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Liu C, Zhang H, Li J, Li S, Li G, Jiang X. The effects of foot orthoses on radiological parameters and pain in children with flexible flat feet: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1388248. [PMID: 39156020 PMCID: PMC11327157 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1388248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the impact of foot orthoses on foot radiological parameters and pain in children diagnosed with flexible flatfoot. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted across several databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO, covering publications from the inception of each database up to 8 June 2024. The study focused on randomized controlled trials investigating the use of foot orthoses for treating flexible flat feet in children. Four researchers independently reviewed the identified literature, extracted relevant data, assessed the quality of the studies, and performed statistical analyses using RevMan 5.4 software. Results Six studies involving 297 participants were included. The methodological quality of the included literature ranged from moderate to high. Radiological parameters of the foot improved significantly in older children with flexible flat feet following foot orthotic intervention compared to controls, particularly in the lateral talar-first metatarsal angle [mean difference (MD) = -2.76, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) -4.30 to -1.21, p = 0.0005], lateral talo-heel angle (MD = -5.14, 95% CI -7.76 to -2.52, p = 0.0001) and calcaneal pitch angle (MD = 1.79, 95% CI 0.88-2.69, p = 0.0001). These differences were statistically significant. Additionally, foot orthoses significantly improved the ankle internal rotation angle and reduced foot pain in children with symptomatic flexible flatfoot (MD = -2.51, 95% CI -4.94 to -0.07, p = 0.04). Conclusion The use of foot orthoses positively impacts the improvement of radiological parameters of the foot and reduces pain in older children with flexible flat feet. However, in younger children with flexible flat feet, the improvement from foot orthoses was not significant, likely due to challenges in radiological measurements caused by the underdevelopment of the ossification centers in the foot. Further studies are needed. Consequently, the results of this meta-analysis support the implementation of an early intervention strategy using foot orthoses for the management of symptomatic flat feet in older children. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/, PROSPERO [CRD42023441229].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - GuQiang Li
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - XiangZhan Jiang
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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2
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Poutoglidou F, Marsland D, Elliot R. Does foot shape really matter? Correlation of patient reported outcomes with radiographic assessment in progressive collapsing foot deformity reconstruction: A systematic review. Foot Ankle Surg 2024; 30:441-449. [PMID: 38514277 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD), the goal of surgery is to obtain a well-balanced plantigrade foot. It remains unclear if restoration of the alignment and subsequent improvement in radiological parameters is associated with improved patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The aim of the current systematic review was to investigate whether there is a correlation between radiographic assessment and PROMs in patients treated surgically for flexible PCFD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed in Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails (CENTRAL), and KINAHL. We included all the studies reporting both PROMs and radiological outcomes in patients treated surgically for PCFD. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool. RESULTS Six retrospective studies were included. Radiological parameters related to forefoot plantarflexion were associated with statistically significant differences in postoperative PROMs. A neutral hindfoot and midfoot position was positively correlated with postoperative PROMs but a statistically significant difference could not be established in all studies. The medial arch height was positively correlated with PROMs, but in one study this was the case only in revision surgeries. CONCLUSION The literature so far suggests restoration of the alignment may be associated with improved PROMs. Future prospective studies that investigate possible radiological and clinical correlations in PCFD surgery are needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freideriki Poutoglidou
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel Marsland
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Elliot
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
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3
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Deng Z, Cai Z, Chen S, Liu Y, Chen F, Deng Z, Li Y, Xu J. Comparison of in vivo hindfoot joints motion changes during stance phase between non-flatfoot and stage II adult acquired flatfoot. J Foot Ankle Res 2022; 15:74. [PMID: 36229819 PMCID: PMC9559000 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-022-00577-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the kinematic characteristics of hindfoot joints in stage II adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) with those of non-flatfoot through the 3D-to-2D registration technology and single fluoroscopic imaging system. METHODS Eight volunteers with stage II AAFD and seven volunteers without stage II AAFD were recruited and CT scans were performed bilateral for both groups in neutral positions. Their lateral dynamic X-ray data during the stance phase, including 14 non-flatfeet and 10 flatfeet, was collected. A computer-aided simulated light source for 3D CT model was applied to obtain the virtual images, which were matched with the dynamic X-ray images to register in the "Fluo" software, so that the spatial changes during the stance phase could be calculated. RESULTS During the early-stance phase, the calcaneous was more dorsiflexed, everted, and externally-rotated relative to the talus in flatfoot compared with that in non-flatfoot (p < 0.05). During the mid-stance phase, the calcaneous was more dorsiflexed and everted relative to the talus in flatfoot compared with that in non-flatfoot (p < 0.05); however, the rotation did not differ significantly between the two groups (p > 0.05). During the late-stance phase, the calcaneous was more plantarflexed, but less inverted and internally-rotated, relative to the talus in flatfoot compared with that in non-flatfoot (p < 0.05). During the early- and mid-stance phase, the navicular was more dorsiflexed, everted, and externally-rotated relative to the talus in flatfoot compared with that in non-flatfoot (p < 0.05). During the late-stance phase, the navicular was more plantarflexed, but less inverted and internally-rotated, relative to the talus in flatfoot compared with that in non-flatfoot (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the motion of cuboid between the two groups during the whole stance phase (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS During the early- and mid-stance phase, excessive motion was observed in the subtalar and talonavicular joints in stage II AAFD. During the late-stance phase, the motion of subtalar and talonavicular joints appeared to be in the dysfunction state. The current study helps better understanding the biomechanics of the hindfoot during non-flatfoot and flatfoot condition which is critical to the intervention to the AAFD using conservative treatment such as insole or surgical treatment for joint hypermotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijun Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Infection Prevention and Control, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanglin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou, 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqin Deng
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou, 545000, Guangxi, China. .,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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Jung JY, Yang CM, Kim JJ. Decision Tree-Based Foot Orthosis Prescription for Patients with Pes Planus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912484. [PMID: 36231782 PMCID: PMC9566258 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pes planus, one of the most common foot deformities, includes the loss of the medial arch, misalignment of the rearfoot, and abduction of the forefoot, which negatively affects posture and gait. Foot orthosis, which is effective in normalizing the arch and providing stability during walking, is prescribed for the purpose of treatment and correction. Currently, machine learning technology for classifying and diagnosing foot types is being developed, but it has not yet been applied to the prescription of foot orthosis for the treatment and management of pes planus. Thus, the aim of this study is to propose a model that can prescribe a customized foot orthosis to patients with pes planus by learning from and analyzing various clinical data based on a decision tree algorithm called classification and regressing tree (CART). A total of 8 parameters were selected based on the feature importance, and 15 rules for the prescription of foot orthosis were generated. The proposed model based on the CART algorithm achieved an accuracy of 80.16%. This result suggests that the CART model developed in this study can provide adequate help to clinicians in prescribing foot orthosis easily and accurately for patients with pes planus. In the future, we plan to acquire more clinical data and develop a model that can prescribe more accurate and stable foot orthosis using various machine learning technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yong Jung
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea
| | - Chang-Min Yang
- Department of Healthcare Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea
| | - Jung-Ja Kim
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea
- Research Center of Healthcare & Welfare Instrument for the Aged, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea
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Sequeira SB, Burke JF, Casp A, Cooper MT, Park JS, Perumal V. Functional Activity After Flatfoot Reconstruction With Lateral Column Lengthening. Foot Ankle Spec 2022:19386400221116467. [PMID: 36000219 DOI: 10.1177/19386400221116467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate return to activity following flatfoot reconstruction with lateral column lengthening (LCL) by assessing functional postoperative data and identifying patient characteristics associated with poor function following surgery. METHODS Consecutive patients that underwent operative flatfoot correction including LCL and other necessary procedures from 2014 to 2019 by 3 fellowship trained foot and ankle orthopedic surgeons were retrospectively administered Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and FAAM Sports questionnaires with no preoperative scoring available. Patient demographic factors, comorbidities, and radiographic features were evaluated as predictors of outcome scores to simulate return to activity. Statistical analysis, including student's t-tests and analysis of variance, was performed. RESULTS A total of 54 patients were included. A body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or greater was associated with a lower ADL score (P = .002) and Sports score (P = .002). Preoperative hindfoot valgus of 9° or higher was associated with higher ADL scores (P = .040). Neither age nor any flatfoot radiographic parameters yielded significant differences in functional scores. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated relatively high average FAAM scores in both the ADL and the sports subscales, consistent with previous studies. This study also identified lower BMI and greater preoperative hindfoot valgus as potential predictors of improved functional outcome following reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: Retrospective case control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B Sequeira
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (SBS, JFB, AC, MTC, JSP, VP)
| | - John F Burke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (SBS, JFB, AC, MTC, JSP, VP)
| | - Aaron Casp
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (SBS, JFB, AC, MTC, JSP, VP)
| | - Minton T Cooper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (SBS, JFB, AC, MTC, JSP, VP)
| | - Joseph S Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (SBS, JFB, AC, MTC, JSP, VP)
| | - Venkat Perumal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (SBS, JFB, AC, MTC, JSP, VP)
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Femino JE, Kern A, Schumer R, Anthony C, Kruse AJ, Goetz J. The Effect of Progressive Lateral Column Lengthening in a Novel Stage II-B Flatfoot Cadaveric Model Evaluated Using Software-Guided Radiographic Measurements of Foot Alignment. Foot Ankle Int 2022; 43:1099-1109. [PMID: 35611474 DOI: 10.1177/10711007221091817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work used software-guided radiographic measurement to assess the effects of progressive lateral column lengthening (LCL) on restoring alignment in a novel cadaveric model of stage II-B flatfoot deformity. METHODS A stage II-B flatfoot was created in 8 cadaveric specimens by transecting the spring ligament complex, anterior deltoid, and interosseous talocalcaneal and cervical ligaments. Weightbearing computed tomographic (WBCT) scans were performed with specimens under 450 N of compressive load in the intact, flat, and 6-, 8-, and 10-mm lateral column-lengthening conditions. Custom software-guided radiographic measurements of the lateral talo-first metatarsal (Meary) angle, anteroposterior talo-first metatarsal angle, naviculocuneiform overlap, and 2 new measures (plantar fascia [PF] distance and angle) were recorded on digitally reconstructed radiographs. Four anonymized analysts performed measurements twice. Intra- and interobserver agreement was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS Six-millimeter LCL restored alignment closest to the intact foot in this new cadaveric model, whereas 10-mm lengthening tended toward overcorrection. The PF line displaced laterally in the flatfoot condition, and LCL restored the PF line to a location beneath the talonavicular joint. Interobserver agreement was excellent for PF distance (ICC = 0.99) and naviculocuboid overlap (ICC = 0.91), good for Meary angle (ICC = 0.81) and PF angle (ICC = 0.69), and acceptable for the talonavicular coverage angle (ICC = 0.65). CONCLUSION In this stage II-B cadaveric flatfoot model, cervical ligament transection was essential to create deformity after the medial hindfoot ligaments were transected. Software-guided radiographic measurement proved reliable; standardized implementation should improve comparability between studies of flatfoot deformity. The novel PF distance performed most consistently (ICC = 0.99) and warrants further study. With this model, we found that a 6-mm LCL restored alignment closest to the intact foot, whereas 10-mm lengthening tended toward overcorrection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Future joint-sparing flatfoot corrections may consider using a relatively small LCL combined with other bony and/or anatomic ligament/tendon reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adam J Kruse
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
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Obey MR, Johnson JE, Backus JD. Managing Complications of Foot and Ankle Surgery: Reconstruction of the Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity. Foot Ankle Clin 2022; 27:303-325. [PMID: 35680290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the cause and principles of treatment of progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD) has significantly evolved in recent decades. The goals of treatment remain improvement in symptoms, correction of deformity, maintenance of joint motion, and return of function. Although notable advancements in understanding the deformity have been made, complications still occur and typically result from (1) poor decision making, (2) technical errors, and (3) patient-related conditions. In this article, we discuss common surgical modalities used in the treatment of PCFD and further highlight the common complications that occur and the techniques that can be used to prevent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel R Obey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave CB8233 St. Loiuis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave CB8233 St. Loiuis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathon D Backus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave CB8233 St. Loiuis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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Soft Tissue Reconstruction and Osteotomies for Pes Planovalgus Correction. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2022; 39:207-231. [PMID: 35365324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The correction of the flexible pes planovalgus foot and ankle is a complicated and somewhat controversial topic. After conservative methods fail, there is a wide range of possible soft tissue and bony procedures. The appropriate work up and understanding of the pathomechanics are vital to the correct choice of procedures to correct these deformities. Once the work up and procedure selection are done, the operation must also be technically performed well and with efficiency, as most often the condition is corrected with a variety of procedures. This article discusses some of the most common procedures necessary to fully correct the pes planovalgus foot and discusses the authors' technique and pearls.
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9
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Whitelaw K, Shah S, Hagemeijer NC, Guss D, Johnson AH, DiGiovanni CW. Fusion Versus Joint-Sparing Reconstruction for Patients With Flexible Flatfoot. Foot Ankle Spec 2022; 15:150-157. [PMID: 32830570 DOI: 10.1177/1938640020950552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Passively correctible, adult-acquired flatfoot deformities (AAFD) are treated with joint-sparing procedures. Questions remain as to the efficacy of such procedures when clinical deformities are severe. In severe deformities, a primary fusion may lead to predictable outcomes, but risks nonunion. We evaluated pre- and postsurgical flexible AAFD patients undergoing joint-sparing or fusion procedures, comparing reoperation and complication rates. METHODS We identified patients with flexible AAFD between January 1, 2001 and 2016. Exclusion criteria were incomplete medical record, rigid AAFD, and prior flatfoot surgery. Patient demographics, pre- and postsurgical radiographic measurements, surgery performed, and postoperative complications were evaluated by bivariate analysis, comparing joint-sparing versus fusion procedures. RESULTS Of 239 patients (255 feet) (mean follow-up 62 ± 50 months), 209 (87%) underwent joint-sparing reconstructions, 30 (12.6%) underwent fusions. Fifty-four (24.1%) feet underwent joint-sparing reconstruction with reoperation versus 11 (35.5%) in fusion patients (P = .17). Radiographic improvement in talonavicular angle, talar first-metatarsal (anteroposterior view), and Meary's angle was higher in fusion patients (P < .001, P < .001, and P = .003, respectively). DISCUSSION More nonunion reoperations among fusion patients were offset by reoperations in joint-sparing patients. Fusion uniquely corrected Meary's angle. Nonunion is of less concern for joint-sparing versus fusion for patients with severe flexible AAFD. Degree of deformity versus advantage of joint motion should improve decision making. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Level IV: Retrospective case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Whitelaw
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (KW).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (KW, SS, NCH, DG, CWD).,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York (AHJ)
| | - Shivesh Shah
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (KW).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (KW, SS, NCH, DG, CWD).,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York (AHJ)
| | - Noortje C Hagemeijer
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (KW).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (KW, SS, NCH, DG, CWD).,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York (AHJ)
| | - Daniel Guss
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (KW).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (KW, SS, NCH, DG, CWD).,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York (AHJ)
| | - Anne H Johnson
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (KW).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (KW, SS, NCH, DG, CWD).,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York (AHJ)
| | - Christopher W DiGiovanni
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (KW).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (KW, SS, NCH, DG, CWD).,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York (AHJ)
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Abstract
Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a condition commonly seen by orthopaedic surgeons. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is thought to be the initial pathoanatomic etiology that leads to this deformity. Successful resolution of the pain associated with AAFD can be achievable with nonsurgical methods. Patients who continue to have pain or functional limitations despite nonsurgical treatment can find improvement with appropriately selected surgical interventions. This article addresses new advances in treatment based on the stage of AAFD and will identify areas of continued development with a focus on surgical management. The literature continues to evolve as demonstrated by a recent update regarding the nomenclature and treatment of this condition to progressive collapsing flatfoot deformity. Future goals of research include understanding the natural history of the disease, from asymptomatic to symptomatic, and studying a wide array of newer treatments and implants that have not been prospectively evaluated.
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11
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Bouchard M, Ross TD. Bony Procedures for Correction of the Flexible Pediatric Flatfoot Deformity. Foot Ankle Clin 2021; 26:915-939. [PMID: 34752244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pediatric flexible flatfoot is a common foot shape that is most often asymptomatic and may be a physiologic variant of normal. Surgery is only indicated when nonoperative interventions have failed to resolve symptoms. The goal of surgery is to alleviate symptoms by improving hindfoot alignment and restoring the medial arch while preserving joint mobility. This article focuses on the common bony techniques for surgical correction of the pediatric flexible flatfoot that has failed nonoperative management, including calcaneal, midfoot, and supramalleolar osteotomies and distal tibial hemiepiphyseodesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Bouchard
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Tayler Declan Ross
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue #602, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V7, Canada
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Lai CC, Wang TM, Chang CH, Pao JL, Fang HW, Chang CC, Lin SM, Lan TY. Calcaneal lengthening using ipsilateral fibula autograft in the treatment of symptomatic pes valgus in adolescents. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:977. [PMID: 34814872 PMCID: PMC8609868 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evans calcaneal lengthening osteotomy is used to treat symptomatic flexible flatfoot when conservative treatment fails. Grafts such as autologous iliac bone grafts, allografts, and xenografts are implanted at the osteotomy site to lengthen the lateral column of the hindfoot. This study aimed to present the outcomes of an autologous mid-fibula bone graft used for calcaneal lengthening in symptomatic pes valgus in adolescents. Methods We retrospectively examined 23 ft of 13 adolescents who underwent surgery between July 2014 and January 2018. The radiological and clinical outcomes (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale scores) were assessed during a mean follow-up of 49.7 (range, 30.9–73.4) months. The mean distance of the lengthening site was measured to evaluate graft sinking or collapse. The Goldberg scoring system was used to determine the degree of union at the donor and recipient sites. Results The calcaneal pitch and the anteroposterior and lateral talo-first metatarsal (Meary) angles showed significant correction, from 14.4 to 19.6 (p < 0.001), and from 14.5 to 4.6 (p < 0.001) and 13.5 to 8.5 (p < 0.001), respectively. The mean distance of the lengthening site showed no significant change (p = 0.203), suggesting no graft sinking or postoperative collapse. The lateral distal tibial angle showed no significant difference (p = 0.398), suggesting no postoperative ankle valgus changes. Healing of the recipient and donor sites occurred in 23 and 21 ft, respectively. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scores improved significantly, from 68.0 to 98.5 (p < 0.001). Conclusions Evans calcaneal lengthening using an ipsilateral mid-fibula bone autograft resulted in significant improvement in clinical and radiological outcomes without ankle valgus deformity. Hence, it could be a treatment option for lateral column calcaneal lengthening in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Lai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ming Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan.,Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jwo-Luen Pao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wei Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chien Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ming Lin
- Department of Materials and Textiles, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Lan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Materials and Textiles, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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13
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Crawford AW, Haleem AM. I am Afraid of Lateral Column Lengthening. Should I Be? Foot Ankle Clin 2021; 26:523-538. [PMID: 34332733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lateral column lengthening has long been used in conjunction with other soft tissue and bony procedures to correct the midforefoot abduction seen in class B progressive collapsing foot deformity. The effectiveness of this osteotomy to restore the physiologic shape of the foot has been used by foot and ankle surgeons around the world to provide functional improvement for patients suffering from this disease. The overall low complication rates, low nonunion rates, and improved radiographic and functional outcomes provided by lateral column lengthening make this a valuable option for the treatment of class B progressive collapsing foot deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Crawford
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, 800 Stanton L Young Boulevard, Suite 3400, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Amgad M Haleem
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, 800 Stanton L Young Boulevard, Suite 3400, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kasr Al-Ainy Hospitals, College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Comparison between Malerba osteotomy and combined Evans/medial displacement calcaneal osteotomies for the management of flexible pes planus in young adults: a prospective randomised control trial, three years follow-up. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2021; 45:2579-2588. [PMID: 34414486 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-021-05172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the current study is to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes of Malerba osteotomy in comparison to the standardized combined Evans/Medial Displacement Calcaneal Osteotomy (MDCO) in the management of symptomatic flexible pes planus in young adults. METHODS Prospective randomized control trial included 34 feet (33 patients), 17 cases in each group. Functionally, patients were assessed by AOFAS and FADI scores. Radiographic evaluation included calcaneal pitch, lateral talo-1st metatarsal, AP talo-first metatarsal, AP talo-calcaneal angles, and the talar coverage percentage. RESULTS Pre-operative and three years follow-up scores and angles were compared between both groups. No statistically significant difference could be detected between both groups (P value 0.87). However, the data showed statistically significant difference in each group when comparing (pre-operative and third year follow-up scores and angles) (P value < 0.001). The mean union rate was eight weeks in Malerba group and nine weeks in Evans/MDCO group. No incidence of nonunion. Complications like calcaneocuboid subluxation, calcaneal anterior process fracture, and lateral column pain were exclusively reported in Evans/MDCO group. CONCLUSION Malerba osteotomy is a strong valid option for the operative management of flexible pes planus in young adults. Authors recommend Malerba osteotomy in all mild and moderate deformities due to lower complication rate while the combined Evans/MDCO is preferred in severe deformity due to relatively higher corrective power with consideration of possible complications.
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Silva MGAN, Koh DTS, Tay KS, Koo KOT, Singh IR. Lateral column osteotomy versus subtalar arthroereisis in the correction of Grade IIB adult acquired flatfoot deformity: A clinical and radiological follow-up at 24 months. Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 27:559-566. [PMID: 32811742 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult acquired flat foot deformity (AAFD) is a spectrum of conditions which can be progressive if untreated. Surgical correction and restoration of anatomical relationship are often required in the treatment of symptomatic Grade II AAFD after a failed course of conservative treatment. There is a paucity of literature recommending best practice-especially in the adult population. The authors aim to compare radiological and clinical outcomes of two widely employed surgical techniques in the treatment of symptomatic AAFD. METHODS A retrospective study of 76 patients with Grade IIB AAFD and had undergone either lateral column lengthening (LCL) or subtalar arthroereisis (STA) surgical correction of their symptomatic AAFD. Each technique was augmented with both bony osteotomy and soft tissue transfer as determined by on table assessment. Clinical and radiological outcomes were reviewed 24 months after surgery. RESULTS LCL and STA groups had comparable radiological outcomes at 24 months after surgery. However, LCL group demonstrated superior American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot (90.3 ± 12.6 vs 81.1 ± 20.6, p < 0.001) as well as Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) midfoot scores (0.5 ± 1.6 vs 1.3 ± 2.4, p < 0.001) at 24 months compared to the STA group. STA had a higher complication rate (20.6% vs 4.4%), with all cases complaining of sinus tarsi pain requiring subsequent removal of implant. CONCLUSION There is a role for either techniques in the treatment of symptomatic AAFD. LCL whilst more invasive has demonstrated superior outcome scores and lower complication rates at 24 months compared to STA. Patients need to be counselled appropriately to appreciate the benefits of each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G A N Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Don T S Koh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Kae Sian Tay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kevin O T Koo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Inderjeet R Singh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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16
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Chou MC, Huang JY, Hung YM, Perng WT, Chang R, Wei JCC. Flat foot and spinal degeneration: Evidence from nationwide population-based cohort study. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 120:1897-1906. [PMID: 33423898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Flat foot can alter the lower limb alignment and cause knee and back pain. To explore the association between flat foot and spinal degeneration. METHODS By using a claims dataset containing 1 million random samples, individuals with flat foot were identified between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013. The study assembled a flat foot group and a matched non-flat foot group. Definition of flat foot was according to International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. The diagnosis date was defined as the index date for follow-up initiation. The follow-up period was defined as the duration from the index date (or nested index date for controls) to the occurrence of spinal degenerative joint disease (DJD), or December 31, 2013. The primary outcome was record of spinal DJD retrieved from the same database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with the control group as a reference. RESULTS We identified 13,965 patients (most aged <30 years, 88%); 2793 patients were assigned to the flat foot group and 11,172 individuals to the non-flat foot group matched by age, sex, and index year. The mean follow-up duration was approximately 74 months. In total, 329 (11.78%) patients in the study group and 931 (8.33%) patients in the comparison group developed spinal DJD. The adjusted HR (95% CI) of spinal DJD for study group was 1.423(1.250-1.619) compared with the control. Sensitivity analyses with propensity score match and different scenario about spinal DJD enrollment showed similar results. Subgroup analysis showed that in patients aged >45 years with history of flat foot, the adjusted hazard ratios were 1.434, 3.065, 3.110, and 2.061 in association with spondylosis, intervertebral disc disorder, cervical stenosis, thoracic-lumbar-sacral stenosis, respectively. CONCLUSION Flat foot was found to be an independent risk factor for subsequent spinal DJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chia Chou
- Department of Recreation and Sports Management, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Pingtung Branch, Pingtung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Center for Health Data Science, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Office for Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Wuu-Tsun Perng
- Department of Recreational Sport & Health Promotion, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Renin Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Recreation and Sports Management, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Thordarson DB, Schon LC, de Cesar Netto C, Deland JT, Ellis SJ, Johnson JE, Myerson MS, Sangeorzan BJ, Hintermann B. Consensus for the Indication of Lateral Column Lengthening in the Treatment of Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity. Foot Ankle Int 2020; 41:1286-1288. [PMID: 32851858 DOI: 10.1177/1071100720950732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RECOMMENDATION Progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD) is a complex 3D deformity with varying degrees of hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction, and midfoot supination. Although a medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy can correct heel valgus, it has far less ability to correct forefoot abduction. More severe forefoot abduction, most frequently measured preoperatively by assessing talonavicular coverage on an anteroposterior (AP) weightbearing conventional radiographic view of the foot, can be more effectively corrected with a lateral column lengthening procedure than by other osteotomies in the foot. Care must be taken intraoperatively to not overcorrect the deformity by restricting passive eversion of the subtalar joint or causing adduction at the talonavicular joint on simulated AP weightbearing fluoroscopic imaging. Overcorrection can lead to lateral column overload with persistent lateral midfoot pain. The typical amount of lengthening of the lateral column is between 5 and 10 mm. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, consensus, expert opinion. CONSENSUS STATEMENT ONE Lateral column lengthening (LCL) procedure is recommended when the amount of talonavicular joint uncoverage is above 40%. The amount of lengthening needed in the lateral column should be judged intraoperatively by the amount of correction of the uncoverage and by adequate residual passive eversion range of motion of the subtalar joint.Delegate vote: agree, 78% (7/9); disagree, 11% (1/9); abstain, 11% (1/9).(Strong consensus). CONSENSUS STATEMENT TWO When titrating the amount of correction of abduction deformity intraoperatively, the presence of adduction at the talonavicular joint on simulated weightbearing fluoroscopic imaging is an important sign of hypercorrection and higher risk for lateral column overload.Delegate vote: agree, 100% (9/9); disagree, 0%; abstain, 0%.(Unanimous, strongest consensus). CONSENSUS STATEMENT THREE The typical range for performing a lateral column lengthening is between 5 and 10 mm to achieve an adequate amount of talonavicular coverage.Delegate vote: agree, 100% (9/9); disagree, 0%; abstain, 0%.(Unanimous, strongest consensus).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lew C Schon
- Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Georgetown School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cesar de Cesar Netto
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark S Myerson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Conti MS, Garfinkel JH, Ellis SJ. Outcomes of Reconstruction of the Flexible Adult-acquired Flatfoot Deformity. Orthop Clin North Am 2020; 51:109-120. [PMID: 31739874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of the flexible adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is controversial, and numerous procedures are frequently used in combination, including flexor digitorum longus transfer, medializing calcaneal osteotomy (MCO), heel cord lengthening/gastrocnemius recession, lateral column lengthening (LCL), Cotton osteotomy or first tarsometatarsal fusion, and spring ligament reconstruction. This article summarizes recent studies demonstrating that patients have significant improvements after operative treatment of flexible AAFD. It reviews current literature on clinical and radiographic outcomes of the MCO, LCL, and Cotton osteotomies. The authors describe how this information can be used in surgical decision making in order to tailor operative treatment to an individual patient's deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Conti
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jonathan H Garfinkel
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 444 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Suite 603, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Scott J Ellis
- Department of Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Ebaugh MP, Larson DR, Reb CW, Berlet GC. Outcomes of the Extended Z-Cut Osteotomy for Correction of Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity. Foot Ankle Int 2019; 40:914-922. [PMID: 31088118 DOI: 10.1177/1071100719847662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medial displacement calcaneus tuberosity osteotomy and anterior process lengthening calcaneus osteotomy are traditional single-plane osteotomy techniques used in adult acquired flatfoot deformity reconstruction. More recently, 3-plane step-cut osteotomies were described for each of these and shown to offer improved rotational stability via the horizontal limb. However, a major technical challenge is achieving a sufficiently long horizontal limb to correct deformity through lengthening without losing bony apposition. Combining the anterior process and tuberosity step-cuts using an elongated horizontal limb alleviates this technical challenge, creates a very large surface area for bony healing, and utilizes a single incision. We hypothesized that the Z-cut osteotomy would achieve clinical and radiographic flatfoot deformity correction with a high union rate. METHODS This was an institutional review board-approved retrospective study of 16 patients who underwent Z-cut osteotomy for the treatment of moderate to severe symptomatic adult acquired flatfoot deformity, stage IIA/B. The mean radiographic follow-up was 8.8 months, while the mean clinical follow-up was 2.36 years. Radiographic correction was assessed via weightbearing radiographs taken preoperatively and at a mean of 26 ± 2 weeks postoperatively. Measurements included Meary's angle (talo-first metatarsal angle), talonavicular (TN) joint uncoverage percentage, TN incongruency angle, medial cuneiform to fifth metatarsal height, and calcaneal pitch. Union rates and clinical outcomes via the Foot Function Index (FFI) score were assessed preoperatively and at a mean of 29 months following surgery. Paired t test was used to compare both clinical and radiographic outcomes with statistical significance set at P < .05. RESULTS Fifteen of 16 patients returned an FFI questionnaire with a mean improvement of 52.1 to 10.3 (P = .002). The calcaneal pitch improved from 12.7 to 15.2 degrees (P = .002), the medial cuneiform-fifth metatarsal distance improved from 12.8 to 18.5 mm (P = .002), the TN coverage angle improved from 21.3 to 9.1 degrees (P < .001), the TN uncoverage percentage improved from 32.9% to 20.3% (P < .001), and the TN incongruency angle improved from 41.4 to 19.9 degrees (P < .001). Deformity correction was well maintained in 13 of 16 patients at final follow-up. The union rate of the osteotomy was 100%. Three patients had symptomatic hardware initially; 1 patient required removal of hardware. One patient developed a superficial infection that cleared. Another patient developed peroneal tendonitis, which resolved with corticosteroid injection. CONCLUSION The Z-cut osteotomy is a novel, technically simplified, single-incision, single-osteotomy alternative to the previously described double calcaneus osteotomy techniques for reconstructing flexible moderate to severe adult acquired flatfoot deformity that offers comparable short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes with acceptably low complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, retrospective case series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher W Reb
- 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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20
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Zhai J, Qiu Y, Wang J. Does Flexible Flatfoot Require Treatment?: Plantar Pressure Effects of Wearing Over-the-Counter Insoles when Walking on a Level Surface and Up and Down Stairs in Adults with Flexible Flatfoot. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2019; 109:299-304. [PMID: 29244535 DOI: 10.7547/16-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthotic insole is a popular physiotherapy for flatfoot. However, the effects and whether flexible flatfoot needs orthotic insole treatment are not clear, and how the plantar pressure changes while walking up and down stairs has not been studied. Therefore, this study observed the plantar pressures of different walking conditions to find the answers. METHODS Fifteen adults with flexible flatfoot and 15 adults with normal foot were examined while walking on a level surface and while walking up and down 10- and 20-cm stairs before treatment. The maximum force and the arch index were acquired with a force plate system. Participants with flexible flatfoot were instructed to wear the orthotic insoles for 3 months, and plantar pressures were measured again after treatment. The repeated measure was performed to analyze the data. RESULTS The maximum force and the arch index of flatfoot after treatment were significantly decreased under different walking conditions (P < .01). When walking down 10- and 20-cm stairs, the plantar data of normal foot and flatfoot were significantly increased (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Orthotic insoles could effectively improve the plantar pressure of flatfoot under different walking conditions. In addition, the arches of normal foot and flatfoot were obviously influenced when walking down stairs. It is, therefore, necessary to wear orthotic insoles for flexible flatfoot to prevent further deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunNa Zhai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - YuSheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Veljkovic A, Symes M, Younger A, Rungprai C, Abbas KZ, Salat P, Tennant J, Phisitkul P. Neurovascular and Clinical Outcomes of the Percutaneous Endoscopically Assisted Calcaneal Osteotomy (PECO) Technique to Correct Hindfoot Malalignment. Foot Ankle Int 2019; 40:178-184. [PMID: 30304962 DOI: 10.1177/1071100718800983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Standard open calcaneal osteotomies to correct hindfoot malalignment have been associated with high complication rates, including nerve damage and wound infection. This has resulted in the development of minimally invasive techniques such as the percutaneous endoscopically assisted calcaneal osteotomy (PECO), which in cadaver studies has been shown to be potentially safer than open surgeries. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of PECO in a clinical setting, with regard to neurovascular injury rates, infection, and short-term radiographic and functional outcomes. METHODS: Forty-one (41) patients with planovalgus or cavovarus foot deformities underwent treatment using PECO. Outcomes were analyzed at 6 months and primarily included neurovascular outcomes and wound infection rates. Secondarily, radiographic and functional (visual analog scale for pain [VAS], 36-Item Short Form Medical Outcomes Survey [SF-36], and Foot Function Index [FFI] scores) outcomes were also assessed. RESULTS: There were no reported cases of superficial wound infections, lateral calcaneal or sural nerve dysesthesia. Minor complications occurred in 6/41 feet. The mean postoperative hindfoot correction was 8.3 ± 2.2 mm (range: 6-15mm) compared to preoperative status. Compared to preoperative status, significant improvements ( P = .001 for all) were seen in the VAS, SF-36, and FFI at 6 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: PECO resulted in minimal complications with no lateral calcaneal or sural nerve dysesthesias and no wound complications. It also resulted in significant improvements in postoperative radiographic and functional outcomes from baseline to 6-months postoperatively, demonstrating its use as a safe and effective means of treating hindfoot malalignment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Veljkovic
- 1 St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Symes
- 1 St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alastair Younger
- 1 St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Peter Salat
- 4 University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Department of radiology, Mayfair Diagnostics. Calgary, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) comprises a wide spectrum of ligament and tendon failure that may result in significant deformity and disability. It is often associated with posterior tibial tendon deficiency (PTTD), which has been linked to multiple demographic factors, medical comorbidities, and genetic processes. AAFD is classified using stages I through IV. Nonoperative treatment modalities should always be attempted first and often provide resolution in stages I and II. Stage II, consisting of a wide range of flexible deformities, is typically treated operatively with a combination of soft tissue procedures and osteotomies. Stage III, which is characterized by a rigid flatfoot, typically warrants triple arthrodesis. Stage IV, where the flatfoot deformity involves the ankle joint, is treated with ankle arthrodesis or ankle arthroplasty with or without deltoid ligament reconstruction along with procedures to restore alignment of the foot. There is limited evidence as to the optimal procedure; thus, the surgical indications and techniques continue to be researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen K. Henry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Shakked
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott J. Ellis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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Saunders SM, Ellis SJ, Demetracopoulos CA, Marinescu A, Burkett J, Deland JT. Comparative Outcomes Between Step-Cut Lengthening Calcaneal Osteotomy vs Traditional Evans Osteotomy for Stage IIB Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity. Foot Ankle Int 2018; 39:18-27. [PMID: 28985691 DOI: 10.1177/1071100717732723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forefoot abduction component of the flexible adult-acquired flatfoot can be addressed with lengthening of the anterior process of the calcaneus. We hypothesized that the step-cut lengthening calcaneal osteotomy (SLCO) would decrease the incidence of nonunion, lead to improvement in clinical outcome scores, and have a faster time to healing compared with the traditional Evans osteotomy. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 111 patients (143 total feet: 65 Evans, 78 SLCO) undergoing stage IIB reconstruction followed clinically for at least 2 years. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were analyzed for the amount of deformity correction. Computed tomography (CT) was used to analyze osteotomy healing. The Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores (FAOS) and lateral pain surveys were used to assess clinical outcomes. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess nonnormally distributed data while χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to analyze categorical variables (α = 0.05 significant). RESULTS The Evans group used a larger graft size ( P < .001) and returned more often for hardware removal ( P = .038) than the SLCO group. SLCO union occurred at a mean of 8.77 weeks ( P < .001), which was significantly lower compared with the Evans group ( P = .02). The SLCO group also had fewer nonunions ( P = .016). FAOS scores improved equivalently between the 2 groups. Lateral column pain, ability to exercise, and ambulation distance were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Following SLCO, patients had faster healing times and fewer nonunions, similar outcomes scores, and equivalent correction of deformity. SLCO is a viable technique for lateral column lengthening. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Saunders
- 1 Novant Health Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Scott J Ellis
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Foot and Ankle Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Anca Marinescu
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Foot and Ankle Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayme Burkett
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan T Deland
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Foot and Ankle Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
In 1975, Evans published an article describing the surgical management of the "calcaneo-valgus deformity," pointing out that the deformity was due to relative shortening of the lateral column of the foot. Correction involved "equalizing" both columns by performing an osteotomy in the neck of the calcaneus 1.5 cm from the calcaneocuboid joint, where a trapezoidal wedge of tricortical bone was placed. Although it was considered a success, there were complications, including sural nerve injury, surgical wound dehiscence, undercorrection, and graft subsidence. The osteotomy grew in popularity. Indications extended to other forms of flatfoot with a low incidence of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo E Jara
- Orthopaedic Department, Clínica Dávila, Santiago, Chile.
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26
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Ling SKK, Lui TH. Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction: An Overview. Open Orthop J 2017; 11:714-723. [PMID: 28979585 PMCID: PMC5620404 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001711010714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult acquired flatfoot deformity is a commonly seen condition with a large clinical spectrum. It ranges from asymptomatic subjects to severely disabled arthritic patients. Posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction is a common cause of adult acquired flatfoot deformity. METHODS This article systematically reviews the published literature from books and journals that were either originally written or later translated into the English language regarding the subject of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction. RESULTS Posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction is a primary soft tissue tendinopathy of the posterior tibialis that leads to altered foot biomechanics. Although the natural history of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction is not fully known, it has mostly been agreed that it is a progressive disorder. While clinical examination is important in diagnosing adult acquired flat-feet; further investigation is often required to delineate the different aetiologies and stage of the disease. The literature describes many different management choices for the different stages of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction. CONCLUSION Because of the wide range of symptom and deformity severity, surgical reconstruction is based on a-la-carte. The consensus is that a plethora of reconstructive options needs to be available and the list of procedures should be tailored to tackle the different symptoms, especially when managing complex multi-planar reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ka-Kin Ling
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, North District Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tun Hing Lui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, North District Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
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Zhai JN, Wang J, Qiu YS. Plantar pressure differences among adults with mild flexible flatfoot, severe flexible flatfoot and normal foot when walking on level surface, walking upstairs and downstairs. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:641-646. [PMID: 28533601 PMCID: PMC5430264 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study observed the plantar pressure between flexible flatfoot and normal
foot on different walking conditions to find out if flexible flatfoot needs the treatment
and how the plantar pressure change while walking upstairs and downstairs. [Subjects and
Methods] Fifteen adults with mild flexible flatfoot, fifteen adults with severe flexible
flatfoot and fifteen adults with normal foot were examined while walking on a level
surface, walking up and down 10 cm and 20 cm stairs. The max force and the arch index were
acquired using the RSscan system. The repeated measures ANOVA was performed to analyze the
data. [Results] Compared with normal foot, both max force and arch index of severe
flatfoot were significantly increased on different walking conditions. When walking down
10 cm and 20 cm stairs, the plantar data of both normal foot and flatfoot were
significantly increased. [Conclusion] The plantar pressure of severe flexible flatfoot
were significantly larger than that of normal foot on different walking conditions. In
addition, the arches of both normal foot and flatfoot were obviously deformed when walking
downstairs. It is therefore necessary to be treated for severe flexible flatfoot to
prevent further deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Na Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, National Engineering Research Center of Health Care and Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University Branch, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, National Engineering Research Center of Health Care and Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University Branch, China
| | - Yu Sheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
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28
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Smyth NA, Aiyer AA, Kaplan JR, Carmody CA, Kadakia AR. Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2017; 27:433-439. [PMID: 28324203 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-017-1945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a known and recognized cause of pain and disability. Loss of PTT function is the most important contributor to AAFD, and its estimated prevalence is thought to be over 3%. This review aims to summarize the current literature and encompass recent advances regarding AAFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall A Smyth
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anish R Kadakia
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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29
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Sung PS, Zipple JT, Andraka JM, Danial P. The kinetic and kinematic stability measures in healthy adult subjects with and without flat foot. Foot (Edinb) 2017; 30:21-26. [PMID: 28257946 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flat foot problems are associated with impaired mobility and postural stability. The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematic and kinetic indices during one leg standing between subjects with and without flat foot. METHODS Forty-four participants enrolled in the study, including 22 subjects with flat foot and 22 control subjects. The measurements included kinematic stability on the trunk as well as kinetic stability from a force plate. All participants were asked to maintain one leg standing with the contralateral hip and knee flexed to approximately 90° for 25seconds. RESULTS The kinetic index decreased in the flat foot group (t=-5.08, p=0.001) during one leg standing without visual input. There were strong correlations between kinetic and kinematic stabilities (0.75-0.86) with visual input and moderate correlations (0.49-0.67) without visual input in the control group. DISCUSSION The flat foot group exhibited a significantly decreased kinetic index without visual input. The more effective postural stability in the control group might be due to efficient compensatory strategies utilized without visual input to maintain one leg standing. These outcome measures could help to develop a practical test leading to kinematic postural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Motion Analysis Center, Central Michigan University, United States.
| | - J Timothy Zipple
- Department of Physical Therapy, Motion Analysis Center, Central Michigan University, United States
| | - John M Andraka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Motion Analysis Center, Central Michigan University, United States
| | - Pamela Danial
- Department of Physical Therapy, Motion Analysis Center, Central Michigan University, United States
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30
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Burssens A, Peeters J, Buedts K, Victor J, Vandeputte G. Measuring hindfoot alignment in weight bearing CT: A novel clinical relevant measurement method. Foot Ankle Surg 2016; 22:233-238. [PMID: 27810020 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A precise pre-operative measurement of hindfoot malalignment is paramount to plan and obtain an accurate surgical correction. Hindfoot alignment is currently determined on standard weightbearing radiographs. However this is hampered by the superposition of the skeletal structures. Recent technology developed weightbearing cone beam CT to overcome this problem. The objective is to introduce a clinically relevant and reproducible method to measure hindfoot alignment on weightbearing CT. METHODS Sixty malalignments of the hindfoot were divided in to two groups; group one containing a valgus alignment (n=30) and group two a varus alignment (n=30) of the hindfoot. Imaging techniques used were standard radiographs and a weightbearing CT (pedCAT®). Following angles were measured by two different authors: standard long axial hindfoot angle both on standard radiographs and on CT, clinical hindfoot, novel hindfoot angle, talar shift (distance from a neutral alignment), tibial inclination angle, talar tilt and subtalar vertical angle on CT. RESULTS Hindfoot alignment angles showed to significantly differ from each other (P<0.001). The novel hindfoot alignment angle showed the highest correlation with the clinical measurement method. Correlation of this novel angle with the talar shift showed a Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.87. Interclass correlation coefficient of the novel hindfoot alignment angle=0.72 and was the highest among the hindfoot alignment angles. CONCLUSION Weightbearing CT is allows to objectively assess hindfoot alignment. The proposed novel hindfoot alignment angle showed to be both clinically relevant and reproducible as compared to previous methods. The lateral tibiocalcaneal shift, on which the angle is highly correlated to, can help the surgeon in determining how much translation is necessary to obtain a neutral alignment during a calcaneal osteotomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burssens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, H.-Hartziekenhuis, Mechelsestraat 24, 2500 Lier, Belgium; AZ Monica, Florent Pauwelslei 21, 2100 Deurne, Belgium.
| | - J Peeters
- AZ Monica, Florent Pauwelslei 21, 2100 Deurne, Belgium
| | - K Buedts
- ZNA Middelheim, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - J Victor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - G Vandeputte
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, H.-Hartziekenhuis, Mechelsestraat 24, 2500 Lier, Belgium
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31
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Zhai JN, Qiu YS, Wang J. Effects of orthotic insoles on adults with flexible flatfoot under different walking conditions. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:3078-3083. [PMID: 27942124 PMCID: PMC5140804 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was to evaluate the effects of orthotics on adults with flexible
flatfoot when wearing orthotic insoles while walking on horizontal ground, walking up and
down stairs and to determine if flexible flatfoot needs treatment. [Subjects and Methods]
Fifteen college students with flexible flatfoot and fifteen college students with normal
feet were recruited. First, load rate and contact area were measured by RSscan force plate
when the subjects were walking on horizontal ground, walking up and down 10 cm and 20 cm
stairs. Then the subjects with flexible flatfoot were instructed to wear orthotic insoles
for 3 months, and plantar pressure was measured again. Finally, the data were subjected to
repeated measures ANOVA. [Results] After treatment for 3 months, the plantar pressure of
flatfoot was significantly improved. In addition, the data of the subjects with normal
feet and flatfoot were significantly influenced by walking down 10 cm or 20 cm stairs.
[Conclusion] Orthotic insoles could significantly improve the plantar pressure of
flatfoot. Additionally, the arches of subjects with normal feet and flatfoot can be
significantly deformed when walking down stairs. Therefore, it is essential for subjects
with flexible flatfoot to wear orthotic insoles to avoid needless injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Na Zhai
- Research Center of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yu Sheng Qiu
- Research Center of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Research Center of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
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32
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Xu Y, Li XC, Xu XY. Calcaneal Z Lengthening Osteotomy Combined With Subtalar Arthroereisis for Severe Adolescent Flexible Flatfoot Reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int 2016; 37:1225-1231. [PMID: 27402620 DOI: 10.1177/1071100716658975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timing and strategy for operative treatment of flatfoot are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and radiographic changes following calcaneal Z osteotomy combined with subtalar arthroereisis for severe adolescent flexible flatfoot. METHODS Data were analyzed for 16 patients (20 feet) who had flatfoot without tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction and were treated by calcaneal Z osteotomy combined with arthroereisis between October 2011 and February 2015. The mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 12.8 ± 1.4 years (range, 10-14 years). Preoperative and postoperative measurements included changes in hindfoot valgus angles; changes in talonavicular uncoverage angles on anteroposterior (AP) radiographic view; and changes in talo-first metatarsal angles, talar pitch angles, and calcaneal pitch angles on lateral radiographic view. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Score (AOFAS-AH) was used to assess foot function. The mean follow-up was 18.9 ± 6.9 months (range, 13-33 months). RESULTS The hindfoot valgus angle improved from 14.9 ± 4.2 degrees to 2.3 ± 1.7 degrees. On the AP view, the preoperative and postoperative talonavicular uncoverage angles were 30.5 ± 9.4 degrees and 9.8 ± 4.8 degrees, respectively. On lateral radiographs, the preoperative talo-first metatarsal angle, talar pitch angle, and calcaneal pitch angle were -22.1 ± 7.9 degrees, 36.1 ± 4.4 degrees, and 14.4 ± 4.0 degrees, respectively. Postoperative lateral radiographs demonstrated talo-first metatarsal angle, talar pitch angle, and calcaneal pitch angle of -6.2 ± 4.7 degrees, 27.3 ± 4.9 degrees, and 19.0 ± 4.3 degrees, respectively. The AOFAS-AH score improved from 66.8 ± 24.1 preoperatively to 96.5 ± 3.4 postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS For adolescents with flatfoot, calcaneal Z osteotomy combined with subtalar arthroereisis provided satisfactory results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, retrospective case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Chen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China .,Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai, China
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33
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Chan JY, Greenfield ST, Soukup DS, Do HT, Deland JT, Ellis SJ. Contribution of Lateral Column Lengthening to Correction of Forefoot Abduction in Stage IIb Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity Reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int 2015. [PMID: 26216884 DOI: 10.1177/1071100715596607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correction of forefoot abduction in stage IIb adult acquired flatfoot likely depends on the amount of lateral column lengthening (LCL) performed, although this represents only one aspect of a successful reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between common reconstructive variables and the observed change in forefoot abduction. METHODS Forty-one patients who underwent flatfoot reconstruction involving an Evans-type LCL were assessed retrospectively. Preoperative and postoperative anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of the foot at a minimum of 40 weeks (mean, 2 years) after surgery were reviewed to determine correction in forefoot abduction as measured by talonavicular coverage (TNC) angle, talonavicular uncoverage percent, talus-first metatarsal (T-1MT) angle, and lateral incongruency angle. Fourteen demographic and intraoperative variables were evaluated for association with change in forefoot abduction including age, gender, height, weight, body mass index, as well as the amount of LCL and medializing calcaneal osteotomy performed, LCL graft type, Cotton osteotomy, first tarsometatarsal fusion, flexor digitorum longus transfer, spring ligament repair, gastrocnemius recession and any one of the modified McBride/Akin/Silver procedures. RESULTS Two variables significantly affected the change in lateral incongruency angle. These were weight (P = .04) and the amount of LCL performed (P < .001). No variables were associated with the change in TNC angle, talonavicular uncoverage percent, or T-1MT angle. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that LCL was the only significant predictor of the change in lateral incongruency angle. The final regression model for LCL showed a good fit (R2 = 0.70, P < .001). Each millimeter of LCL corresponded to a 6.8-degree change in lateral incongruency angle. CONCLUSION Correction of forefoot abduction in flatfoot reconstruction was primarily determined by the LCL procedure and could be modeled linearly. We believe that the lateral incongruency angle can serve as a valuable preoperative measurement to help surgeons titrate the proper amount of correction performed intraoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Y Chan
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Dylan S Soukup
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huong T Do
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan T Deland
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott J Ellis
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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