Transwell assay, CCK-8 assay, and nude mouse tumorigenicity assay. miR-342-3p carried by BMSC-EVs was transferred into breast cancer cells through co-culture, which inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro. miR-342-3p downregulated the expression of INHBA, which further repressed the expression of IL13Rα2. Finally, the in vivo experimental results revealed the inhibitory role of miR-342-3p in tumor growth and metastasis in nude mice. To sum up, BMSC-EVs carrying miR-342-3p could prevent breast cancer growth and metastasis by downregulating the INHBA/IL13Rα2 axis, highlighting a potential target for anti-cancer treatment for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, No. 1, Middle Section of Zhaowuda Road, Hongshan District, Chifeng 024000, P R China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, P R China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Inpatient Pharmacy, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, P R China
| | - Hai Peng
- Department of Oncology, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, P R China
| | - Yingqi Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, No. 1, Middle Section of Zhaowuda Road, Hongshan District, Chifeng 024000, P R China.
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Mast Cells and Skin and Breast Cancers: A Complicated and Microenvironment-Dependent Role. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050986. [PMID: 33922465 PMCID: PMC8146516 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are important sentinel cells in host defense against infection and major effector cells in allergic disease. The role of these cells in cancer settings has been widely debated. The diverse range of mast cell functions in both immunity and tissue remodeling events, such as angiogenesis, provides multiple opportunities for mast cells to modify the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we consider both skin and breast cancer settings to address the controversy surrounding the importance of mast cells in the host response to tumors. We specifically address the key mediators produced by mast cells which impact tumor development. The role of environmental challenges in modifying mast cell responses and opportunities to modify mast cell responses to enhance anti-tumor immunity are also considered. While the mast cell's role in many cancer contexts is complicated and poorly understood, the activities of these tissue resident and radioresistant cells can provide important opportunities to enhance anti-cancer responses and limit cancer development.
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The Dependence between Urinary Levels of Angiogenesis Factors, 8-Iso-prostaglandin F2 α, ɣ-Synuclein, and Interleukin-13 in Patients with Bladder Cancer: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:4848752. [PMID: 33343662 PMCID: PMC7725553 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4848752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, a significant increase in the incidence of bladder cancer (BC) has been observed. Angiogenesis plays a key role in the process of tumor growth and metastasis. Additionally, the participation of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in BC pathogenesis is indicated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the urinary levels of parameters of angiogenesis, stimulating angiogenin (ANG) and inhibiting angiostatin (ANGST), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) as a marker of oxidative stress, ɣ-synuclein (SNCG) as a cancer progression parameter, and interleukin-13 (IL-13) as an anti-inflammatory immunomodulator. The levels of ANG, ANGST, 8-iso-PGF2α, SNCG, and IL-13 in the urine of BC patients and healthy controls were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These parameters were examined in the whole group of BC patients and in subgroups depending on the clinical stage: nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC); histopathologic malignancy: low grade (LG) and high grade (HG) and in primary and recurrent BC. Significantly, higher urinary parameters were found in BC patients in comparison to controls. Levels of all parameters increased with the development of cancer, with the exception of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, in which the level was higher in the early stages of the disease, but these differences were not statistically significant. Some correlations have been demonstrated between parameters in BC patients. Based on the receiver operating characteristic curves, ANG and ANGST had the best diagnostic value for BC. The obtained results indicate the important role of the examined parameters of angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the pathogenesis and development of BC. It is reasonable to continue research in order to thoroughly assess the impact of various associated processes on the course of BC. It is also important to carry out similar tests in patients with other urological diseases.
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Franco-Martínez L, Gelemanović A, Horvatić A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Dąbrowski R, Mrljak V, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A. Changes in Serum and Salivary Proteins in Canine Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E741. [PMID: 32344524 PMCID: PMC7222850 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in serum and saliva proteomes in canine mammary tumors (CMT) using a high-throughput quantitative proteomic analysis in order to potentially discover possible biomarkers of this disease. Proteomes of paired serum and saliva samples from healthy controls (HC group, n = 5) and bitches with CMT (CMT group, n = 5) were analysed using a Tandem Mass Tags-based approach. Twenty-five dogs were used to validate serum albumin as a candidate biomarker in an independent sample set. The proteomic analysis quantified 379 and 730 proteins in serum and saliva, respectively. Of those, 35 proteins in serum and 49 in saliva were differentially represented. The verification of albumin in serum was in concordance with the proteomic data, showing lower levels in CMT when compared to the HC group. Some of the modulated proteins found in the present study such as haptoglobin or S100A4 have been related to CMT or human breast cancer previously, while others such as kallikrein-1 and immunoglobulin gamma-heavy chains A and D are described here for the first time. Our results indicate that saliva and serum proteomes can reflect physiopathological changes that occur in CMT in dogs and can be a potential source of biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (J.J.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrea Gelemanović
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS), 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Anita Horvatić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.H.); (V.M.)
| | - María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (J.J.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Roman Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 30 Gleboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.H.); (V.M.)
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (J.J.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (J.J.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (J.J.C.); (A.T.)
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Kalli M, Mpekris F, Wong CK, Panagi M, Ozturk S, Thiagalingam S, Stylianopoulos T, Papageorgis P. Activin A Signaling Regulates IL13Rα2 Expression to Promote Breast Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:32. [PMID: 30805303 PMCID: PMC6370707 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination of cancer cells to distal organs is the major cause of death for patients suffering from the aggressive basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) subtype. Recently, we have shown that interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL13Rα2) is a critical gene that is overexpressed in a subset of BLBC primary tumors associated with poor distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and can promote extravasation and metastasis of breast cancer cells to the lungs. However, the upstream signaling mechanisms that promote aberrant IL13Rα2 expression during tumor progression remain unknown. Driven by our previously published gene expression microarray data derived from a well-characterized cell line model for BLBC progression, we show that both Inhibin βA (INHBA) and IL13Rα2 genes exhibit similarly higher expression levels in metastatic compared to non-metastatic cells and that overexpression of both genes predicts worse metastasis-free survival of patients with high grade tumors. Activin A, a member of the TGFβ superfamily comprising two INHBA subunits, has been shown to play context-depended roles in cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate that INHBA depletion downregulates IL13Rα2 expression in metastatic breast cancer cells, whereas treatment with Activin A in non-metastatic cells increases its expression levels. We also find that Activin A predominantly induces Smad2 phosphorylation and to a lesser extent activates Smad3 and Akt. Interestingly, we also show that Activin A-mediated upregulation of IL13Rα2 is Smad2-dependent since knocking down Smad2 or using the ALK4/ALK5 inhibitors EW-7197 and SB-505124 abolishes this effect. Most importantly, our data indicate that knocking down INHBA levels in breast cancer cells delays primary tumor growth, suppresses migration in vitro and inhibits the formation of lung metastases in vivo. Conclusively, our findings presented here suggest that the development of therapeutic interventions employing small molecule inhibitors against Activin receptors or neutralizing antibodies targeting Activin A ligand, could serve as alternative approaches against breast tumors overexpressing INHBA and/or IL13Rα2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalli
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Fotios Mpekris
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chen K Wong
- Genetics & Genomics and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Biomedical Genetics Section, Molecular Medicine Program and Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Myrofora Panagi
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sait Ozturk
- Genetics & Genomics and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Biomedical Genetics Section, Molecular Medicine Program and Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Genetics & Genomics and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Biomedical Genetics Section, Molecular Medicine Program and Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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