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Magtoto PD, Arruda BL, Magtoto RL, Mora-Díaz JC, Opulencia RB, Baum DH, Zimmerman JJ, Giménez-Lirola LG. Dynamics of antibody response and bacterial shedding of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in oral fluids from experimentally inoculated pigs. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109999. [PMID: 38280306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) and M. hyosynoviae (Mhs) are commensal organisms of the upper respiratory tract and tonsils but may also cause arthritis in pigs. In this study, 8-week-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs (n = 30; 3 groups, 10 pigs per group, 2 pigs per pen) were inoculated with Mhr, Mhs, or mock-inoculated with culture medium and then pen-based oral fluids were collected at different time points over the 56 days of the experimental study. Oral fluids tested by Mhr and Mhs quantitative real-time PCRs revealed Mhr DNA between day post inoculation (DPI) 5-52 and Mhs DNA between DPI 5-15. Oral fluids were likewise tested for antibody using isotype-specific (IgG, IgA, IgM) indirect ELISAs based on a recombinant chimeric polypeptide of variable lipoproteins (A-G) for Mhr and Tween 20-extracted surface proteins for Mhs. Mhr IgA was detected at DPI 7 and, relative to the control group, significant (p < 0.05) antibody responses were detected in the Mhr group between DPI 12-15 for IgM and DPI 36-56 for both IgA and IgG. In the Mhs group, IgM was detected at DPI 10 and significant (p < 0.05) IgG and IgA responses were detected at DPI 32-56 and DPI 44-56, respectively. This study demonstrated that oral fluid could serve as an effective and convenient antemortem sample for monitoring Mhr and Mhs in swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precy D Magtoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Pampanga, the Philippines; College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ronaldo L Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rina B Opulencia
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - David H Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeff J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Földi D, Nagy ZE, Belecz N, Szeredi L, Földi J, Kollár A, Tenk M, Kreizinger Z, Gyuranecz M. Establishment of a Mycoplasma hyorhinis challenge model in 5-week-old piglets. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1209119. [PMID: 37601388 PMCID: PMC10436309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1209119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mycoplasma hyorhinis is an emerging swine pathogen with high prevalence worldwide. The main lesions caused are arthritis and polyserositis, and the clinical manifestation of the disease may result in significant economic losses due to decreased weight gain and enhanced medical costs. We aimed to compare two challenge routes to induce M. hyorhinis infection using the same clinical isolate. Methods Five-week-old, Choice hybrid pigs were inoculated on 2 consecutive days by intravenous route (Group IV-IV) or by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes (Group IV-IP). Mock-infected animals were used as control (control group). After the challenge, the clinical signs were recorded for 28 days, after which the animals were euthanized. Gross pathological and histopathological examinations, PCR detection, isolation, and genotyping of the re-isolated Mycoplasma sp. and culture of bacteria other than Mycoplasma sp. were carried out. The ELISA test was used to detect anti-M. hyorhinis immunoglobulins in the sera of all animals. Results Pericarditis and polyarthritis were observed in both challenge groups; however, the serositis was more severe in Group IV-IV. Statistically significant differences were detected between the challenged groups and the control group regarding the average daily weight gain, pathological scores, and ELISA titers. Additionally, histopathological scores in Group IV-IV differed significantly from the scores in the control group. All re-isolated strains were the same or a close genetic variant of the original challenge strain. Discussion Our results indicate that both challenge routes are suitable for modeling the disease. However, due to the evoked more severe pathological lesions and the application being similar to the hypothesized natural route of infection in Group IV-IV, the two-dose intravenous challenge is recommended by the authors to induce serositis and arthritis associated with M. hyorhinis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Földi
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Eszter Nagy
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Belecz
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Szeredi
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Anna Kollár
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Tenk
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Kreizinger
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
- MolliScience Kft., Biatorbágy, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MolliScience Kft., Biatorbágy, Hungary
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3
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Ko CC, Merodio MM, Spronk E, Lehman JR, Shen H, Li G, Derscheid RJ, Piñeyro PE. Diagnostic investigation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a potential pathogen associated with neurological clinical signs and central nervous system lesions in pigs. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106172. [PMID: 37230257 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract in swine with the typical clinical presentations of arthritis and polyserositis in postweaning pigs. However, it has also been associated with conjunctivitis and otitis media, and recently has been isolated from meningeal swabs and/or cerebrospinal fluid of piglets with neurological signs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of M. hyorhinis as a potential pathogen associated with neurological clinical signs and central nervous system lesions in pigs. The presence of M. hyorhinis was evaluated in a clinical outbreak and a six-year retrospective study by qPCR detection, bacteriological culture, in situ hybridization (RNAscope®), and phylogenetic analysis and with immunohistochemistry characterization of the inflammatory response associated with its infection. M. hyorhinis was confirmed by bacteriological culture and within central nervous system lesions by in situ hybridization on animals with neurological signs during the clinical outbreak. The isolates from the brain had close genetic similarities from those previously reported and isolated from eye, lung, or fibrin. Nevertheless, the retrospective study confirmed by qPCR the presence of M. hyorhinis in 9.9% of cases reported with neurological clinical signs and histological lesions of encephalitis or meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. M. hyorhinis mRNA was confirmed within cerebrum, cerebellum, and choroid plexus lesions by in situ hybridization (RNAscope®) with a positive rate of 72.7%. Here we present strong evidence that M. hyorhinis should be included as a differential etiology in pigs with neurological signs and central nervous system inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C Ko
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria M Merodio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - E Spronk
- Swine Vet Center P.A., 1608 South Minnesota Avenue, St. Peter, Minnesota, USA
| | - J R Lehman
- Swine Technical Services, Merck Animal Health, Lenexa, KS, USA
| | - H Shen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - G Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Pigs with Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by Mycoplasma hyorhinis Infection. mSystems 2022; 7:e0028222. [PMID: 35699454 PMCID: PMC9426446 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00282-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation induced by Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection accounts for significant economic losses in the swine industry. Increasing evidence suggests that there is cross talk between the lungs and the gut, but little is known about the effect of the lung inflammation caused by M. hyorhinis infection on gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function. Here, we investigated changes in the fecal microbiotas of pigs with M. hyorhinis infection and the microbial regulatory role of such infection in intestinal barrier function. We infected pigs with M. hyorhinis and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses of fecal samples, data-independent acquisition (DIA) quantitative proteomic analyses of intestinal mucosa, and analyses of barrier dysfunction indicators in serum. We found that pigs with M. hyorhinis infection exhibit lung and systemic inflammation, as reflected by the histopathological changes and activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway in lung tissue, as well as the increased concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines. Gut microbiotas tended to become disturbed, as evidenced by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens. The increased diamine oxidase activities and d-lactate concentrations in serum and the decreased relative mRNA expression of Occludin, ZO-1, and Mucin2 indicated the impairment of intestinal barrier function. Quantitative proteomic analyses showed a variety of altered proteins involved in immunomodulatory and inflammatory functions. There was a positive correlation between the abundance of opportunistic pathogens and inflammatory-cytokine concentrations, as well as intestinal immunomodulatory proteins. Our results suggest that lung inflammation induced by M. hyorhinis infection can contribute to the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier dysfunction, and dysbiosis of gut microbiota was associated with systemic inflammation and intestinal immune status. IMPORTANCE Cumulative evidence suggests that bacterial pneumonia may contribute to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Our experiment has demonstrated that lung inflammation induced by M. hyorhinis infection was associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction, which may provide a theoretical basis for exploring the gut-lung axis based on M. hyorhinis infection.
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Bünger M, Posch M, Wiesauer J, Loncaric I, Cabal Rosel A, Ruppitsch W, Ladinig A, Spergser J. A core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Vet Microbiol 2021; 262:109249. [PMID: 34628273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis is a commensal and pathobiont residing in the upper respiratory tract in swine and with the ability to spread systemically, mainly causing polyserositis and polyarthritis in nursery pigs. Since little is known on the epidemiology of M. hyorhinis infection, whole genome sequences of 73 strains isolated from pigs in Austria (n = 71) and Germany (n = 2), that have been isolated from clinically affected pigs during routine diagnostics, and publicly available genomes of eight M. hyorhinis strains were analyzed in the presented study. For this purpose, a core genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme encompassing 453 target genes was developed using the Ridom© SeqSphere + software. Results were compared to two previously described conventional MLST schemes and to a core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis approach. Core genome MLST showed high diversity among the M. hyorhinis strains studied and while certain isolates from one farm or a single animal formed cgMLST clusters (≤ 8 allele differences), no isolates with identical allele profiles were identified. In addition, cgMLST had superior discriminatory power (Simpson's ID = 0.995) over conventional MLST (Simpson's ID = 0.952 and 0.985), while demonstrating a lack of congruence between conventional MLST and genome-wide relationship. Core genome SNP results were highly congruent with cgMLST results but lacked in resolution when comparing closely related isolates. Thus, cgMLST is the most suitable method for epidemiological investigations such as outbreak analysis, and to gain insights into M. hyorhinis population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Bünger
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Microbiology, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, University Clinic for Swine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Magdalena Posch
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Microbiology, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julia Wiesauer
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Microbiology, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Igor Loncaric
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Microbiology, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Adriana Cabal Rosel
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Währinger Straße 25A, 1096, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Währinger Straße 25A, 1096, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, University Clinic for Swine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Joachim Spergser
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Microbiology, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Lee HS, Shin HJ. Anti-Mycoplasma Activity of Bacilotetrins C-E, Cyclic Lipodepsipeptides from the Marine-Derived Bacillus subtilis and Structure Revision of Bacilotetrins A and B. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100528. [PMID: 34677427 PMCID: PMC8537332 DOI: 10.3390/md19100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis most commonly causes polyserositis and arthritis in swine and is a common contaminant during the cell culture in the laboratory. In our continuing research for diverse bioactive compounds from Bacillus subtilis 109GGC020, we discovered uncommon cyclic lipotetrapeptides showing inhibitory activities against M. hyorhinis with similar structures to previously reported bacilotetrins A and B. Bacilotetrins C–E (1–3), new cyclic lipodepsipeptides, were isolated from the EtOAc extract obtained from the fermentation of marine-derived Bacillus subtilis isolated from a marine sponge sample collected from the Gageo reef, Republic of Korea. The structures of 1–3, consisting of three leucine residues, one glutamic acid, and a β-hydroxy fatty acid, were elucidated by detailed analysis of 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESIMS data. The absolute configurations of the amino acids and β-hydroxy fatty acid were established by advanced Marfey’s method and Mosher’s method, respectively. The localization of L- and D-amino acids within the compounds was determined by retention time comparison of each purchased dipeptide standard to the partial hydrolysate products using LC-MS. Compounds 1–3 exhibited anti-mycoplasma activity, with an MIC value of 31 μg/mL, twofold stronger than that of the positive control, BioMycoX®. Detailed analysis and comparison of the spectroscopic data between bacilotetrins A (4) and B (5) and 1–3 led us to revise the structures of 4 and 5.
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Hennig-Pauka I, Sudendey C, Kleinschmidt S, Ruppitsch W, Loncaric I, Spergser J. Swine Conjunctivitis Associated with a Novel Mycoplasma Species Closely Related to Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010013. [PMID: 33375690 PMCID: PMC7824142 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctivitis in swine is a common finding, usually considered to be a secondary symptom of respiratory or viral systemic disease, or a result of irritation by dust or ammonia, or of local infections with Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis or chlamydia. In three unrelated swine farms in Germany with a high prevalence of conjunctivitis, a novel mycoplasma species, tentatively named Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15, was isolated from conjunctival swabs taken from affected pigs. Although 16S rRNA gene sequences shared highest nucleotide similarities with M. hyorhinis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, partial rpoB sequencing, and comparative whole genome analyses indicated the identification of a novel species within genus Mycoplasma. Noticeable differences between Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15 and M. hyorhinis were the lack of a vlp locus and the presence of a myo-inositol pathway in the genome of strain 1654_15. Since myo-inositol might be used as an alternative energy source by this pathogen on the conjunctival surface, robust colonization by outcompeting other bacteria could be the consequence. In summary, abundant isolation of Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15 from the conjunctiva of affected pigs, its close relationship to M. hyorhinis, and identification of a panel of coding sequences (CDSs) potentially associated with virulence and pathogenicity suggested a local eye disease caused by a so far unknown, highly specialized mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 49456 Bakum, Germany;
| | | | - Sven Kleinschmidt
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
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Bünger M, Brunthaler R, Unterweger C, Loncaric I, Dippel M, Ruczizka U, Schwarz L, Griessler A, Voglmayr T, Verhovsek D, Ladinig A, Spergser J. Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a possible cause of fibrinopurulent meningitis in pigs? - a case series. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:38. [PMID: 33292668 PMCID: PMC7713030 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyorhinis is an invader of the upper respiratory tract in swine that is considered to have ubiquitous distribution. It is mainly known for causing polyserositis and polyarthritis in weaned piglets, even though the mechanisms of systemic spread are not fully understood. Mycoplasma hyorhinis has also been associated with other diseases in pigs such as pneumonia or otitis media, but so far has not been known to cause central nervous disorders. This case series reports the isolation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis from cerebrospinal fluid and/ or meningeal swabs from piglets originating from four different piglet producing farms in Austria. Case presentation On farm 1, coughing, stiff movement and central nervous signs occurred in nursery piglets. Mycoplasma hyorhinis was the only pathogen isolated from meningeal swabs from two piglets showing central nervous signs. Fibrinopurulent leptomeningitis was only observed in one piglet. Only one of two nursery piglets from farm 2 showed mild central nervous signs but no histologic lesions; Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of the piglet with neurologic signs. Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of all three investigated piglets from farm 3, all of which showed central nervous signs and purulent leptomeningitis. Further, Streptococcus suis was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of one piglet. Fibrinopurulent leptomeningitis was detected in two piglets from farm 4 that had died overnight without showing any clinical signs and Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from meningeal swabs from both piglets. Conclusion While causality has yet to be proven by experimental infection and in situ detection of the pathogen in histologic sections, the findings of this study and the absence of other pathogens suggest Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a potential causative agent of meningitis in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Bünger
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ursula Ruczizka
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Schwarz
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Voglmayr
- Traunkreis Vet Clinic, Ried im Traunkreis, Traunkreis, Austria
| | - Doris Verhovsek
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,VetFarm Medau, Vetmeduni Vienna, Berndorf, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Persistence in Livestock Mycoplasmas—a Key Role in Infection and Pathogenesis. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Mycoplasma, economically important pathogens in livestock, often establishes immunologically complex persistent infections that drive their pathogenesis and complicate prophylaxis and therapy of the caused diseases. In this review, we summarize some of the recent findings concerning cellular and molecular persistence mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of mycoplasma infections in livestock.
Recent Findings
Data from recent studies prove several mechanisms including intracellular lifestyle, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity as well as microcolony and biofilm formation and apoptosis of different host cell types as important persistence mechanisms in several clinically significant Mycoplasma species, i.e., M. bovis, M. gallisepticum, M. hyopneumoniae, and M. suis.
Summary
Evasion of the immune system and the establishment of persistent infections are key features in the pathogenesis of livestock mycoplasmas. In-depth knowledge of the underlying mechanisms will provide the basis for the development of therapy and prophylaxis strategies against mycoplasma infections.
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Resende TP, Marshall Lund L, Rossow S, Vannucci FA. Next-Generation Sequencing Coupled With in situ Hybridization: A Novel Diagnostic Platform to Investigate Swine Emerging Pathogens and New Variants of Endemic Viruses. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:403. [PMID: 31803766 PMCID: PMC6873589 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) can be applied to identify and characterize the entire set of microbes within a sample. However, this platform does not provide a morphological context or specific association between the viral or bacterial sequences detected and the histological lesions. This limitation has generated uncertainty whether the sequences identified by NGS are actually contributing or not for the clinical outcome. Although in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) can be used to detect pathogens in tissue samples, only ISH has the advantage of being rapidly developed in a context of an emerging disease, especially because it does not require development of specific primary antibodies against the target pathogen. Based on the sequence information provided by NGS, ISH is able to check the presence of a certain pathogen within histological lesions, by targeting its specific messenger RNA, helping to build the relationship between the pathogen and the clinical outcome. In this mini review we have compiled results of the application of NGS-ISH to the investigation of challenging diagnostic cases or emerging pathogens in pigs, that resulted in the detection of porcine circovirus type 3, porcine parvovirus type 2, Senecavirus A, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita P Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Lacey Marshall Lund
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Stephanie Rossow
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Fabio A Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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