1
|
Castro-Ferreira R, Cardoso R, Leite-Moreira A, Mansilha A. The Role of Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation in Chronic Venous Disease. Ann Vasc Surg 2018; 46:380-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2017.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
2
|
Sun C, Wang X, Zheng G, Fan S, Lu J, Zhang Z, Wu D, Shan Q, Hu B, Zheng Y. Protective effect of different flavonoids against endothelial senescence via NLRP3 inflammasome. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
3
|
Martinez‐Zapata MJ, Vernooij RWM, Uriona Tuma SM, Stein AT, Moreno RM, Vargas E, Capellà D, Bonfill Cosp X. Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 4:CD003229. [PMID: 27048768 PMCID: PMC7173720 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003229.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common condition caused by valvular dysfunction with or without associated obstruction, usually in the lower limbs. It might result in considerable discomfort with symptoms such as pain, itchiness and tiredness in the legs. Patients with CVI may also experience swelling and ulcers. Phlebotonics are a class of drugs often used to treat CVI. This is an update of a review first published in 2005. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of phlebotonics administered both orally and topically for treatment of signs and symptoms of lower extremity CVI. SEARCH METHODS For this update, the Cochrane Vascular Trials Search Co-ordinator (TSC) searched the Specialised Register (August 2015), as well as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 7). The reference lists of the articles retrieved by electronic searches were searched for additional citations. We also contacted pharmaceutical companies and searched the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal for ongoing studies (last searched in August 2015). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of rutosides, hidrosmine, diosmine, calcium dobesilate, chromocarbe, Centella asiatica, disodium flavodate, french maritime pine bark extract, grape seed extract and aminaftone in patients with CVI at any stage of the disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the quality of included RCTs. We estimated the effects of treatment by using risk ratios (RRs), mean differences (MDs) and standardised mean differences (SMDs), according to the outcome assessed. We calculated 95% confidence interval (CIs) and percentage of heterogeneity (I(2)). Additionally, we performed sensitivity analyses. MAIN RESULTS We included 66 RCTs of oral phlebotonics, but only 53 trials provided quantifiable data (involving 6013 participants; mean age 50 years) for the efficacy analysis: 28 for rutosides, 10 hidrosmine and diosmine, nine calcium dobesilate, two Centella asiatica, two aminaftone, two french maritime pine bark extract and one grape seed extract. No studies evaluating topical phlebotonics, chromocarbe, naftazone or disodium flavodate fulfilled the inclusion criteria.Moderate-quality evidence suggests that phlebotonics reduced oedema in the lower legs compared with placebo. Phlebotonics showed beneficial effects among participants including reduced oedema (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.78; I(2) = 20%; 1245 participants) and ankle circumference (MD -4.27 mm, 95% CI -5.61 to -2.93 mm; I(2) = 47%; 2010 participants). Low-quality evidence reveals no difference in the proportion of ulcers cured with phlebotonics compared with placebo (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.13; I(2) = 5%; 461 participants). In addition, phlebotonics showed greater efficacy for trophic disorders, cramps, restless legs, swelling and paraesthesia, when compared with placebo. We identified heterogeneity for the variables of pain, itching, heaviness, quality of life and global assessment by participants. For quality of life, it was not possible to pool the studies because heterogeneity was high. However, high-quality evidence suggests no differences in quality of life for calcium dobesilate compared with placebo (MD -0.60, 95% CI -2.15 to 0.95; I(2) = 40%; 617 participants), and low-quality evidence indicates that in the aminaftone group, quality of life was improved over that reported in the placebo group (MD -10.00, 95% CI -17.01 to - 2.99; 79 participants). Moderate-quality evidence shows that the phlebotonics group had greater risk of non-severe adverse events than the placebo group (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.41; I(2) = 0; 3975 participants). Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Moderate-quality evidence shows that phlebotonics may have beneficial effects on oedema and on some signs and symptoms related to CVI such as trophic disorders, cramps, restless legs, swelling and paraesthesia when compared with placebo but can produce more adverse effects. Phlebotonics showed no differences compared with placebo in ulcer healing. Additional high-quality RCTs focused on clinically important outcomes are needed to improve the evidence base.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Martinez‐Zapata
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre ‐ Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavilion 18BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
| | - Robin WM Vernooij
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre ‐ Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)C/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
| | - Sonia Maria Uriona Tuma
- Vall Hebron University HospitalPreventive Medicine and Public HealthPasseig Vall Hebron 119‐129BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08035
| | - Airton T Stein
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da SaúdeDepartment of Public HealthUlbra and Grupo Hospitalar ConceiçãoPorto AlegreBrazil9
| | - Rosa M Moreno
- Universitary Hospital La PrincesaAngiology, Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryC/ Diego de León, 62MadridMadridSpain28040
| | - Emilio Vargas
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Universidad Complutense de MadridProf. Martin Lagos s.n.MadridSpain28040
| | - Dolors Capellà
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de GironaUnit of Clinical Pharmacology, TransLab Research Group, Department of Medical SciencesGironaSpain
| | - Xavier Bonfill Cosp
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) ‐ Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaIberoamerican Cochrane Centre ‐ Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167Pavilion 18 (D‐13)BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lemmens KJ, Sthijns MM, van der Vijgh WJ, Bast A, Haenen GR. The antioxidant flavonoid monoHER provides efficient protection and induces the innate Nrf2 mediated adaptation in endothelial cells subjected to oxidative stress. PHARMANUTRITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
5
|
Lemmens KJ, van de Wier B, Vaes N, Ghosh M, van Zandvoort MA, van der Vijgh WJ, Bast A, Haenen GR. The flavonoid 7-mono-O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside is able to protect endothelial cells by a direct antioxidant effect. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:538-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Werner I, Guo F, Kiessling AH, Juengel E, Relja B, Lamm P, Stock UA, Moritz A, Beiras-Fernandez A. Treatment of endothelial cell with flavonoids modulates transendothelial leukocyte migration. Phlebology 2014; 30:405-11. [DOI: 10.1177/0268355514531951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the flavonoid oxerutin (Venoruton®, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) on endothelial cell apoptosis and transendothelial migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to elucidate the potential mechanisms affecting these processes. Methods: Human endothelial cells were treated with Venoruton to assess the potential effect on apoptosis and on the transendothelial migration process. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in endothelial cell after Venoruton treatment as well as reactive oxygen species levels were analyzed. Results: Low-dose Venoruton shows a protective effect on endothelial cells and inhibits transendothelial migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells through an endothelial monolayer, but high-dose Venoruton inversely elevated transendothelial migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Meanwhile, a dose-dependent action of Venoruton on endothelial cell apoptosis could be observed. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression were gradually increased in endothelial cells with increasing Venoruton dosage. In addition, reactive oxygen species were significantly reduced by 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM Venoruton and elevated after high dose treatment. Conclusion: These data suggest that the increased transendothelial migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells is related to the excessive activation of the nitric oxide-axis and subsequent relaxation of the endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Werner
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fengwei Guo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arndh H Kiessling
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Lamm
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Chirurgische Klinik Dr. Rinecker, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich A Stock
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anton Moritz
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andres Beiras-Fernandez
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stuard S, Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Dugall M, Ledda A, Cacchio M, Ricci A, Ippolito E, Di Renzo A, Grossi MG. Five-year treatment of chronic venous insufficiency with O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides: safety aspects. Int J Angiol 2012; 17:143-8. [PMID: 22477419 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1278299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), and related signs and symptoms of venous and diabetic microangiopathy, can be effectively treated with O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR). The aim of the present independent registry study was to evaluate HR in a long-term (five-year) period of administration that examined the tolerability and safety of HR. Patients with severe CVI and venous microangiopathy were included in the registry. Subjects who completed five years of treatment were considered in the analysis. Blood parameters, liver and renal function tests, microalbuminuria (in diabetic patients) and cholesterol levels were evaluated to assess the effects of HR treatment. Four groups were studied - group A (98 patients) received oral HR (1500 mg per day), group B (87 diabetic patients with CVI) was treated with 2 g of HR per day, group C (90 controls, including 42 diabetic patients) had no pharmacological treatment and group D (113 patients, including 48 diabetic patients) used elastic stockings. No significant negative changes in blood parameters were recorded at two and five years. Decreases in microalbuminuria and total cholesterol, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed in HR-treated patients, particularly in diabetic patients. Minimal (nonsignificant) variations were observed in the groups that did not use HR. In conclusion, HR treatment is safe, and some positive effects from HR on cholesterol levels and microalbuminuria (in diabetic patients) that were previously observed may suggest potential new clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Stuard
- Unitá Operative Dialisi/Diaferesi, L'Aquila
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Budzyń M, Iskra M, Krasiński Z, Dzieciuchowicz Ł, Kasprzak M, Gryszczyńska B. Serum iron concentration and plasma oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with chronic venous insufficency. Med Sci Monit 2012; 17:CR719-27. [PMID: 22129904 PMCID: PMC3628123 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate serum iron concentration and influence of this element on biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients affected by chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Material/Methods Serum iron (SI) concentration and plasma parameters of oxidant–antioxidant balance (i.e., malonyldialdehyde [MDA], uric acid [UA] concentration, and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]) were compared between 35 patients divided into appropriate groups and 23 healthy individuals. Results The subgroups analysis showed that SI concentration was significantly higher only in patients with shorter duration of CVI in comparison with the control group (P=0.013). Significant, negative correlation was found between SI concentration and duration of the disease (r=−0.422, P=0.014), age of the patients (r=−0.542, P=0.001) and BMI (r=−0.408, P=0.018). Mean value of MDA concentration and TAC capacity were higher in patients with CVI in comparison with healthy individuals (P<0.05). UA concentration was decreased, especially in CVI patients with mild clinical stage of disease and shorter CVI duration (P=0.047; P=0.034). There was no significant correlation found between SI concentration and the parameters of oxidant–antioxidant balance. Conclusions High concentration of MDA and low UA level in blood of CVI patients suggests that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The increase in SI concentration observed in the early stage of CVI can enhance free radicals formation; however, direct evidence has not been provided by the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Budzyń
- Department of General Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ezzat T, van den Broek MA, Davies N, Dejong CH, Bast A, Malagó M, Dhar DK, Olde Damink SW. The flavonoid monoHER prevents monocrotaline-induced hepatic sinusoidal injury in rats. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:72-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.23046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
10
|
Perrotta I, Perrotta E, Guido C, Tripepi S, Donato G, Aquila S, Rosato EG. Ultrastructure of Popliteal Vein Aneurysm. Ultrastruct Pathol 2011; 35:197-203. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2011.584658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
11
|
Yan Z, Zeng L, Jia L, Xu S, Ding S. Increased numbers of circulating ECs are associated with systemic GVHD. Int J Lab Hematol 2011; 33:507-15. [PMID: 21605346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2011.01322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating endothelial cells (ECs) are known to reflect endothelial injury, and endothelial injury is associated with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We hypothesised that circulating ECs might be associated with systemic acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). METHODS BALB/c (H-2k(d) ) mice were treated with total body irradiation and then infused with C57B/6-derived T-cell-depleted bone marrow (TCD-BM) cells or TCD-BM cells and splenocytes. Cyclosporine was used to prevent aGVHD. Circulating ECs and allogeneic lymphocytes were analysed by flow cytometry at multiple time points. The morphology and ultrastructure of the endothelium were examined by light microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The results indicated that the number of circulating ECs peaked at day 5 after lethal irradiation in all mice; allogenic transplanted mice (TCD-BM cells and splenocytes) developed typical aGVHD beginning at day 7, exhibiting both histological and clinical symptoms of disease. Circulating ECs peaked a second time at day 9 with aGVHD progression. However, following the administration of CSA, an absence of or a reduction in the amount of subsequent endothelial injury was observed. CONCLUSION Circulating ECs might be associated with systemic aGVHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Yan
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Belcaro G, Rosaria Cesarone M, Ledda A, Cacchio M, Ruffini I, Ricci A, Ippolito E, Di Renzo A, Dugall M, Corsi M, Marino Santarelli AR, Grossi MG. O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides systemic and local treatment in chronic venous disease and microangiopathy: an independent prospective comparative study. Angiology 2008; 59 Suppl 1:7S-13S. [PMID: 18287162 DOI: 10.1177/0003319707312021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR) is used to treat chronic venous disease and signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), varicose veins, and deep venous disease. This independent prospective controlled trial (a registry study) evaluates how the efficacy of HR at the local level (perimalleolar region) can be increased by the administration of a topical HR gel. The study is based on evaluation of microcirculatory variables in patients with severe CVI (ambulatory venous pressure, > 56 mm Hg) and venous microangiopathy. Patients are treated using 1 of the following 3 regimens: oral treatment with 1 g sachets of HR (2 g/d total) plus topical HR 2% gel applied 3 times daily at the internal perimalleolar region; oral treatment only (same dosage), or light elastic compression stockings. Laser Doppler skin flux at rest, skin flux at the perimalleolar region, and transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2 are measured at baseline and at the end of the treatment period. A comparable group of healthy individuals without treatment is observed for 8 weeks. In the treatment groups, flux is increased, PO2 is decreased, and PCO2 is increased compared with normal skin. At 4 and 8 weeks, the improvement in skin flux (which is decreased by all measurements), the increase in PO2, and the decrease in PCO2 (indicating microcirculatory improvement) are statistically significantly greater in the combined oral plus topical treatment group (P < .05). No adverse effects, tolerability problems, or compliance issues are noted. These results indicate an important role of HR in the treatment and control of CVI and venous microangiopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Belcaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University, and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Ledda A, Cacchio M, Ruffini I, Ricci A, Ippolito E, Di Renzo A, Dugall M, Corsi M, Marino Santarelli AR, Grossi MG. 5-Year Control and Treatment of Edema and Increased Capillary Filtration in Venous Hypertension and Diabetic Microangiopathy Using O-(β-Hydroxyethyl)-Rutosides: A Prospective Comparative Clinical Registry. Angiology 2008; 59 Suppl 1:14S-20S. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319707312683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This independent prospective controlled trial evaluates the efficacy of O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR) during 5 years of administration against signs and symptoms and further degeneration of microcirculatory disturbances. The protective effect of HR in preventing end-point complications such as venous ulceration is evaluated. This study is based on evaluation of edema and the capillary filtration rate (CFR) in association with a clinical score scale. Patients having a severe degree of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and venous microangiopathy and completing at least 5 years of treatment are included. The following 4 groups are considered: group A (patients with CVI but without diabetes mellitus, receiving 1500 mg/d of HR), group B (patients with CVI and diabetes mellitus, receiving 2 g/d of HR), group C (control subjects receiving no pharmacologic or compression treatment), and group D (patients using elastic compression stockings only). All patients received the “best” available treatment. No adverse effects or intolerance is noted, with good compliance (>85%). In group A, there is a statistically significant decrease in the CFR during 5 years of follow-up. In group B, the decrease in the CFR is greater than that in group A. Reductions in edema, swelling, and the CFR during 5 years are notable, and values approach normal levels. During 5 years, HR is effective in treating venous edema and hypertension and in preventing deterioration of the distal venous system. The prevention of ulcerations with HR is another important observation. The effects of HR seem to be partially dose related, and tolerability and compliance are good.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Belcaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy,
| | - Maria Rosaria Cesarone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Andrea Ledda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Marisa Cacchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Irma Ruffini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Andrea Ricci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Edmondo Ippolito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Renzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Mark Dugall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Marcello Corsi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Marino Santarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Grossi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
and the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Grossi MG. O-(β-Hydroxyethyl)-Rutosides (Paroven; Venoruton): New Studies, Improved Safety, and Novel Cardiovascular Applications. Angiology 2008; 59 Suppl 1:5S-6S. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319707313094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianni Belcaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chieti-Pescara University,
San Valentino, Italy,
| | | |
Collapse
|