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Gardiner D, Bray CW, Frederick S. Spontaneous pneumothorax in a dog with a history of successfully treated heartworm disease: A case report. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 58:100842. [PMID: 37979616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a dog presented with spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to chronic pulmonary changes associated with a history of resolved canine heartworm disease. CASE OR SERIES SUMMARY A 7-year-old 25.2kg female spayed German Shepherd mix was presented for management of spontaneous pneumothorax. The dog had a history of heartworm disease that underwent therapy prior to adoption, and the dog was heartworm antigen negative (SNAP 4Dx) during hospitalization for the pneumothorax. An exploratory thoracotomy was performed due to an unresolving pneumothorax requiring multiple thoracocenteses. Perioperatively, the lungs did not expand with positive pressure ventilation and diffuse, multifocal to coalescing areas of darkened tissue that were grossly consistent with necrosis and/or hemorrhage were noted. The dog was euthanized intraoperatively due to an assumed poor prognosis. Histopathologic examination findings were consistent with chronic reactive changes related to previous heartworm infection. No neoplastic or infectious etiologies were identified. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Spontaneous pneumothorax is a known complication of active heartworm infection. However, this case represents the first report of spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to chronic pulmonary changes caused by resolved heartworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven Frederick
- Clinical Studies Coordinator of Blue Pearl Sciences, Blue Pearl, Atlanta, United States
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2
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Cai D, Tian B, Liu Y, Rehman MU, Ranucci D, Veronesi F, Varcasia A, Jia W, Liu J. The seroprevalence of canine dirofilariosis in dogs in the eastern coastal areas of China. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17009. [PMID: 37484229 PMCID: PMC10361107 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The present study was carried out to assess the presence of canine Dirofilaria immitis infection in pet dogs in China. Materials and methods From October 2018 to November 2019, a total of 216 sera were collected from pet hospitals in Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Fujian regions of Eastern China. The sera were tested by using a commercial canine heartworm antibody ELISA test kit. Results 70.8% of the pets had significant clinical symptoms resembled to heartworm infection; the overall dirofilariosis positivity found was 12.5% (27/216); Significant positive rates differences were observed between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs (P < 0.05) (i.e. 15.7% and 4.7% respectively).The prevalence of infection in Shandong Province (15.5%) was the highest among the surveyed areas, but the difference among the geographic regions was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the prevalence detected in summer (28.2%) was significantly higher than in other seasons (P < 0.05). In addition, no significant difference was observed between male and female sex (P > 0.05). Conclusions Altogether, these results suggest that an epidemic of dirofilariosis exists in eastern coastal China, as such preventive measures should be taken to control the spread of dirofilariosis to reduce the risk of human and pet infection with heartworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Wanzhong Jia
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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Moloney C, Puggioni A, McKenna M. Allogenic blood patch pleurodesis for management of pneumothorax in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppy with multiple pulmonary blebs and bullae. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1460-1465. [PMID: 35751404 PMCID: PMC9308431 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9‐week‐old male intact Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was presented for evaluation of acute onset dyspnea caused by left‐sided pneumothorax. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) identified multiple pulmonary bullae and blebs in multiple lung lobes. Rupture of ≥1 pulmonary blebs or bullae, precipitated by low impact trauma, was the suspected cause of pneumothorax. A volume of 7.5 mL/kg of fresh whole blood was collected from a type‐matched donor dog and administered into the left pleural space using a thoracostomy tube. The pneumothorax was successfully resolved and no adverse effects of blood patch pleurodesis were noted. The dog was clinically normal 12 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Moloney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonella Puggioni
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Myles McKenna
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100563. [PMID: 34303864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous pneumothorax, which may have an acute or insidious onset in dogs and cats, results in respiratory difficulty and has the potential to be life threatening.1-3 Dogs commonly develop spontaneous pneumothorax due to bullae or blebs, while cats typically have underlying inflammatory disease, like feline allergic airway disease. Urgent therapeutic intervention is essential in animals with respiratory distress. The recommended therapeutic strategies are typically different in each of these species due to underlying etiology. The first part of this review article will focus on physiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs and cats. Advances in diagnostics, especially the recent utility of point of care ultrasound, will be discussed. The second part of the series will provide an overview of therapeutic options and management of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, as well as information on prognosis.
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Savadelis MD, Coleman AE, Rapoport GS, Sharma A, Sakamoto K, Keys DA, Ohmes CM, Hostetler JA, Dzimianski MT, Moorhead AR. Clinical assessment of heartworm-infected Beagles treated with a combination of imidacloprid/moxidectin and doxycycline, or untreated. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1734-1745. [PMID: 32691900 PMCID: PMC7517868 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Administration of moxidectin topically and doxycycline PO has been utilized experimentally as an alternative treatment for heartworm disease. However, clinical effects of this protocol remain poorly characterized. Objective To evaluate the clinical and postmortem findings associated with administration of doxycycline and monthly 10% imidacloprid + 2.5% moxidectin (IMD + MOX, Advantage Multi/Advocate) to Dirofilaria immitis‐experimentally infected as compared to nontreated control dogs. Animals Sixteen purpose‐bred, female, Beagle dogs. Methods Prospective, blinded, experimental study. Animals with surgically transplanted adult heartworms were randomized into 2 study groups of equal size: a nontreated control group (n = 8) and an IMD + MOX and doxycycline‐treated group (n = 8). Randomization was performed using a complete block design according to circulating microfilarial concentrations, measured before treatment. Serum biochemical profiles, CBCs, thoracic radiographs and echocardiograms were performed prior to and 3 weeks after transplantation, and monthly for 10 months. Postmortem gross and histopathologic evaluations were performed. Results Compared to control animals, mean ± SD serum alanine aminotransferase (181 ± 203 U/L vs 33 ± 7 U/L; P < .0001) and alkaline phosphatase (246 ± 258 U/L vs 58 ± 19 U/L; P < .0001) activities were significantly higher in the treated group on day 28. Radiographic and echocardiographic evidence of heartworm disease was observed in both groups; however, no significant differences in these variables were noted between groups. Mean ± SD pulmonary arterial thrombus score was significantly higher in the treated vs nontreated group (3.9 ± 0.4 and 1.5 ± 2.1, respectively; P = .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The treatment protocol was well‐tolerated with no clinically relevant adverse effects for any variable evaluated during the observational period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly D Savadelis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregg S Rapoport
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael T Dzimianski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew R Moorhead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Garber JB, Saile K, Rademacher N, Wignall JR, McLaughlin LD, Ryan KA. Pneumothorax in a dog caused by necrotizing pneumonia secondary to heatstroke. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:759-64. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn B. Garber
- Departments of Clinical Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
| | - Katrin Saile
- Departments of Clinical Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
| | - Nathalie Rademacher
- Departments of Clinical Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
| | - James R. Wignall
- Departments of Clinical Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
| | | | - Kirk A. Ryan
- Departments of Clinical Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
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Outcome of a heartworm treatment protocol in dogs presenting to Louisiana State University from 2008 to 2011: 50 cases. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Suran JN, Lo AJ, Reetz JA. Computed tomographic features of pneumothorax secondary to a bronchopleural fistula in two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014; 50:284-90. [PMID: 24855093 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A bronchopleural fistula (BPF) can lead to continuous pneumothorax and is rarely reported clinically in dogs. This report describes computed tomographic (CT) findings in two dogs with BPFs and subsequent continuous pneumothoraces that necessitated thoracotomy. Both dogs had a peripheral BPF in the right caudal lung lobe. The fistula in one dog was secondary to a previous foreign body migration, and the fistula in the other was thought to be secondary to dirofilariasis. On both CT examinations, a dilated subsegmental bronchus was seen communicating with the pleural space at the center of a focal, concave region of parenchymal consolidation. Multiplanar reformatting aided in identification and characterization of the BPF. The pneumothoraces resolved after right caudal lobectomy in both dogs. CT has the potential to identify BPFs, such as secondary to foreign body migration or dirofilariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantra N Suran
- Sections of Radiology (J.S., J.R.) and Surgery (A.L.), Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Liu DT, Silverstein DC. Feline secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: a retrospective study of 16 cases (2000-2012). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:316-25. [PMID: 24697868 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the demographics, clinical characteristics, diagnostic findings, underlying etiologies, treatment, and outcome associated with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) in cats; and to identify clinical feature differences among cats with asthma associated secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (AASSP) versus nonasthma-associated secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (NAASSP). DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Sixteen client-owned cats with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Domestic short hair was the predominant breed in this study (n = 15). The median age was 8 years old (range: 7 weeks to 17 years) with no sex predilection. Fourteen cats were affected by multi-lobar pulmonary pathology of infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic causes. Asthma was the most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax (25%). Ten of 12 treated cats survived the initial episode of spontaneous pneumothorax to discharge with medical management, including all 4 cats with AASSP. Reoccurrence was documented in 4 cats. Pulmonary lobectomy was curative for 1 cat with congenital accessory lung lobe emphysema. No difference in clinical presentation was identified between cats with AASSP and cats with NAASSP. CONCLUSIONS Feline SSP is frequently associated with extensive pulmonary pathology. Supportive medical management is most appropriate, except in rare cases with focal congenital abnormalities that may benefit from surgical intervention. AASSP appears to carry a good prognosis for short-term outcome (survival to discharge). Clinical assessment, imaging, and invasive diagnostics were required to differentiate between AASSP and NAASSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra T Liu
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Boudreau B, Nelson LL, Carey SA, Williams KJ. Spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to reactive bronchopneumopathy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:658-62. [PMID: 23402413 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.5.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION An 8-year-old 38-kg (84-lb) castrated male German Shepherd Dog cross was evaluated because of respiratory distress secondary to pneumothorax (detected radio-graphically prior to referral). CLINICAL FINDINGS CT of the thorax confirmed the presence of pneumothorax and revealed pulmonary blebs without evidence of infiltrative pulmonary changes. A tentative diagnosis of primary spontaneous pneumothorax was made. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Exploratory median sternotomy revealed emphysematous changes along the margins of all lung lobes, with the ventral margins of the left cranial, right cranial, and right middle lung lobes most affected. Partial lobectomies of the ventral aspects of these lobes were performed. Histologic examination of tissue samples from the lung lobes revealed diffuse smooth muscle hypertrophy of the terminal and respiratory bronchioles with moderate numbers of peribronchiolar eosinophils. Mucus plugs and mucous cell metaplasia within the airway epithelium were also evident. After surgery, clinical signs resolved and the dog was discharged from the hospital 2 days later. Eight months after surgery, the dog developed a mild cough, and treatment with prednisolone (tapering dosage starting at 0.5 mg/kg [0.023 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) was initiated. Dosage reduction resulted in recurrence of coughing; however, with continued prednisolone treatment at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg, PO, once daily, the dog was not coughing at 10 months after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Reactive bronchopneumopathy should be included as a differential diagnosis for spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Boudreau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Mooney ET, Rozanski EA, King RGP, Sharp CR. Spontaneous pneumothorax in 35 cats (2001–2010). J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:384-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12439947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-five cases of spontaneous pneumothorax were reviewed. In contrast to dogs, cats with an established etiology all had spontaneous pneumothorax associated with lung disease. Underlying diseases identified in affected cats included inflammatory airway disease, neoplasia, heartworm infection, pulmonary abscess and lungworm infection. Many cats were managed successfully with observation alone or needle thoracocentesis and specific therapy for their primary lung disease. Cats who present with spontaneous pneumothorax may be treated successfully with non-surgical therapies and appear to have a better prognosis than previously extrapolated from canine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T Mooney
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
- Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment and Specialties, Walpole, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rozanski
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Ryan GP King
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
- Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment and Specialties, Walpole, MA, USA
| | - Claire R Sharp
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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