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Chen S, Wang W, Yan G, Liu M, Li M, Chen P, Ma Q, Zhang J, Tang Y, Zhou L, You D. Amniotic Fluid Proteomics Analysis and In Vitro Validation to Identify Potential Biomarkers of Preterm Birth. Reprod Sci 2024:10.1007/s43032-024-01457-3. [PMID: 38453771 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the regulation of amniotic fibroblast (AFC) function by vitamin K-dependent protein Z (PROZ) during preterm birth (PTB) and its potential role in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Proteomic samples were collected from amniotic fluid in the second trimester, and AFC were isolated from the amniotic membrane and cultured in vitro. The expression of extracellular and intracellular PROZ in AFC was modulated, and their biological properties and functions were evaluated. Clinical analysis revealed a significant upregulation of PROZ expression in amniotic fluid from preterm pregnant women. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PROZ stimulated AFC migration, enhanced their proliferative capacity, and reduced collagen secretion. Overexpression of PROZ further enhanced cell migration and proliferation, while knockdown of PROZ had the opposite effect. PROZ plays a crucial role in promoting the proliferation and migration of amniotic membrane fibroblasts. Increased PROZ expression in amniotic fluid is associated with the occurrence of PTB. These findings shed light on the potential involvement of PROZ in adverse pregnancy outcomes and provide a basis for further research on its regulatory mechanisms during PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siguo Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Weizhou Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanghong Yan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Mengmei Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Min Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Qingyan Ma
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Jinman Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Tang
- The Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Linglin Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gejiu City People's Hospital, Gejiu, 661000, Yunnan, China
| | - Dingyun You
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China.
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Barnes JL, Pabian IE, Bonjour AK, Mosbacher KA, Mortrude GC, Beasley KA. Cefazolin-Associated INR Elevation: A Case Report. J Pharm Pract 2024; 37:234-238. [PMID: 36206055 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221132680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To describe a case of significantly elevated international normalized ratio (INR) in a patient on apixaban receiving treatment with intravenous cefazolin in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and malnutrition. Summary: A 74-year-old male patient on apixaban receiving cefazolin for osteomyelitis in the setting of COVID-19 and poor nutritional intake presented with internal jugular tunneled catheter site bleeding and an INR of greater than 22.5. Laboratory abnormalities and bleeding concerns were successfully managed with vitamin K and changing antimicrobial therapy from cefazolin to daptomycin. Follow-up labs one week later demonstrated a sustained improvement in coagulopathy. Conclusion: INR prolongation believed to be secondary to cefazolin can be effectively managed with administration of vitamin K and conversion of antimicrobial therapy to an alternative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah L Barnes
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Inez E Pabian
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abigail K Bonjour
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karolyn A Mosbacher
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Grace C Mortrude
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kyle A Beasley
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Mulder MMG, Schellens J, Sels JWEM, van Rosmalen F, Hulshof AM, de Vries F, Segers R, Mihl C, van Mook WNKA, Bast A, Spronk HMH, Henskens YMC, van der Horst ICC, Cate HT, Schurgers LJ, Drent M, van Bussel BCT. Higher levels of circulating desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein over time are associated with worse survival: the prospective Maastricht Intensive Care COVID cohort. J Intensive Care 2023; 11:63. [PMID: 38111069 PMCID: PMC10726599 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-023-00712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extra-hepatic vitamin K-status, measured by dephosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP), maintains vascular health, with high levels reflecting poor vitamin K status. The occurrence of extra-hepatic vitamin K deficiency throughout the disease of COVID-19 and possible associations with pulmonary embolism (PE), and mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigated the association between dp-ucMGP, at endotracheal intubation (ETI) and both ICU and six months mortality. Furthermore, we studied the associations between serially measured dp-ucMGP and both PE and mortality. METHODS We included 112 ICU patients with confirmed COVID-19. Over the course of 4 weeks after ETI, dp-ucMGP was measured serially. All patients underwent computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) to rule out PE. Results were adjusted for patient characteristics, disease severity scores, inflammation, renal function, history of coumarin use, and coronary artery calcification (CAC) scores. RESULTS Per 100 pmol/L dp-ucMGP, at ETI, the odds ratio (OR) was 1.056 (95% CI: 0.977 to 1.141, p = 0.172) for ICU mortality and 1.059 (95% CI: 0.976 to 1.059, p = 0.170) for six months mortality. After adjustments for age, gender, and APACHE II score, the mean difference in plasma dp-ucMGP over time of ICU admission was 167 pmol/L (95% CI: 4 to 332, p = 0.047). After additional adjustments for c-reactive protein, creatinine, and history of coumarin use, the difference was 199 pmol/L (95% CI: 50 to 346, p = 0.010). After additional adjustment for CAC score the difference was 213 pmol/L (95% CI: 3 to 422, p = 0.051) higher in ICU non-survivors compared to the ICU survivors. The regression slope, indicating changes over time, did not differ. Moreover, dp-ucMGP was not associated with PE. CONCLUSION ICU mortality in COVID-19 patients was associated with higher dp-ucMGP levels over 4 weeks, independent of age, gender, and APACHE II score, and not explained by inflammation, renal function, history of coumarin use, and CAC score. No association with PE was observed. At ETI, higher levels of dp-ucMGP were associated with higher OR for both ICU and six month mortality in crude and adjusted modes, although not statistically significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M G Mulder
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joep Schellens
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem E M Sels
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van Rosmalen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marije Hulshof
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke de Vries
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Segers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Mihl
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Walther N K A van Mook
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Academy for Postgraduate Medical Training, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expert Centre Maastricht and Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M C Henskens
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan C C van der Horst
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Ten Cate
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expert Centre Maastricht and Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Drent
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- ILD Centre of Excellence, Department of Respiratory Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- ILD Care Foundation Research Team, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Bas C T van Bussel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Liz-Pimenta J, Tavares V, Neto BV, Santos JMO, Guedes CB, Araújo A, Khorana AA, Medeiros R. Thrombosis and cachexia in cancer: two partners in crime? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 186:103989. [PMID: 37061076 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Among cancer patients, thrombosis and cachexia are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Although the two may occur together, little is known about their possible relationship. Thus, a literature review was conducted by screening the databases PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Medline and Web of Science. To summarize, cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) and cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) seem to share several patient-, tumour- and treatment-related risk factors. Inflammation alongside metabolic and endocrine derangement is the potential missing link between CAT, CAC and cancer. Many key players, including specific pro-inflammatory cytokines, immune cells and hormones, appear to be implicated in both thrombosis and cachexia, representing attractive predictive markers and potential therapeutic targets. Altogether, the current evidence suggests a link between CAT and CAC, however, epidemiological studies are required to explore this potential relationship. Given the high incidence and negative impact of both diseases, further studies are needed for the better management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Liz-Pimenta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-508 Vila Real, Portugal; FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valéria Tavares
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Vieira Neto
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana M O Santos
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brandão Guedes
- Department of Imunohemotherapy, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Araújo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal; UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alok A Khorana
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States of America
| | - Rui Medeiros
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer - Regional Nucleus of the North, 4200-172 Porto, Portugal; Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Mohammad MG, Ashmawy NS, Al-Rawi AM, Abu-Qiyas A, Hamoda AM, Hamdy R, Dakalbab S, Arikat S, Salahat D, Madkour M, Soliman SSM. SARS-CoV-2-free residual proteins mediated phenotypic and metabolic changes in peripheral blood monocytic-derived macrophages in support of viral pathogenesis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280592. [PMID: 36656874 PMCID: PMC9851515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The large-scale dissemination of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and its serious complications have pledged the scientific research communities to uncover the pathogenesis mechanisms of its etiologic agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods of unveiling such mechanisms are rooted in understanding the viral agent's interactions with the immune system, including its ability to activate macrophages, due to their suggested role in prolonged inflammatory phases and adverse immune responses. The objective of this study is to test the effect of SARS-CoV-2-free proteins on the metabolic and immune responses of macrophages. We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 proteins shed during the infection cycle may dynamically induce metabolic and immunologic alterations with an inflammatory impact on the infected host cells. It is imperative to delineate such alterations in the context of macrophages to gain insight into the pathogenesis of these highly infectious viruses and their associated complications and thus, expedite the vaccine and drug therapy advent in combat of viral infections. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with SARS-CoV-2-free proteins at different concentrations. The phenotypic and metabolic alterations in macrophages were investigated and the subsequent metabolic pathways were analyzed. The obtained results indicated that SARS-CoV-2-free proteins induced concentration-dependent alterations in the metabolic and phenotypic profiles of macrophages. Several metabolic pathways were enriched following treatment, including vitamin K, propanoate, and the Warburg effect. These results indicate significant adverse effects driven by residual viral proteins that may hence be considered determinants of viral pathogenesis. These findings provide important insight as to the impact of SARS-CoV-2-free residual proteins on the host cells and suggest a potential new method of management during the infection and prior to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G. Mohammad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Naglaa S. Ashmawy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Al-Rawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ameera Abu-Qiyas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Alshaimaa M. Hamoda
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Salam Dakalbab
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Shahad Arikat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Dana Salahat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mohamed Madkour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Sameh S. M. Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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6
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El-Baky NA, Amara AAAF, Redwan EM. Nutraceutical and therapeutic importance of clots and their metabolites. NUTRACEUTICALS 2023:241-268. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-19193-0.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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7
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Kemp JA, Alvarenga L, Cardozo LFMF, Dai L, Stenvinkel P, Shiels PG, Hackeng TM, Schurgers LJ, Mafra D. Dysbiosis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Let Us Talk About Vitamin K. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:765-779. [PMID: 36138326 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This narrative review aimed to summarize the current evidence on the connection between dysbiosis and vitamin K deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The presence of dysbiosis (perturbations in the composition of the microbiota) has been described in several non-communicable diseases, including chronic kidney disease, and it has been hypothesized that dysbiosis may cause vitamin K deficiency. Patients with CKD present both vitamin K deficiency and gut dysbiosis; however, the relationship between gut dysbiosis and vitamin K deficiency remains to be addressed. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, few studies in animals have demonstrated that a dysbiotic environment is associated with low production of vitamin K by the gut microbiota. Vitamin K plays a vital role in blood coagulation as well as in the cardiovascular and bone systems. It serves as a cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylases and thus is essential for the post-translational modification and activation of vitamin K-dependent calcification regulators, such as osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein, Gla-rich protein, and proteins C and S. Additionally, vitamin K executes essential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. Dietary intake is the main source of vitamin K; however, it also can be produced by gut microbiota. This review discusses the effects of uremia on the imbalance in gut microbiota, vitamin K-producing bacteria, and vitamin K deficiency in CKD patients, leading to a better understanding and raising hypothesis for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ann Kemp
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Livia Alvarenga
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ludmila F M F Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Lu Dai
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica, Rua Marquês Do Paraná, Niterói, RJ, 30324033-900, Brazil.
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8
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Yan H, Chen Y, Zhu H, Huang WH, Cai XH, Li D, Lv YJ, Si-Zhao, Zhou HH, Luo FY, Zhang W, Li X. The Relationship Among Intestinal Bacteria, Vitamin K and Response of Vitamin K Antagonist: A Review of Evidence and Potential Mechanism. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:829304. [PMID: 35510250 PMCID: PMC9058076 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.829304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin K antagonist is a commonly prescribed effective oral anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic range, and the dose requirements for different patients varied greatly. In recent years, studies on human intestinal microbiome have provided many valuable insights into disease development and drug reactions. A lot of studies indicated the potential relationship between microbiome and the vitamin K antagonist. Vitamin K is absorbed by the gut, and the intestinal bacteria are a major source of vitamin K in human body. A combined use of the vitamin K antagonist and antibiotics may result in an increase in INR, thus elevating the risk of bleeding, while vitamin K supplementation can improve stability of anticoagulation for oral vitamin K antagonist treatment. Recently, how intestinal bacteria affect the response of the vitamin K antagonist remains unclear. In this review, we reviewed the research, focusing on the physiology of vitamin K in the anticoagulation treatment, and investigated the potential pathways of intestinal bacteria affecting the reaction of the vitamin K antagonist.
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9
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Bhattarai A, Shah S, Bagherieh S, Mirmosayyeb O, Thapa S, Paudel S, Gyawali P, Khanal P. Endothelium, Platelets, and Coagulation Factors as the Three Vital Components for Diagnosing Bleeding Disorders: A Simplified Perspective with Clinical Relevance. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:5369001. [PMID: 36101812 PMCID: PMC9440837 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5369001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleeding disorders are a major group of hematological disorders, which are highly prevalent in the world. Excessive bleeding can result in serious consequences including hypoperfusion and cardiac arrest. The body has its selfmechanism to control excessive bleeding which is termed hemostasis. Hemostasis is achieved in two major steps, the formation of the primary and secondary hemostatic plugs. Endothelium, platelets, and coagulation factors are three components involved in hemostasis. Endothelium and platelets have a major role in forming the primary hemostatic plug. Consequently, the first step in investigating a bleeding disorder is platelet count. Despite normal platelet count, abnormality in the primary hemostatic plug may arise due to functional defects of the platelets including adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an endothelial defect and the most prevalent inherited defect in coagulation. Abnormalities in the secondary hemostatic plug are largely due to coagulation factor deficiencies, and, to a lesser extent, the presence of inhibitors. Techniques involving viscoelastics have been aiding in rapid diagnosis and are useful in point-of-care testing. This article discusses the investigation of bleeding disorders from the perspective of the endothelium, platelet, and coagulation factor physiology. These three components should be properly investigated to achieve the definitive diagnosis of bleeding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Bhattarai
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj 44600, Nepal
| | - Sangam Shah
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj 44600, Nepal
| | | | | | - Sangharsha Thapa
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University, Buffalo, State University of NY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sandip Paudel
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj 44600, Nepal
| | - Pawan Gyawali
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj 44600, Nepal
| | - Pitambar Khanal
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj 44600, Nepal
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10
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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Liang Y, Jiang L, Sui X. Dietary Bioactive Lipids: A Review on Absorption, Metabolism, and Health Properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8929-8943. [PMID: 34161727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lipids are an indispensable source of energy and nutrition in human life. Numerous studies have shown that dietary bioactive lipids have many health benefits, including prevention or treatment of chronic diseases. The different chemical compositions and structural characteristics of bioactive lipids not only affect their digestion, absorption, and metabolism but also affect their health properties. In this review, the major dietary bioactive lipids (fatty acids, carotenoids, phytosterols, phenolic lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and sphingomyelins) in foods are systematically summarized, from the aspects of composition, digestion, absorption, metabolism, source, structural characteristics, and their health properties. In particular, the relationship between the compositional and structural changes of bioactive lipids and their absorption and metabolism is discussed as well as their effect on health properties. This review provides a comprehensive summary toward health properties of dietary bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Development and Utilization of Small Fruits in Cold Regions, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianzhou Jiang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Sui
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
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11
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Xiao H, Chen J, Duan L, Li S. Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:2. [PMID: 33448308 PMCID: PMC7834955 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are a group of proteins that need vitamin K to conduct carboxylation. Thus far, scholars have identified a total of 17 VKDPs in the human body. In this review, we summarize three important emerging VKDPs: Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas 6), Gla-rich protein (GRP) and periostin in terms of their functions in physiological and pathological conditions. As examples, carboxylated Gas 6 and GRP effectively protect blood vessels from calcification, Gas 6 protects from acute kidney injury and is involved in chronic kidney disease, GRP contributes to bone homeostasis and delays the progression of osteoarthritis, and periostin is involved in all phases of fracture healing and assists myocardial regeneration in the early stages of myocardial infarction. However, periostin participates in the progression of cardiac fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and airway remodeling of asthma. In addition, we discuss the relationship between vitamin K, VKDPs and cancer, and particularly the carboxylation state of VKDPs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shantou, Guangdong 515071, P.R. China
| | - Lili Duan
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shantou, Guangdong 515071, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhuang Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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12
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Li YY, Wang H, Zhang YY. FVII gene R353Q polymorphism and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis including 3258 subjects. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:324-330. [PMID: 33387207 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coagulation factor VII (FVII) gene R353Q polymorphism is suggested to be relevant to the coronary heart disease (CHD) susceptibility. However, the results of separate studies are not consistent with one another. A meta-analysis including 3258 participants from nine studies was conducted to investigate the relationship between the FVII gene R353Q polymorphism and the CHD in the Chinese population. The fixed-effect models were used to assess the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. A significant association was observed between the FVII gene R353Q polymorphism and the CHD in the Chinese population under allelic (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.10-1.65, P = 0.004), dominant (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55-0.85, P = 0.0006), and heterozygous (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55-0.85, P = 0.0007) genetic models. The FVII gene R353Q polymorphism was significantly correlated with the CHD susceptibility in the Chinese population. Persons with the R allele of the FVII gene R353Q polymorphism might have greater CHD risk than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, NO 300. Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No 300, Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Munoz F, Knisley M, Bhasin N. Cortical vein thrombosis in an infant with delayed vitamin K deficiency bleeding. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28366. [PMID: 32491261 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Munoz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Melissa Knisley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Neha Bhasin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Food Supplements Using Adsorptive Stripping Square-Wave Voltammetry at Glassy Carbon Electrode. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A new voltammetric method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin E and vitamin K present in different types of commercially available food supplements has been developed. This electroanalytical method is based on the ex situ adsorptive accumulation of these biologically active compounds onto the surface of a solid glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with subsequent electrochemical detection by square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry in 0.01-mol L−1 HNO3 containing 0.1-mol L−1 KCl at pH 2.08. Due to reversible electrochemical reactions of phylloquinone, a subsequent voltammetric detection of both vitamins in anodic mode can be performed. Since individual forms of vitamins E and K usually exhibit nearly identical electrochemical behavior, it is therefore impossible to distinguish individual forms (quinones and tocopherols) and determine their molar concentrations in this way. Thus, the values of vitamin content were expressed as mass equivalent of phylloquinone and α-tocopherol as they are the most biologically active forms. Despite the high sensitivity, relatively short linear ranges were obtained due to the interaction (competition) of both vitamins during adsorption onto the freshly polished surface of the GCE from a 50% aqueous–acetonitrile mixture. The obtained results showed that the voltammetric approach is a very simple and low-cost analytical method that can be used in analyses of food supplements.
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Molecular mechanism of a novel Ser362Asn mutation causing inherited FX deficiency in a Chinese family. Int J Hematol 2020; 112:8-16. [PMID: 32285359 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-02877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Factor X (FX) deficiency is an inherited autosomal recessive bleeding disorder. Here, we analyzed a proband with FX deficiency in a Chinese family. Genetic analysis revealed that the proband and his affected sister was homozygous for c.1085G>A mutation, corresponding to a Ser362Asn substitution. In vitro expression experiments showed that the FX Ser362Asn mutation led to a significant reduction in activity levels in the culture medium. This Ser to Asn substitution may change the shape of the active site. Moreover, simulations of molecular dynamics indicated that the binding energy of the FX Ser362Asn to the substrate is higher than that of wild type and the side-chain conformation of the catalytic residue His276 (His42) is changed. This impairs the conformational switch of the protein from zymogen to proteinase, thus causing the functional defect of FX protein. Our findings suggest that the Ser362Asn substitution is a pathogenic mutation that causes inherited FX deficiency.
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Ilinca A, Martinez-Majander N, Samuelsson S, Piccinelli P, Truvé K, Cole J, Kittner S, Soller M, Kristoffersson U, Tatlisumak T, Puschmann A, Putaala J, Lindgren A. Whole-Exome Sequencing in 22 Young Ischemic Stroke Patients With Familial Clustering of Stroke. Stroke 2020; 51:1056-1063. [PMID: 32172663 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds and Purpose- Although new methods for genetic analyses are rapidly evolving, there are currently knowledge gaps in how to detect Mendelian forms of stroke. Methods- We performed whole-exome sequencing in 22 probands, under 56 years at their first ischemic stroke episode, from multi-incident stroke families. With the use of a comprehensive stroke-gene panel, we searched for variants in stroke-related genes. The probands' clinical stroke subtype was related to clinical characteristics previously associated with pathogenic variants in these genes. Relatives were genotyped in 7 families to evaluate stroke-gene variants of unknown significance. In 2 larger families with embolic stroke of unknown source, whole-exome sequencing was performed in additional members to examine the possibility of identifying new stroke genes. Results- Six of 22 probands carried pathogenic or possibly pathogenic variants in genes reported to be associated with their stroke subtype. A known pathogenic variant in NOTCH3 and a possibly pathogenic variant in ACAD9 gene were identified. A novel JAK2:c.3188G>A (p.Arg1063His) mutation was seen in a proband with embolic stroke of undetermined source and prothrombotic status. However, penetrance in the family was incomplete. COL4A2:c.3368A>G (p.Glu1123Gly) was detected in 2 probands but did not cosegregate with the disease in their families. Whole-exome sequencing in multiple members of 2 pedigrees with embolic stroke of undetermined source revealed possibly pathogenic variants in genes not previously associated with stroke, GPR142:c.148C>G (p.Leu50Val), and PTPRN2:c.2416A>G (p.Ile806Val); LRRC1 c.808A>G (p.Ile270Val), SLC7A10c.1294dupG (p.Val432fs), IKBKB: c.1070C>T (p.Ala357Val), and OXGR1 c.392G>A (p.Arg131His), respectively. Conclusions- Screening with whole-exome sequencing using a comprehensive stroke-gene panel may identify rare monogenic forms of stroke, but careful evaluation of clinical characteristics and potential pathogenicity of novel variants remain important. In our study, the majority of individuals with familial aggregation of stroke lacked any identified genetic causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Ilinca
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology (A.I., A.P., A.L.), Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden (A.L., A.P., A.L.)
| | | | - Sofie Samuelsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology (S.S., P.P.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Paul Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology (S.S., P.P.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Katarina Truvé
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.T.)
| | - John Cole
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System (J.C., S.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Steven Kittner
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System (J.C., S.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Maria Soller
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden (M.S.)
| | - Ulf Kristoffersson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Laboratory Medicine (U.K.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology (A.I., A.P., A.L.), Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden (A.L., A.P., A.L.)
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (N.M.-M., J.P.)
| | - Arne Lindgren
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology (A.I., A.P., A.L.), Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden (A.L., A.P., A.L.)
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Kilanowicz A, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Klimczak M, Stragierowicz J, Sikora J. Hexachloronaphthalene as a hemostasis disturbing factor in female Wistar rats - A pilot study. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:577-585. [PMID: 31075638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are some of the most dangerous environmental toxicants, data on their impact on hemostasis are virtually limited. 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene (PCN67) seems to be one of the most toxic congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), which have recently been listed as POPs. The toxic effects of PCNs are similar to other chlorinated aromatics, e.g. polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), so an impact on hemostasis could not be excluded. Therefore, this study examines, for the first time, if short-term (two and four weeks) exposure of a mixture of hexachloronaphthalene congeners with a PCN67 as a predominant component to female Wistar rats may have an impact on selected hemostasis parameters, such as overall potential and kinetic parameters of clot formation and fibrinolysis; hematology and basic coagulology parameters. It also examines the influence of PCN67 on the stability of erythrocyte membranes. Obtained results indicate that PCN67 may be an important disturbing factor regarding both coagulation and fibrinolysis processes, as well as platelet count. Exposure to PCN67 significantly affected clot formation and lysis processes and diminished fibrinogen concentration after both administration periods. After two weeks of administration, an increased activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was noted; after four weeks - decreased platelet count with concomitant increased in mean platelet volume. Moreover, PCN67 may exert adverse effects on the red blood cells membrane stability, which were manifested by a statistically significant increase of red blood cells lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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