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Johns AL, Stock NM, Costa B, Feragen KB, Crerand CE. Psychosocial and Health-Related Experiences of Individuals With Microtia and Craniofacial Microsomia and Their Families: Narrative Review Over 2 Decades. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023; 60:1090-1112. [PMID: 35382590 PMCID: PMC10803131 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221091699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes 20 years of microtia and craniofacial microsomia (CFM) psychosocial and healthcare studies and suggests directions for clinical care and research. A narrative review of papers January 2000 to July 2021 related to psychosocial and healthcare experiences of individuals with microtia and CFM and their families. Studies (N = 64) were mainly cross-sectional (69%), included a range of standardized measures (64%), and were with European (31%), American (27%), or multinational (23%) samples. Data were generally collected from both patients and caregivers (38%) or patient self-report (35%). Sample sizes were 11 to 25 (21%), 26 to 50 (19%), 51 to 100 (22%), or over 100 (38%). Studies addressed 5 primary topics: (1) Healthcare Experiences, including Medical Care, Hearing Loss/Amplification, Diagnostic Experiences, and Information Preferences; (2) Psychosocial Experiences, including Teasing, Behavioral Adjustment, Psychosocial Support, and Public Perception; (3) Neurocognitive Functioning and Academic Assistance; (4) Pre- and Post-Operative Psychosocial Outcomes of Ear Reconstruction/Canaloplasty; and (5) Quality of Life and Patient Satisfaction. Care involved multiple specialties and was often experienced as stressful starting at diagnosis. Psychosocial and neurocognitive functioning were generally in the average range, with possible risk for social and language concerns. Coping and resiliency were described into adulthood. Satisfaction and positive benefit of ear reconstruction/canaloplasty were high. Care recommendations include increasing: hearing amplification use, microtia and CFM knowledge among providers, efficient treatment coordination, psychosocial support, academic assistance, and advances to minimize surgical scarring. This broad literature overview informs clinical practice and research to improve psychosocial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Johns
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicola Marie Stock
- Center for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna Costa
- Center for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Canice E Crerand
- Departments of Pediatrics and Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA and Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Onal Ertugrul I, Ahn YA, Bilalpur M, Messinger DS, Speltz ML, Cohn JF. Infant AFAR: Automated facial action recognition in infants. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:1024-1035. [PMID: 35538295 PMCID: PMC9646921 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Automated detection of facial action units in infants is challenging. Infant faces have different proportions, less texture, fewer wrinkles and furrows, and unique facial actions relative to adults. For these and related reasons, action unit (AU) detectors that are trained on adult faces may generalize poorly to infant faces. To train and test AU detectors for infant faces, we trained convolutional neural networks (CNN) in adult video databases and fine-tuned these networks in two large, manually annotated, infant video databases that differ in context, head pose, illumination, video resolution, and infant age. AUs were those central to expression of positive and negative emotion. AU detectors trained in infants greatly outperformed ones trained previously in adults. Training AU detectors across infant databases afforded greater robustness to between-database differences than did training database specific AU detectors and outperformed previous state-of-the-art in infant AU detection. The resulting AU detection system, which we refer to as Infant AFAR (Automated Facial Action Recognition), is available to the research community for further testing and applications in infant emotion, social interaction, and related topics.
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Velopharyngeal Insufficiency in Craniofacial Microsomia: Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2771-2773. [PMID: 34727477 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence, diagnosis, and management of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in patients with craniofacial microsomia (CFM).Craniofacial microsomia patients 13 years of age and above treated at 2 centers from 1997 to 2019 were reviewed retrospectively for demographics, prevalence of VPI, and management of VPI. Patients with isolated microtia were excluded. Comparisons were made between patients with and without VPI using chi-square and independent samples t tests.Among 68 patients with CFM (63.2% male, mean 20.7 years of age), VPI was diagnosed in 19 patients (27.9%) at an average age of 7.2 years old. Among the total cohort, 61 patients had isolated CFM, of which 12 (19.6%) were diagnosed with VPI. Of the patients with isolated CFM and VPI, 8 patients (66.7%) were recommended for nasoendoscopy, of which only 2 patients completed. Seven isolated CFM patients (58.3%) underwent speech therapy, whereas none received VPI surgery. In contrast, 7 patients were diagnosed with both CFM and cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P), all of whom had VPI and were recommended for nasoendoscopy, with 5 (71.4%) completing nasoendoscopy, 6 (85.7%) undergoing speech therapy, and 6 (85.7%) undergoing corrective VPI surgery. Overall, we demonstrated that VPI was present in 27.9% of all CFM patients. On subset analysis, VPI was diagnosed in 20% of patients with isolated CFM and 100% of patients with CFM and CL/P. In addition, despite clinical diagnosis of VPI, a sizeable proportion of isolated CFM patients did not undergo therapy or surgical interventions.
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Abstract
Clinicians use different diagnostic terms for patients with underdevelopment of facial features arising from the embryonic first and second pharyngeal arches, including first and second branchial arch syndrome, otomandibular dysostosis, oculoauriculovertebral syndrome, and hemifacial microsomia. Craniofacial microsomia has become the preferred term. Although no diagnostic criteria for craniofacial microsomia exist, most patients have a degree of underdevelopment of the mandible, maxilla, ear, orbit, facial soft tissue, and/or facial nerve. These anomalies can affect feeding, compromise the airway, alter facial movement, disrupt hearing, and alter facial appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Birgfeld
- Pediatric Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, M/S OB.9.520, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Carrie Heike
- Craniofacial Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, M/S OB.9.528, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Dynamics of Face and Head Movement in Infants with and without Craniofacial Microsomia: An Automatic Approach. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2081. [PMID: 30859039 PMCID: PMC6382247 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital condition associated with malformations of the bone and soft tissue of the face and the facial nerves, all of which have the potential to impair facial expressiveness. We investigated whether CFM-related variation in expressiveness is evident as early as infancy. Methods: Participants were 113 ethnically diverse 13-month-old infants (n = 63 cases with CFM and n = 50 unaffected matched controls). They were observed in 2 emotion induction tasks designed to elicit positive and negative effects. Facial and head movement was automatically measured using a computer vision–based approach. Expressiveness was quantified as the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of 49 facial landmarks (eg, lip corners) and head pitch and yaw. Results: For both cases and controls, all measures of expressiveness strongly differed between tasks. Case–control differences were limited to infants with microtia plus mandibular hypoplasia and other associated CFM features, which were the most common phenotypes and were characterized by decreased expressiveness relative to control infants. Conclusions: Infants with microtia plus mandibular hypoplasia and those with other associated CFM phenotypes were less facially expressive than same-aged peers. Both phenotypes were associated with more severe involvement than microtia alone, suggesting that infants with more severe CFM begin to diverge in expressiveness from controls by age 13 months. Further research is needed to both replicate the current findings and elucidate their developmental implications.
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Luquetti DV, Speltz ML, Wallace ER, Siebold B, Collett BR, Drake AF, Johns AL, Kapp-Simon KA, Kinter SL, Leroux BG, Magee L, Norton S, Sie K, Heike CL. Methods and Challenges in a Cohort Study of Infants and Toddlers With Craniofacial Microsomia: The Clock Study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2019; 56:877-889. [PMID: 30621445 DOI: 10.1177/1055665618821014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Craniofacial microsomia: Longitudinal Outcomes in Children pre-Kindergarten (CLOCK) study is a longitudinal cohort study of neurobehavioral outcomes in infants and toddlers with craniofacial microsomia (CFM). In this article, we review the data collection and methods used to characterize this complex condition and describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort. SETTING Craniofacial and otolaryngology clinics at 5 study sites. PARTICIPANTS Infants with CFM and unaffected infants (controls) ages 12 to 24 months were recruited from the same geographical regions and followed to age 36 to 48 months. METHODS Phenotypic, neurodevelopmental, and facial expression assessments were completed during the first and third waves of data collection (time 1 and time 3, respectively). Medical history data were taken at both of these time points and during an intermediate parent phone interview (time 2). RESULTS Our cohort includes 108 cases and 84 controls. Most cases and controls identified as white and 55% of cases and 37% of controls identified as Hispanic. Nearly all cases had microtia (95%) and 59% had mandibular hypoplasia. Cases received extensive clinical care in infancy, with 59% receiving care in a craniofacial clinic and 28% experiencing at least one surgery. Study visits were completed at a study site (92%) or at the participant's home (8%). CONCLUSIONS The CLOCK study represents an effort to overcome the challenges of characterizing the phenotypic and neurodevelopmental outcomes of CFM in a large, demographically and geographically diverse cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Luquetti
- 1 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew L Speltz
- 1 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin R Wallace
- 1 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Babette Siebold
- 1 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brent R Collett
- 1 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Kathleen A Kapp-Simon
- 6 Shriners Hospitals for Children, Chicago, IL, USA.,7 University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sara L Kinter
- 1 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian G Leroux
- 8 University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leanne Magee
- 9 Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Norton
- 1 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen Sie
- 1 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carrie L Heike
- 1 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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