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Petković M, Leopold J, Popović I, Dimić D, Ilić J, Nenadović M, Rakočević Z, Schiller J. Performances of ionic liquid matrices with butyl ammonium counterion for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric detection and analysis of sucralfate. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1669633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Petković
- Department of Atomic Physics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jenny Leopold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iva Popović
- Department of Atomic Physics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Dimić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Ilić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Nenadović
- Department of Atomic Physics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zlatko Rakočević
- Department of Atomic Physics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Heparin: An essential drug for modern medicine. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 163:1-19. [PMID: 31030744 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a life-saving drug, which belongs to few clinically used drugs without defined molecular structures in modern medicine. Heparin is the mostly negatively charged biopolymer with a broad distributions in molecular weight, charge density, and biological activities. Heparin is mainly composed of repeating trisulfated disaccharide units, which is made by mast cells that are enriched in the intestines, lungs or livers of animals. Porcine intestines and bovine lungs are two mostly used sources for heparin isolation. Heparin is well known for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic pharmacological effects. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is attributable to a 3-O-sulfate and 6-O-sulfate containing pentasaccharide sequence or a minimum eight-repeating disaccharide units containing the pentasaccharide sequence that catalyzes the suicidal inactivation of factor Xa or thrombin by a serpin or serine protease inhibitor named antithrombin III, respectively. Thus, heparin is responsible for the simultaneous inhibition of both thrombin generation and thrombin activity in the blood circulation. Moreover, heparin has many pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, anti-neoplastic, and anti-metastatic effects though high affinity interactions with a variety of proteases, protease inhibitors, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and their respective receptors. The one drug multiple molecular targeting properties make heparin a very special drug in that various clinical trials are still conducting worldwide even 100 years after its discovery. In this review, we will summarize the structure-function relationship and the molecular mechanisms of heparin. We will also provide an overview of different clinical and potential clinical applications of heparin.
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Dou H, Song A, Jia S, Zhang L. Heparinoids Danaparoid and Sulodexide as clinically used drugs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 163:55-74. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Corbier A, Le Berre N, Rampe D, Meng H, Lorenz M, Vicat P, Potdevin S, Doubovetzky M. Oversulfated Chondroitin Sulfate and OSCS-Contaminated Heparin Cause Dose- and Route-Dependent Hemodynamic Effects in the Rat. Toxicol Sci 2011; 121:417-27. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pan J, Qian Y, Weiser P, Zhou X, Lu H, Studelska DR, Zhang L. Glycosaminoglycans and activated contact system in cancer patient plasmas. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:473-95. [PMID: 20807657 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations create cancer cells. Cancer cells require thrombin for growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. All cancer patients display a hypercoagulable state, which includes platelet activation, blood coagulation, complement activation, vasodilatation, and inflammation. This often results in thrombosis, the second leading cause of death in cancer patients. It is established that chemically oversulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) induce thrombin generation through contact system activation in human plasma. Thrombin is responsible for thrombosis. In this chapter, we show that plasmas from lung cancer patients contain activated contact systems apparent by the absence of high molecular weight kininogen and processed C1inh, by abnormal kallikrein and thrombin activities, and by increased glucosamine, galactosamine, and GAG levels. Activated contact systems were also evident in plasmas from breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer patients. These data suggest that GAGs or other molecules produced by tumors induce abnormal thrombin generation through contact system activation. Therefore, the contact system and glycans represent new targets for cancer diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Zhang L. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis and GAG-binding proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:1-17. [PMID: 20807638 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two major types of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, are polymerized and modified by enzymes that are encoded by more than 40 genes in animal cells. Because of the expression repertoire of the GAG assembly and modification enzymes, each heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chain has a sulfation pattern, chain length, and fine structure that is potentially unique to each animal cell. GAGs interact with hundreds of proteins. Such interactions protect growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines against proteolysis. GAGs catalyze protease (such as thrombin) inhibition by serpins. GAGs regulate multiple signaling pathways including, but not limited to, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGFR, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/c-Ret/GFRalpha1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGFR, BAFF/TACI, Indian hedgehog, Wnt, and BMP signaling pathways,where genetic studies have revealed an absolute requirement for GAGs in these pathways. Most importantly, protein/GAG aggregates induce thrombin generation and immune system upregulation by activating the contact system. Abnormal protein/GAG aggregates are associated with a variety of devastating human diseases including, but not limited to, Alzheimer's, diabetes, prion or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, Lupus, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis, and different kinds of cancers. Therefore, GAGs are essential components of modern molecular biology and human physiology. Understanding GAG structure and function at molecular level with regard to development and health represents a unique opportunity in combating different kinds of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Weiser P, Qian Y, Pan J, Zhou X, Lu H, Studelska DR, Shih FF, Zhang L. Activated contact system and abnormal glycosaminoglycans in lupus and other auto- and non-autoimmune diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:443-72. [PMID: 20807656 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are marked by the presence of autoantibodies against negatively changed DNA, phospholipids, heparin, and chondroitin sulfate, respectively. Heparin/protein complexes induce contact system activation in HIT patient plasmas. The activated contact system generates thrombin. Thrombin is responsible for thrombosis, a common cause of death and disabilities for both HIT and SLE. In this chapter, we analyze plasma contact system proteins, thrombin- and kallikrein-like activities, glucosamine and galactosamine content from SLE-, RA-, osteoarthritis (OA)-, and psoriasis (Ps)-patient plasmas in addition to pooled 30+ healthy patient plasmas. We found that all SLE patient plasmas exhibited abnormal contact systems marked by the absence of high molecular weight kininogen, the presence of processed C1 inhibitor (C1inh), the display of abnormal thrombin- and kallikrein-like activities, and increased levels of plasma glucosamine and galactosamine. Different patterns of contact system activation distinguish SLE, RA, and Ps whereas no contact system activation is observed in normal and OA patient plasmas. The presence of paradoxical "lupus anticoagulants" in certain thrombosis-prone SLE patient plasmas, marked by delayed clotting in clinical plasma test, was explained by the consumption of contact system proteins, especially high molecular weight kininogen. Finally, we discovered that mouse and human SLE autoantibodies bind to cell surface GAGs with structural selectivity. In conclusion, markers of abnormal contact system activation represent potential new targets for autoimmune disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. These markers might also be useful in monitoring SLE activity/severity and in pinpointing patients with SLE-associated arthritis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Weiser
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Chondroitin sulfate and abnormal contact system in rheumatoid arthritis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:423-42. [PMID: 20807655 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that affects 1% of the population worldwide. In the K/BxN mouse model of RA, autoantibodies specific for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) from these mice can transfer joint-specific inflammation to normal mice. The binding of GPI/autoantibody to the cartilage surface is a prerequisite for autoantibody-induced joint-specific inflammation in the mouse model. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) on cartilage surface is the long sought high-affinity receptor for GPI. The binding affinity and structural differences between mouse paw/ankle CS and knee/elbow CS correlate with the distal to proximal disease severity in these joints. The data presented in this chapter indicate that autoantigen/autoantibodies in blood circulation activate contact system to produce vasodilators to allow immune complex, protein aggregates, and other plasma proteins to get into the joints. Cartilage surface CS binds and retains autoantigen/autoantibodies. The CS/autoantigen/autoantibody complexes could induce C3a and C5a production through contact system activation. C3a and C5a trigger degranulation of mast cells, which further recruit plasma contact system and complement proteins, immune cells, and immune activation factors to facilitate joint-specific tissue destruction. Therefore, either reducing autoantibody production or inhibiting autoantibody-induced contact system activation might be effective in RA prevention.
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