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Daniels JS, Moreau D, Macnamara BN. Learning and Transfer in Problem Solving Progressions. J Intell 2022; 10:jintelligence10040085. [PMID: 36278607 PMCID: PMC9590082 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence10040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Do individuals learn more effectively when given progressive or variable problem-solving experience, relative to consistent problem-solving experience? We investigated this question using a Rubik’s Cube paradigm. Participants were randomly assigned to a progression-order condition, where they practiced solving three progressively more difficult Rubik’s Cubes (i.e., 2 × 2 × 2 to 3 × 3 × 3 to 4 × 4 × 4), a variable-order condition, where they practiced solving three Rubik’s Cubes of varying difficulty (e.g., 3 × 3 × 3 to 2 × 2 × 2 to 4 × 4 × 4), or a consistent-order condition, where they consistently practiced on three 5 × 5 × 5 Rubik’s Cubes. All the participants then attempted a 5 × 5 × 5 Rubik’s Cube test. We tested whether variable training is as effective as progressive training for near transfer of spatial skills and whether progressive training is superior to consistent training. We found no significant differences in performance across conditions. Participants’ fluid reasoning predicted 5 × 5 × 5 Rubik’s Cube test performance regardless of training condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Daniels
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - David Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Brooke N. Macnamara
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Karpova N, Zhang D, Beckwith AM, Bennett DS, Lewis M. Prenatal drug exposure and executive function in early adolescence. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 88:107036. [PMID: 34648914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Study of the relationship between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and executive function (EF) has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of the current study is to examine whether PCE, biological sex, environmental risk, and their interaction predicted EF in early adolescence. METHODS 135 12-year-old adolescents (40.7% with PCE), who were followed prospectively from birth, attempted up to 8 Tower of Hanoi (ToH) puzzle trials of increasing complexity. The number of correctly completed puzzles served as the main outcome measure. Survival analysis was used to examine predictors of the number of successfully completed trials. RESULTS As trial difficulty increased, fewer adolescents were able to solve the TOH puzzle. Adolescents from high risk environments and with either prenatal alcohol or prenatal cannabis exposure completed fewer puzzles (p < .05). In addition, a hypothesized 3-way interaction of PCE x sex x environmental risk was found such that cocaine-exposed males with high environmental risk had the worst performance (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS The current findings are consistent with prior research indicating that males with PCE may be at particular risk of poorer functioning and highlight the potential importance of examining adolescent's sex and environmental risk as moderators of PCE effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Karpova
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Institute for the Study of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
| | - Dake Zhang
- Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Department of Educational Psychology, 10 Seminary Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
| | - Anna Malia Beckwith
- Children's Specialized Hospital, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, 150 New Providence Rd, Mountainside, NJ 07092, United States.
| | - David S Bennett
- Drexel University, GLAD Program, 4700 Wissahickon Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19144, United States.
| | - Michael Lewis
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Institute for the Study of Child Development, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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Molins F, Pérez-Calleja T, Abad-Tortosa D, Alacreu-Crespo A, Serrano-Rosa MÁ. Positive emotion induction improves cardiovascular coping with a cognitive task. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10904. [PMID: 33763298 PMCID: PMC7958892 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeling positive emotions seems to favour an adaptive cardiovascular response (greater heart rate variability, HRV), associated with improved cognitive performance. This study aims to test whether the induction of a positive emotional state produce such cardiovascular response and therefore, enhance coping and performance in Tower of Hanoi (ToH). Forty-two Participants were randomly distributed into two groups (Experimental and Control). Experimental group was subjected to the evocation of a memory of success, while control group was subjected to an attentional task before performing ToH. Heart Rate Variability (HRV), activity of the zygomatic major muscle (ZEMG) and emotions were measured. Emotional induction increased ZEMG activity, feelings of emotional valence and HRV, but the performance in ToH was not different from control. Experiencing positive emotions seems to favour an adaptive psychophysiological response when faced with a complex cognitive task. These results are discussed in relation to clinical practice and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Molins
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Rachel M, Fons VDVJR, Amina A, Perez-Garcia M, Manasi K. Assessing Neuropsychological Functions in Middle Childhood: a Narrative Review of Measures and Their Psychometric Properties Across Context. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40817-021-00096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There is a significant number of neuropsychological measures for use among children aged 6–12 years. However, most of these tests have been developed in high-income contexts (HICs). To avoid or to at least to minimize bias in assessment, most researchers carry out cultural adaptations of these tools. In selecting sub-tests to adapt before using the entire test battery, researchers would benefit from having a reference source summarizing available tools and how easily they can be used in different context. This is where the paper makes a contribution. This narrative review has a twofold aim: first, to identify tools commonly used among 6–12-year-olds; second, to summarize the psychometric properties of these tools especially emphasizing their usage across different cultural contexts.
Methods
We searched the literature from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2017 for tools used among children aged 6 to 12 years. An extensive search of PubMed, Psych Info and Web of Science using the keywords (i) neuropsychological or neurocognitive with (ii) assessment or test was done.
Results
A hundred and forty-five papers out of 306 reported on psychometric properties of different tools including Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning—BRIEF (count = 6), Visual-Motor Integration—VMI (count = 6), the Test of Memory Malingering—TOMM (count = 6), MSVT (count = 6) and Continuous Performance Tests—CPT (count = 6). Forty-six percent of the papers reported studies conducted in the USA. Most of these studies were based in high-income countries, which further highlights the need to validate these measures for use in lower- and middle-income countries. Psychometric check was adequate in most tests for measuring executive functioning such as BRIEF, although tests such as CPT that measure complex attention had mixed findings. Moreover, we found that these studies addressed certain aspects of validity and or reliability while leaving out others; thus, a comprehensive picture is lacking.
Conclusion
We propose further studies to thoroughly investigate and report the psychometric properties of these measures, especially in lower- and middle-income countries.
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Differential Effects of Cognitive Reserve on the Neurocognitive Functioning of Polysubstance Users: an Exploratory Analysis Using Mixture Regression. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Marín-Navarrete R, Toledo-Fernández A, Villalobos-Gallegos L, Pérez-López A, Medina-Mora ME. Neuropsychiatric characterization of individuals with inhalant use disorder and polysubstance use according to latent profiles of executive functioning. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 190:104-111. [PMID: 30005309 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalant use disorder (IUD) is associated with deficits in executive functions (EFs). We described latent profiles of EFs and distribution of neuropsychiatric disorders and patterns of severity of use across these profiles. METHODS Individuals with IUD were recruited at community-based residential facilities for substance use treatment in Mexico City. Latent profile analysis was conducted with the following tasks: self-ordered pointing, Stroop, Iowa gambling, Wisconsin Card Sorting and Tower of Hanoi. RESULTS Three latent profiles were extracted from n = 165: lowest performances of inhibition of response and processing speed; lowest performance of self-monitoring, intermediate performance of inhibition of response and relatively spared processing speed; and intermediate performance of processing speed and self-monitoring, and relatively spared inhibition of response. CONCLUSION Between-group differences were observed mainly for antisocial personality disorder and lifetime suicidal. Findings remark the need for identifying distinct profiles of EFs within these populations to better understand the transdiagnostic heterogeneity of EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Marín-Navarrete
- Clinical Trials Unit on Addiction and Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México-Xochimilco 101, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico; National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México-Xochimilco 101, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Aldebarán Toledo-Fernández
- Clinical Trials Unit on Addiction and Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México-Xochimilco 101, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Villalobos-Gallegos
- Clinical Trials Unit on Addiction and Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México-Xochimilco 101, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Pérez-López
- Clinical Trials Unit on Addiction and Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México-Xochimilco 101, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elena Medina-Mora
- National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México-Xochimilco 101, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ahonniska J, Ahonen T, Aro T, Tolvanen A, Lyytinen H. Practice Effects on Visuomotor and Problem-Solving Tests by Children. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 92:479-94. [PMID: 11361312 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2001.92.2.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Practice effects on a visuomotor test (the Developmental Test of Visuo-Motor Integration), a timed visual discrimination test (the Underlining Test), and two problem-solving tests (the Porteus Mazes Test and the Tower of Hanoi Test) were analyzed. Children of two age groups ( Ms: 7.7 and 11.6 yr.) were chosen to study the effect of age on practice effects. The tests were repeated nine times with test-retest intervals of 2 mo. The Developmental Test of Visuo-Motor Integration showed no practice effects, while the Porteus Mazes Test, the Underlining Test, and the Tower of Hanoi Test showed significant practice effects. Practice effects were larger for the older age group on all the tests, except the Developmental Test of Visuo-Motor Integration. The Developmental Test of Visuo-Motor Integration and the Underlining Test showed good reliability, but those of the problem-solving tasks were less satisfactory. The stability of all the tests, except the Tower of Hanoi Test, was good.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ahonniska
- Niilo Mäki Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Low JA, Webster L. Attention and Executive Functions as Mediators of Attachment and Behavior Problems. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hansen AL, Dahl L, Olson G, Thornton D, Grung B, Thayer JF. A long-term fatty fish intervention improved executive function in inpatients with antisocial traits and a history of alcohol and drug abuse. Scand J Psychol 2015; 56:467-74. [PMID: 26032440 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fatty fish consumption on cognitive functioning in a group of inpatients characterized by antisocial behavior. Eighty-three male forensic inpatients participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned into a Fish or a Control group (e.g., meat, chicken, pork). One decision-making task, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and one planning task, the Tower of Hanoi (ToH), were administered before (pre-test) and at the end of the intervention period (post-test). For the IGT the Fish group showed improved performance from pre- to post- test. Moreover, the Fish group showed significantly better performance than the Control group on the IGT at post-test. The Fish group also demonstrated improved performance from pre- to post-test on the ToH; however, this was limited to participants with a history of substance abuse. Further, the improvement was only significant for tasks with high working memory load (5-7 move problems), and not for tasks with low working memory load (1-4 move problems). The Control group showed no improvement on any of the tasks regardless of alcohol or drug abuse history. The present study suggests that regular fatty fish consumption may improve executive functions in forensic inpatients with antisocial traits and a history of substance abuse. Thus, the current results may have important implications with regard to health care interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Hansen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Gina Olson
- Sand Ridge Secure Treatment Center (SRSTC), Mauston, WI, USA
| | - David Thornton
- Sand Ridge Secure Treatment Center (SRSTC), Mauston, WI, USA
| | - Bjørn Grung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Schiff R, Vakil E. Age differences in cognitive skill learning, retention and transfer: The case of the Tower of Hanoi Puzzle. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gofer-Levi M, Silberg T, Brezner A, Vakil E. Cognitive procedural learning among children and adolescents with or without spastic cerebral palsy: the differential effect of age. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1952-1962. [PMID: 24858793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children learn to engage their surroundings skillfully, adopting implicit knowledge of complex regularities and associations. Probabilistic classification learning (PCL) is a type of cognitive procedural learning in which different cues are probabilistically associated with specific outcomes. Little is known about the effects of developmental disorders on cognitive skill acquisition. METHODS Twenty-four children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) were compared to 24 typically developing (TD) youth in their ability to learn probabilistic associations. Performance was examined in relation to general cognitive abilities, level of motor impairment and age. RESULTS Improvement in PCL was observed for all participants, with no relation to IQ. An age effect was found only among TD children. CONCLUSIONS Learning curves of children with CP on a cognitive procedural learning task differ from those of TD peers and do not appear to be age sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gofer-Levi
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - T Silberg
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel.
| | - A Brezner
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel.
| | - E Vakil
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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Quintas JL, Souza VC, Henriques AD, Machado-Silva W, Toledo JO, Córdova C, Moraes CF, Camargos EF, Nóbrega OT. Lack of association between apolipoprotein E genotypes and cognitive performance in the non-demented elderly. Psychogeriatrics 2014; 14:11-6. [PMID: 24118648 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The ε4 alelle of the apolipoprotein E gene is known to be a key genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and possibly for other neurological disorders. Some evidence in the literature indicates that the ε4 allele interferes with human cognition independently of chronological age and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The present study investigated the correlation of allelic variants of apolipoprotein E with the cognitive performance of elderly individuals without apparent cognitive impairment. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 213 non-demented elderly individuals (age ≥60 years) from the Brazilian Federal District. The analysis assessed the subjects for cognitive domains including short- and long-term episodic memory, processing speed, and attention and executive functions. Sociodemographic and other clinical characteristics were gathered and analyzed as covariates. RESULTS Being sufficiently powered, the present study did not identify differential performance across apolipoprotein E genotypes. There was no influence of age, gender, marital status, schooling, depressive symptoms or use of central nervous system depressants when the analyses were controlled for such factors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the ε4 allele does not contribute to detectable cognitive decline within the context of non-dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lima Quintas
- Geriatric Medical Centre, Hospital of the University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Performance of the Towers of Hanoi task and cortical electroencephalographic power changes associated with infancy, adolescence, and early adulthood. Exp Brain Res 2013; 231:315-24. [PMID: 24013790 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The executive functions, which depend on the adequate maturation and functioning of the prefrontal cortex and its connection to posterior zones, follow a process of development as age increases. This work studied changes in the absolute power (AP) of EEG activity recorded in the prefrontal and parietal areas during the performance of the Tower of Hanoi task in children, adolescents, and young adults. Three groups of healthy male subjects such as G1, 11-13; G2, 18-20; and G3, 26-30, years of age were recorded at the F3, F4, P3, and P4 derivations under two conditions: basal and performance of the Towers of Hanoi task. The majority of subjects in G1 failed to complete the task in the allotted time (7 min), while those in G2 and G3 were able to resolve the task quickly and efficiently. During the Towers of Hanoi task, G1 showed an increase of AP in the delta band only in the frontal areas, with a decrease in the alpha1 and alpha2 sub-bands only at the parietal derivations, while G2 and G3 were characterized by an increase of AP in the delta band and a decreased AP in the alpha1 and alpha2 sub-bands in all derivations. These data demonstrate that during the performance of the Towers of Hanoi task, the prefrontal and parietal areas show a characteristic EEG pattern in relation to age. It is probable that the AP patterns obtained in G2 and G3 are associated with the functional changes at cortical levels that adolescents and early adults require to achieve an adequate and fast performance of the Towers of Hanoi task.
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Müller U, Kerns KA, Konkin K. Test–Retest Reliability and Practice Effects of Executive Function Tasks in Preschool Children. Clin Neuropsychol 2012; 26:271-87. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2011.645558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Guevara MA, Rizo Martínez LE, Robles Aguirre FA, Hernández González M. Prefrontal-parietal correlation during performance of the towers of Hanoi task in male children, adolescents and young adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 2:129-38. [PMID: 22682734 PMCID: PMC6987710 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential age differences in the electroencephalographic (EEG) correlation (r) between the prefrontal and parietal cortices during performance of the Tower of Hanoi task were studied. In three groups of healthy males (G1, 11-13; G2, 18-20, and G3, 26-30, years of age) EEGs were recorded at baseline and during performance of the Tower of Hanoi task. The parameters of the task showed no significant differences among groups, though the majority of younger subjects failed to complete it. The G1 group showed increases only in the interparietal r. The G2 group showed an increased interhemispheric and intrahemispheric r in almost all frequency bands, while the r in G3 increased only in selected frequency bands in the right hemisphere. These findings demonstrate that the functional coupling between these two cortices shows a characteristic pattern during performance of the Hanoi task that, while specific to each age group, was not associated with the successful performance of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Guevara
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos Vallarta, C. P. 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lucía Ester Rizo Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos Vallarta, C. P. 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Marisela Hernández González
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos Vallarta, C. P. 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Willoughby M, Blair C. Test-retest reliability of a new executive function battery for use in early childhood. Child Neuropsychol 2011; 17:564-79. [PMID: 21714751 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2011.554390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study reported test-retest reliability for a newly developed executive function battery designed for use in early childhood. A total of 140 predominantly low-income children (M = 48.1 months; 51% male; 43% African American) completed up to six tasks on two occasions an average of 18 (Mdn = 16) days apart. Pearson correlations between individual task scores indicated moderate retest reliability (mean r = .60; range = .52-.66) similar to that observed in other retest studies of executive function in preschool, school-aged, and adult samples. In contrast, confirmatory factor analyses of performance on the task battery across time indicated high retest reliability (ϕ = .95) that was identical to that observed in a recent study that used an identical method involving a sample of older adults. The short-term test-retest reliability of executive function in early childhood is comparable to that observed in childhood and adult samples. The retest reliability of children's performance on batteries of executive function tasks is appreciably stronger than the retest reliability of their performance on individual tasks. Studies that focus on inter- and intraindividual differences in executive function would be better served by using scores that are derived from task batteries than those derived from individual tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Willoughby
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, FPG Child Development Institute, Carrboro, NC 27510, USA.
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Ellis ML, Weiss B, Lochman JE. Executive functions in children: associations with aggressive behavior and appraisal processing. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 37:945-56. [PMID: 19408113 PMCID: PMC3978175 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether and how deficits in executive functioning and distortions in appraisal processing are related to subtypes of aggressive behavior. The sample included 83 boys assessed using multi-informant reports and performance measures. Deficits in two executive functions, response inhibition and planning ability were related primarily to reactive aggression. Hostile attributional biases moderated relations between planning ability and proactive and reactive aggression subtypes, with minimal relations between planning deficits and aggression at low levels of hostile attributional bias. As the level of hostile attributional bias increased, the relation between planning deficits and reactive aggression became increasingly large in a positive direction whereas the relation between planning deficits and proactive aggression became increasingly negative. Additionally, hostile encoding moderated the relation between behavioral inhibition and reactive aggressive behavior. Results also suggested a mediational role for response inhibition in the relation between planning ability and reactive aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesha L Ellis
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Ahonniska J, Ahonen T, Aro T, Lyytinen H. Suggestions for revised scoring of the Tower of Hanoi test. Assessment 2000; 7:311-20. [PMID: 11037396 DOI: 10.1177/107319110000700309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Detailed time and error analyses of the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) test was performed using four repeated assessments of eight children (ages 9-12 years), who had perceptual and problem solving deficits. The time before each move was measured. In addition to the traditionally counted time scores, new, relative time scores were computed in order to separate the planning time from the general reaction speed. New error scores were defined and sum scores of serious errors (perserative moves, illegal moves, and wrong results) and mild errors (self-corrected moves, almost performed moves, and interrupted trials) were computed. The relative planning time correlated positively with the achieved score, and negatively with the serious errors. The serious errors correlated negatively with the achieved score. The relative planning time seems to measure the quality of planning better than does the raw planning time, and it is a recommended score for TOH analysis. The value of new error scores requires additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ahonniska
- Niilo Mäki Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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