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Gritsch D, Valencia-Sanchez C. Drug-related immune-mediated myelopathies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1003270. [PMID: 36247761 PMCID: PMC9557103 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1003270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iatrogenic immune-mediated inflammatory disorders of the spinal cord are an uncommon but potentially severe complication of drug therapy for several human diseases. Particularly the introduction of novel biological agents in the treatment of systemic inflammatory disorders and cancer immunotherapy have led to a significant increase in immune-related adverse events of the central nervous system (CNS). The use of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors in rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases has been associated with demyelinating and other inflammatory CNS conditions, including myelitis. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of several human malignancies has led to an increase in drug-induced immune-related adverse events including in the CNS. Other drugs that have been associated with immune-mediated myelitis include tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T Cell therapy. A high degree of suspicion is necessary when diagnosing these conditions, as early diagnosis and treatment is crucial in preventing further neurological damage and disability. The treatment of drug-induced inflammatory myelitis typically involves administration of high-dose intravenous corticosteroids, however additional immunosuppressive agents may be required in severe or refractory cases. While most cases are monophasic and remit following discontinuation of the offending agent, chronic immunosuppressive therapy may be indicated in cases with a progressive or relapsing disease course or when a diagnosis of a specific underlying neuro-inflammatory disorder is made. Outcomes are generally favorable, however depend on the specific therapeutic agent used, the clinical presentation and patient factors. In this review we aim to describe the clinical characteristics, imaging findings and management for the most common forms of iatrogenic immune-mediated myelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gritsch
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cristina Valencia-Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Cristina Valencia-Sanchez
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Guada L, Cabrero FR, Baldwin NL, Levi AD, Gultekin SH, Verma A. Acute Ascending Necrotizing Myelitis Following COVID-19 Infection: A Clinicopathological Report. Neurol Clin Pract 2022; 12:e28-e32. [DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Background and Objectives:Neurological manifestations of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2, COVID-19) infection are common and varied. The objective of this report is to describe clinicopathological findings of rare acute ascending necrotizing myelitis (ANM) and briefly summarize similar COVID-19-associated longitudinally extended transverse myelitis (LETM) cases.Methods:We describe the clinical presentation, disease course, diagnostic workup, therapeutic measures, and pathological findings of ANM associated with COVID-19 infection.Results:A 31-year-old previously healthy woman developed a longitudinally extensive lower thoracic myelopathy three weeks after COVID-19 infection. The thoracic spinal cord lesion extended to cervical level in one week and then to the lower medullary level in two more weeks. Thoracic laminectomy at T5 – T6 level and cord biopsy revealed necrobiotic changes without viral particles or microglial nodules. The clinical deficit stabilized following immunomodulatory and eculizumab therapy.Conclusion:COVID-19 infection can cause ascending necrotizing myelitis. It adds to the spectrum of reported cases of COVID-19-associated encephalitis and myelitis.
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Velasco R, Villagrán M, Jové M, Simó M, Vilariño N, Alemany M, Palmero R, Martínez-Villacampa MM, Nadal E, Bruna J. Encephalitis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review. JAMA Neurol 2021; 78:864-873. [PMID: 33720308 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Importance Encephalitis is a severe immune-related adverse event secondary to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The spectrum of ICI-induced encephalitis (ICI-iE) ranges from disease that resolves fully to lethal forms. Moreover, ICIs may unmask a paraneoplastic encephalitis. To our knowledge, the factors associated with ICI-iE prognosis are unknown. Objectives To evaluate the presentation of ICI-iE and to identify features helpful in assessing outcomes. Evidence Review This systematic review pooled case series from the published literature (n = 77) and medical records from 1 center (n = 5) to assess the association between the form of ICI-iE presentation and its prognosis. Eligibility criteria included references identified by searches of PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases in the English literature from June 2000 (first patient dose of ipilimumab) to April 17, 2020, that examined patients with encephalitis with presumed autoimmune etiologic features induced by ICIs. Information regarding clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, and neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging) features, as well as treatment given, were extracted. Findings A total of 82 patients (52 men [63%]; median age, 61.0 years [interquartile range, 52.5-70.0 years]) were included. Most patients presented with focal syndromes (39 [48%]) or meningoencephalitis (36 [44%]). Seven patients (9%) had nonclassifiable ICI-iE. Neuronal autoantibodies were detected in 23 patients with focal syndromes and 1 patient with nonclassifiable ICI-iE. Most autoantibodies were onconeuronal (17 of 24 [71%]), targeting intracellular antigens. Patients without a focal syndrome or with a negative-antibody focal syndrome had a good prognosis (49 of 55 [89%]). Among patients with autoantibodies, those with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase or anticell surface responded to treatment and had a favorable prognosis (100%). However, patients with other autoantibodies had poor outcomes (17 of 24 [71%]). Antineuronal autoantibodies (13 of 24 [54%] vs 5 of 41 [12%]; P < .001), focal syndrome (16 of 39 [41%] vs 4 of 43 [9%]; P = .001), and abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings (14 of 39 [36%] vs 4 of 32 [13%]; P = .02) were associated with poor outcomes. Conversely, fever (21 of 23 [91%] vs 41 of 59 [70%]; P = .04) and more inflammatory changes in cerebrospinal fluid (30 of 31 [97%] vs 21 of 33 [64%]; P = .001) were associated with a better prognosis. Conclusions and Relevance Immune checkpoint inhibitors may induce mainly 2 different encephalitic syndromes: a focal limbic or extralimbic encephalitis and a meningoencephalitis. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced encephalitis is associated with an overall favorable outcome, with a low rate of fatal events. An undetected preexisting paraneoplastic encephalitic syndrome may be triggered by ICIs, and this type of syndrome has the worst outcome among all the different types of ICI-induced encephalitis syndromes. Clinical presentation and systematic measurement of autoantibodies will be a helpful guide for the therapeutic strategy and for counseling regarding prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Velasco
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Macarena Villagrán
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.,Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Jové
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Simó
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Vilariño
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alemany
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Palmero
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Mercedes Martínez-Villacampa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Nadal
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bruna
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Institut Català d Oncologia L'Hospitalet, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Bellaterra, Spain
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Berzero G, Picca A, Psimaras D. Neurological complications of chimeric antigen receptor T cells and immune-checkpoint inhibitors: ongoing challenges in daily practice. Curr Opin Oncol 2021; 32:603-612. [PMID: 32852312 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent advances in the management of neurological toxicities associated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. RECENT FINDINGS The advent of cancer immunotherapies has dramatically improved the prognosis of several refractory and advanced neoplasms. Owing to their mechanism of action, cancer immunotherapies have been associated with a variety of immune-related adverse events (irAE). Neurological irAE are uncommon compared with other irAE, but they are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the efforts to draft common protocols and guidelines, the management of neurological irAE remains challenging. Our ability to predict the development of neurotoxicity is still limited, hampering to elaborate prevention strategies. Treatment heavily relies on the administration of high-dose corticosteroids that, however, have the potential to impair oncological efficacy. The experimentation of novel strategies to avoid resorting to corticosteroids is hindered by the lack of an adequate understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms driving the development of irAE. SUMMARY In this review, we will discuss the most recent advances on the diagnosis and management of neurological irAE associated with ICIs and CAR-T cells, focusing on the issues that remain most challenging in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Berzero
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Picca
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dimitri Psimaras
- Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, AP-HP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière.,Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM).,OncoNeuroTox Group, Center for Patients with Neurological Complications of Oncologic Treatments, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpetrière-Charles Foix et Hôpital Percy, Paris, France
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Marini A, Bernardini A, Gigli GL, Valente M, Muñiz-Castrillo S, Honnorat J, Vogrig A. Neurologic Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review. Neurology 2021; 96:754-766. [PMID: 33653902 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of neurologic immune-related adverse events (n-irAEs) of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS Systematic review of the literature following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS A total of 694 articles were identified. Two hundred fifty-six articles, with 428 individual patients, met the inclusion criteria. Reports regarding neuromuscular disorders (319/428, 75%) were more frequent than those on CNS disorders (109/428, 25%). The most common n-irAEs reports were myositis (136/428, 32%), Guillain-Barré syndrome and other peripheral neuropathies (94/428, 22%), myasthenic syndromes (58/428, 14%), encephalitis (56/428, 13%), cranial neuropathies (31/428, 7%), meningitis (13/428, 3%), CNS demyelinating diseases (8/428, 2%), and myelitis (7/428, 2%). Other CNS disorders were detected in 25/428 (6%) patients. Compared with the whole sample, myasthenic syndromes were significantly more Ab positive (33/56, 59%; p < 0.001). Anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 was more frequent in myasthenic syndromes (50/58, 86%; p = 0.005) and less common in meningitis (2/13, 15%; p < 0.001) and cranial neuropathies (13/31, 42%; p = 0.005). Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 ICIs were more frequent in meningitis (8/13, 62%; p < 0.001) and less common in encephalitis (2/56, 4%; p = 0.009) and myositis (12/136, 9%; p = 0.01). Combination of different ICIs was more frequent in cranial neuropathies (12/31, 39%; p = 0.005). Melanoma was more frequent in patients with peripheral neuropathies (64/94, 68%; p = 0.003) and less common in encephalitis (19/56, 34%; p = 0.001). The highest mortality rate was reached in myasthenic syndromes (28%). CONCLUSION Considering the increasing use of ICI therapy in the forthcoming future, this information can be valuable in assisting neurologists and oncologists in early n-irAEs diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marini
- From the Clinical Neurology Unit (A.M., A.B., G.L.G., M.V., A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital; Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.M., G.L.G., M.V.), University of Udine Medical School, Italy; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Université de Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Bernardini
- From the Clinical Neurology Unit (A.M., A.B., G.L.G., M.V., A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital; Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.M., G.L.G., M.V.), University of Udine Medical School, Italy; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Université de Lyon, France
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- From the Clinical Neurology Unit (A.M., A.B., G.L.G., M.V., A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital; Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.M., G.L.G., M.V.), University of Udine Medical School, Italy; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Université de Lyon, France
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- From the Clinical Neurology Unit (A.M., A.B., G.L.G., M.V., A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital; Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.M., G.L.G., M.V.), University of Udine Medical School, Italy; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Université de Lyon, France
| | - Sergio Muñiz-Castrillo
- From the Clinical Neurology Unit (A.M., A.B., G.L.G., M.V., A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital; Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.M., G.L.G., M.V.), University of Udine Medical School, Italy; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Université de Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- From the Clinical Neurology Unit (A.M., A.B., G.L.G., M.V., A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital; Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.M., G.L.G., M.V.), University of Udine Medical School, Italy; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Université de Lyon, France
| | - Alberto Vogrig
- From the Clinical Neurology Unit (A.M., A.B., G.L.G., M.V., A.V.), Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital; Department of Medicine (DAME) (A.M., G.L.G., M.V.), University of Udine Medical School, Italy; French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique; Synatac Team (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310; and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (S.M.-C., J.H., A.V.), Université de Lyon, France.
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6
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Schindler MK, Pittaluga S, Enose-Akahata Y, Su HC, Rao VK, Rump A, Jacobson S, Cortese I, Reich DS, Uzel G. Haploinsufficiency of immune checkpoint receptor CTLA4 induces a distinct neuroinflammatory disorder. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5551-5561. [PMID: 32955488 DOI: 10.1172/jci135947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDCytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) is essential for immune homeostasis. Genetic mutations causing haploinsufficiency (CTLA4h) lead to a phenotypically heterogenous, immune-mediated disease that can include neuroinflammation. The neurological manifestations of CTLA4h are poorly characterized.METHODSWe performed an observational natural history study of 50 patients with CTLA4h who were followed at the NIH. We analyzed clinical, radiological, immunological, and histopathological data.RESULTSEvidence for neuroinflammation was observed in 32% (n = 16 of 50) of patients in this cohort by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or by cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Clinical symptoms were commonly absent or mild in severity, with headaches as the leading complaint (n = 13 of 16). The most striking findings were relapsing, large, contrast-enhancing focal lesions in the brain and spinal cord observed on MRI. We detected inflammation in the cerebrospinal fluid and leptomeninges before the parenchyma. Brain biopsies of inflammatory lesions from 10 patients showed perivascular and intraparenchymal mixed cellular infiltrates with little accompanying demyelination or neuronal injury.CONCLUSIONSNeuroinflammation due to CTLA4h is mediated primarily by an infiltrative process with a distinct and striking dissociation between clinical symptoms and radiological findings in the majority of patients.FUNDINGNIAID, NIH, Division of Intramural Research, NINDS, NIH, Division of Intramural Research, and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society-American Brain Foundation.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT00001355.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Schindler
- Neuroimmunology Clinic and.,Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institutes of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS)
| | | | | | - Helen C Su
- Human Immunological Diseases Section and
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Rump
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel S Reich
- Neuroimmunology Clinic and.,Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institutes of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS)
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Fan S, Ren H, Zhao L, Yin J, Feng G, Wang J, Guan H. Neurological immune‐related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A review of the literature. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2020; 16:291-298. [PMID: 32893999 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Luo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Neurology Beijing Hospital Beijing China
| | - Guodong Feng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Hongzhi Guan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
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8
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Sotoca J, Rodríguez-Álvarez Y. COVID-19-associated acute necrotizing myelitis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/5/e803. [PMID: 32522767 PMCID: PMC7309521 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sotoca
- From the Neurology Department (J.S.) and Radiology Department (Y.R.-Á.), Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Spain.
| | - Yensa Rodríguez-Álvarez
- From the Neurology Department (J.S.) and Radiology Department (Y.R.-Á.), Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Spain
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9
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Kähler KC, Hassel JC, Heinzerling L, Loquai C, Thoms KM, Ugurel S, Zimmer L, Gutzmer R. Side effect management during immune checkpoint blockade using CTLA-4 and PD-1 antibodies for metastatic melanoma - an update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:582-609. [PMID: 32489011 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 and PD-1 play a key role in tumor-induced downregulation of lymphocytic immune responses. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to alter the immune response to various cancer types. Anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies affect the interaction between tumor, antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes. Clinical studies of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab and the anti-PD-1 antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab have provided evidence of their positive effects on overall survival in melanoma patients. Combined treatment using ipilimumab and nivolumab has been shown to achieve five-year survival rates of 52 %. Such enhancement of the immune response is inevitably associated with adverse events. Knowledge of the spectrum of side effects is essential, both in terms of prevention and management. Adverse events include colitis, dermatitis, hypophysitis, thyroiditis, hepatitis and other, less common autoimmune phenomena. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the detection and treatment of the aforementioned immune-related adverse events. However, early diagnosis of rare neurological or cardiac side effects, which may be associated with increased mortality, frequently pose a challenge. The present update highlights our current understanding as well as new insights into the spectrum of side effects associated with checkpoint inhibitors and their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C Kähler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jessica C Hassel
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucie Heinzerling
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carmen Loquai
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai-Martin Thoms
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Selma Ugurel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf Gutzmer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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10
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Kähler KC, Hassel JC, Heinzerling L, Loquai C, Thoms K, Ugurel S, Zimmer L, Gutzmer R. Nebenwirkungsmanagement bei Immun‐Checkpoint‐Blockade durch CTLA‐4‐ und PD‐1‐Antikörper beim metastasierten Melanom – ein Update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:582-609. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14128_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C. Kähler
- Klinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Universitätsklinikum Schleswig‐Holstein Campus Kiel
| | - Jessica C. Hassel
- Hautklinik und Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | | | | | - Kai‐Martin Thoms
- Klinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
| | - Selma Ugurel
- Klinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Universitätsklinikum Essen
| | - Lisa Zimmer
- Klinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Universitätsklinikum Essen
| | - Ralf Gutzmer
- Klinik für Dermatologie Allergologie und Venerologie Hauttumorzentrum Hannover Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
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Si X, Song P, Ni J, Di M, He C, Zhang L, Liu X, Li Y, Wang H, Guo X, Zhou J, Duan L, Yang X, Wang M, Zhang L. Management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events: A review of case reports. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:498-504. [PMID: 31970923 PMCID: PMC7049490 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a major breakthrough in cancer therapy. Immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) may occur during treatment due to their unique mechanism of action. Management of irAEs is based on clinical experience because it is not easy to conduct prospective trials to evaluate the best treatment strategy. Using a combination of search terms in the PubMed and Embase databases, we reviewed all cases in the English language citing toxicities associated with either pembrolizumab, nivolumab, ipilimumab, atezolizumab, tremelimumab, durvalumab, avelumab or any combination of these agents published before 20 May 2019. A total of 128 reports with 239 cases were included in the study. Here, we summarize the spectrum of toxicities, safety in special patients, rechallenging after irAEs and agents used for treatment of irAEs in those reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Si
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyi Di
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia He
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hanping Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Lopez J, Yarlagadda N, Gheith Z, Mohan M, Sasapu A. Nivolumab-induced immune-mediated neurotoxicity in Hodgkin lymphoma. Proc AMIA Symp 2020; 33:59-61. [PMID: 32063772 PMCID: PMC6988700 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2019.1668719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nivolumab, a monoclonal antibody against programmed cell death-1 used to treat multiple cancers, has fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy but has displayed a propensity to cause a host of immune-related adverse events. We describe a case of nivolumab immune-mediated neurotoxicity in a 42-year-old Hispanic man with relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma who presented with unilateral facial droop, dysarthria, and dysphagia 1 week after receiving nivolumab. His symptoms rapidly improved with steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and infliximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lopez
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - Naveen Yarlagadda
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - Zaid Gheith
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - Meera Mohan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - Appalanaidu Sasapu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
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Shi J, Niu J, Shen D, Liu M, Tan Y, Li Y, Huang Y, Cui L, Guan Y, Zhang L. Clinical diagnosis and treatment recommendations for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse reactions in the nervous system. Thorac Cancer 2019; 11:481-487. [PMID: 31823509 PMCID: PMC6996972 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause adverse reactions in the nervous system. The incidence rate is 0.1%–12% and 80% of nervous system adverse reactions occur within the first four months of application. ICIs can cause diseases of various parts of the nervous system including central nervous system diseases such as aseptic meningitis, meningeal encephalitis, necrotizing encephalitis, brainstem encephalitis, transverse myelitis, etc., and peripheral neuropathy such as cranial nerve peripheral neuropathy, multifocal nerve root neuropathy, Guillain‐Barré syndrome, spinal nerve root neuropathy, myasthenia gravis, myopathy, etc. For these complications of the nervous system, diagnosis could be difficult. Physicians require a specific collection of nervous system symptoms and signs, combined with supplementary examinations including imaging, cerebrospinal fluid cytology, EEG or electromyography in order to exclude infection or malignant tumor before reaching a final diagnosis. With regard to treatment, ICIs should be discontinued in severe cases, and large doses of glucocorticoid or gamma globulin administered, and supportive treatment may be necessary. If severe adverse reactions of the nervous system occur, the prognosis could be poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Shi
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Niu
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongchao Shen
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingsheng Liu
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyu Huang
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhou Guan
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Neurology department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Carausu M, Beddok A, Langer A, Girard N, Bidard FC, Massiani MA, Ricard D, Cabel L. Radiation myelitis after pembrolizumab administration, with favorable clinical evolution and safe rechallenge: a case report and review of the literature. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:317. [PMID: 31753021 PMCID: PMC6868866 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurologic complications as myelitis are very rare but extremely deleterious adverse effects of both immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Many recent studies have focused on the possible synergy of these two treatment modalities due to their potential to enhance each other’s immunomodulatory actions, with promising results and a safe tolerance profile. Case presentation We report here the case of a 68-year-old man with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who developed myelitis after T12-L2 vertebral radiotherapy, with motor deficit and sphincter dysfunction, while on treatment with pembrolizumab (an immune checkpoint inhibitor). The spinal abnormalities detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), suggestive of myelitis, faithfully matched the area previously irradiated with 30 Gy in 10 fractions, six and a half months earlier. After immunotherapy discontinuation and steroid treatment, the patient rapidly and completely recovered. On progression, pembrolizumab was rechallenged and, after 8 cycles, the patient is on response and there are no signs of myelitis relapse. Conclusion The confinement within the radiation field and the latency of appearance are suggestive of delayed radiation myelopathy. Nevertheless, the relatively low dose of radiation received and the full recovery after pembrolizumab discontinuation and steroid therapy plead for the contribution of both radiotherapy and immunotherapy in the causality of this complication, as an enhanced inflammatory reaction on a focal post-radiation chronic inflammatory state. In the three previously described cases of myelopathy occurring after radiotherapy and immunotherapy, a complete recovery had not been obtained and the immunotherapy was not rechallenged. The occurrence of a radiation recall phenomenon, in this case, can not be excluded, and radiation recall myelitis has already been described with chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Safe rechallenges with the incriminated drug, even immunotherapy, have been reported after radiation recall, but we describe it for the first time after myelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Carausu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Arnaud Beddok
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institut Curie, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Adriana Langer
- Department of Radiology, Institut Curie, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Nicolas Girard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - François-Clément Bidard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Saint Cloud, France.,Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Damien Ricard
- Department of Neurology, Service de Santé des Armées, Hôpital d'instruction des Armées Percy, Clamart, France.,Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Service de Santé des Armées, Paris, France
| | - Luc Cabel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Saint Cloud, France. .,Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
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[Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations for Adverse Reaction in the Nervous System Related to Immunocheckpoint Inhibitor]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2019; 22:633-638. [PMID: 31650945 PMCID: PMC6817432 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2019.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause adverse reactions in the nervous system, with the incidence rate ranging from 0.1% to 12%, and 80% occurring within the first 4 months of ICI application. It can cause lesions in various parts of the nervous system, including aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, necrotizing encephalitis, brainstem encephalitis, transverse myelitis and other central nervous system diseases. It can also cause cranial peripheral neuropathy, multifocal radicular neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, spinal radicular neuropathy and myasthenia gravis, myopathy, etc. For these complications of the nervous system, diagnosis could be made by sufficient collection of disease manifestations combined with imaging, cerebrospinal fluid examinations, electro-encephalogram or electro myography to exclude infection or tumor progression. In the treatment of severe cases, ICIs should be discontinued and treated with high doses of glucocorticoid or gamma globulin with systemic support. After neurological adverse reactions, the prognosis of severe cases is poor.
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Heinzerling L, de Toni EN, Schett G, Hundorfean G, Zimmer L. Checkpoint Inhibitors. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 116:119-126. [PMID: 30940340 PMCID: PMC6454802 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1), anti-PD-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) antibodies can prolong the survival of cancer patients, but it also induces autoimmune side effects in 86-96% of patients by activating the immune system. In 17-59% of patients, these are severe or even life-threatening. METHODS This review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by a search in PubMed and on an evaluation of a side-effect registry. RESULTS Checkpoint-inhibitor-induced autoimmune side effects manifest themselves in all organ systems, most commonly as skin lesions (46-62%), autoimmune colitis (22-48%), autoimmune hepatitis (7-33%), and endocrinopathies (thyroiditis, hypophysitis, adrenalitis, diabetes mellitus; 12-34%). Rarer side effects include pneumonitis (3-8%), nephritis (1-7%), cardiac side effects including cardiomyositis (5%), and neurological side effects (1-5%). Severe (sometimes lethal) side effects arise in 17-21%, 20-28%, and 59% of patients undergoing anti-PD-1 and anti- CTLA-4 antibody treatment and the approved combination therapy, respectively. With proper monitoring, however, these side effects can be recognized early and, usually, treated with success. Endocrine side effects generally require long-term hormone substitution. Patients who have stopped taking checkpoint inhibitors because of side effects do not show a poorer response of their melanoma or shorter survival in comparison to patients who continue to take checkpoint inhibitors. CONCLUSION The complex management of checkpoint-inhibitor-induced side effects should be coordinated in experienced centers. The creation of an interdisciplinary "tox team" with designated experts for organ-specific side effects has proven useful. Prospective registry studies based on structured documentation of side effects in routine clinical practice are currently lacking and urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico N. de Toni
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | | | - Lisa Zimmer
- Clinic for Dermatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen
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Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura due to Checkpoint Inhibitors. Case Rep Hematol 2018; 2018:2464619. [PMID: 30671268 PMCID: PMC6317083 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2464619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody that enhances the efficacy of the immune system by targeting a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which is a protein receptor that downregulates the immune system. Nivolumab is also a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets another protein receptor that prevents activated T cells from attacking the cancer; this receptor is called programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). The FDA approved ipilimumab combined with nivolumab as a frontline therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma and as a second-line therapy for patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) metastatic colon cancer. Immune-related adverse events such as autoimmune colitis, pneumonitis, hepatitis, nephritis, hypophysitis, and thyroiditis may occur during or weeks to months after therapy. We report a case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma following one cycle of ipilimumab and nivolumab. Only one case report of ipilimumab-induced TTP exists in the medical literature. With the wide use of immunotherapy to treat cancers, physicians need to be aware of this rare immune-related adverse event.
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Neurologic immune-related adverse events associated with adjuvant ipilimumab: report of two cases. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:83. [PMID: 30170622 PMCID: PMC6117978 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors are associated with several adverse events including a spectrum of immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). Neurologic irAEs are uncommon occurrences with varied presentations. We describe two separate cases of ipilimumab associated meningoencephalomyelitis and demyelinating polyneuropathy with unusual presentations. Case presentation Two melanoma patients were treated with ipilimumab in the adjuvant setting. The first patient developed a meningoencephalitis following 3 doses of ipilimumab. MRI imaging of the brain confirmed leptomeningeal enhancement although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses were negative for malignant cells consistent with meningoencephalomyelitis. Although she initially improved following treatment with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, she subsequently relapsed. She was successfully treated with infliximab and made a complete neurological recovery. A second patient developed progressive lower extremity weakness following two doses of ipilimumab. MRI imaging of the spine confirmed diffuse nerve root enhancement consistent with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP). He was treated with high dose steroids with resolution of neurological symptoms. Both patients remain disease free. Conclusions Neurological irAEs are uncommon adverse events in the context of CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 inhibitor therapy. Care must be taken to distinguish these from leptomeningeal disease. Early recognition of neurological irAEs is critical for the initiation of specific anti-inflammatory agents to prevent and potentially reverse neurological sequelae.
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Leitinger M, Varosanec MV, Pikija S, Wass RE, Bandke D, Weis S, Studnicka M, Grinzinger S, McCoy MR, Hauer L, Sellner J. Fatal Necrotizing Encephalopathy after Treatment with Nivolumab for Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Front Immunol 2018; 9:108. [PMID: 29441072 PMCID: PMC5797606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are antibodies, which enhance cellular and humoral immune responses and are approved for the treatment of various tumors. Immune-related adverse events (irAE) involving different organs and systems are, however, among the side-effects. Recent reports of severe persistent neurological deficits and even fatal cases underpin the need for better understanding of the exact pathomechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. To our knowledge, we report the first biopsy-proven case of fatal necrotizing encephalopathy after treatment with nivolumab. Nivolumab targets the immune-check point inhibitor programmed cell death-1 and was used for squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Partly reversible neurologic and psychiatric symptoms and unremarkable brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were observed after the first course. Neurological symptoms progressed and recurrent seizures developed after the second course. Brain MRI disclosed multiple edematous and confluent supra- and infratentorial lesions, partly with contrast-enhancement. We excluded autoimmune and paraneoplastic causes and performed ancillary investigations to rule out common and opportunistic infections. Eventually, postmortem histopathological analysis of the brain revealed a necrotizing process, which contrasts previous cases reporting parenchymal immune cell infiltration or demyelination. Appropriate diagnostic pathways and treatment algorithms need to be implemented for the work-up of CNS toxicity and irAEs related to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Leitinger
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mihael V. Varosanec
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Slaven Pikija
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Romana E. Wass
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dave Bandke
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Microbiology, Neuromed Campus-Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Serge Weis
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Microbiology, Neuromed Campus-Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Michael Studnicka
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Grinzinger
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark R. McCoy
- Division of Neuroradiology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Larissa Hauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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Firwana B, Ravilla R, Raval M, Hutchins L, Mahmoud F. Sarcoidosis-like syndrome and lymphadenopathy due to checkpoint inhibitors. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2017; 23:620-624. [PMID: 27590328 DOI: 10.1177/1078155216667635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized the management of metastatic melanoma. These checkpoints, namely the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 and the programmed T cell death 1 receptor, possess an inhibitory effect on the T cell function. Pharmacologic inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 with ipilimumab and programmed T cell death 1 with either pembrolizumab or nivolumab has resulted in long-term sustained responses among patients with metastatic melanoma. The adverse events of these medications are predominantly immune related. Sarcoidosis-like syndrome/lymphadenopathy represents a challenging adverse event to the oncologist as it can be mistaken for progressive disease. Hence, awareness of such adverse event and obtaining a biopsy of the enlarged lymph nodes will confirm the diagnosis and avoid the unnecessary change of current therapies for those with stage IV disease or adding new ones for those with stage III disease. We report three cases of immunotherapy-related sarcoidosis-like syndrome/lymphadenopathy; two cases occurred during adjuvant ipilimumab for stage III surgically resected melanoma and one case during pemprolizumab for stage IV metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Firwana
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rahul Ravilla
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mihir Raval
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laura Hutchins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Fade Mahmoud
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Pembrolizumab-Induced Encephalopathy: A Review of Neurological Toxicities with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. J Thorac Oncol 2017; 12:1626-1635. [PMID: 28843363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in the treatment of solid organ malignancies is becoming increasingly common. This has prompted the recognition of a new class of immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) stemming from the upregulation of T-cell activity causing autoimmunity. Neurological irAEs are a rare complication of ICIs that can lead to long-term morbidity. We report a rare case of encephalopathy after treatment with pembrolizumab, to which the patient achieved durable disease response despite discontinuation of therapy. We also review the pathophysiology, incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of neurotoxicity secondary to ICIs. Treatment requires early administration of high-dose corticosteroids, and cessation of ICI therapy is often necessary after grade 3 or 4 irAEs. However, early data suggest that neurological irAEs correlate with a favorable disease response. Consideration should also be given to the optimal duration of ICI therapy to minimize the risk of toxicity and optimize health care expenditure.
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23
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Badran A, Moran C, Coles AJ. Hypothyroid ataxia complicating monoclonal antibody therapy. Pract Neurol 2017; 17:482-484. [DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2017-001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bossart S, Thurneysen S, Rushing E, Frontzek K, Leske H, Mihic-Probst D, Nagel HW, Mangana J, Goldinger SM, Dummer R. Case Report: Encephalitis, with Brainstem Involvement, Following Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Metastatic Melanoma. Oncologist 2017; 22:749-753. [PMID: 28559410 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly being used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and other cancers. With the use of such therapies, autoimmune-mediated adverse events in the central and peripheral nervous system are likely to occur more frequently. We report a unique case of brainstem encephalitis with a sudden lethal outcome following ipilimumab and pembrolizumab therapy in a patient with malignant melanoma. The autopsy showed a diffuse nodular activation of microglia in the whole encephalon with prominent intraparenchymal and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration of the brainstem. Non-infectious brainstem encephalitis is a well-recognized subset of paraneoplastic encephalitis. Brainstem involvement is usually accompanied by a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms, which were not observed in this case. The timing of the clinical symptoms as well as the histopathological findings suggest an autoimmune-adverse event of ipilimumab and pembrolizumab administration rather than a paraneoplastic disorder. In the presence of neurological symptoms, immediate cessation of the immunotherapy and immunosuppressive therapy may lead to successful therapeutic intervention, as described in previous reports. Therefore, it is crucial that physicians are aware of the possible side effects of immunotherapies on the nervous system. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Metastatic melanoma patients treated with the anti-CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab have a high utilization of various types of health care services, such as inpatient hospital stays or doctor visits. There are differences across countries regarding patterns of health care utilization and economic burden of the disease. Health care services are used more frequently after patients experience progression of their disease. The study highlights that better therapies leading to durable response in patients with metastatic melanoma have the potential to decrease health care costs and patient burden in terms of hospitalizations and other health care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bossart
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Selina Thurneysen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Rushing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Leske
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Mihic-Probst
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes W Nagel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Mangana
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone M Goldinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Arellano K, Mosley JC, Moore DC. Case Report of Ipilimumab-Induced Diffuse, Nonnecrotizing Granulomatous Lymphadenitis and Granulomatous Vasculitis. J Pharm Pract 2017; 31:227-229. [PMID: 29279030 DOI: 10.1177/0897190017699762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ipilimumab is indicated for the treatment of melanoma in both the metastatic and adjuvant setting. Ipilimumab inhibits cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, leading to the augmentation of T-cell activity and an antitumor immune system response. The side effect profile of ipilimumab consists of autoimmune-like events such as dermatitis, colitis, and thyroiditis. These immune-related adverse events can be serious, often resulting in the need for systemic immunosuppression with corticosteroids. We present a case of diffuse, nonnecrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis and granulomatous vasculitis in a heavily pretreated patient with metastatic melanoma. After completion of 4 cycles of ipilimumab for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, our patient complained of increasing fatigue, drenching night sweats, and chills. Imaging revealed diffuse adenopathy involving several lymph nodes. Biopsy was positive for nonnecrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis and granulomatous vasculitis. High-dose prednisone was initiated and tapered gradually over 6 weeks, resulting in complete resolution of the granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Arellano
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Southeast Health, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - James C Mosley
- 2 Department of Medicine, Southeast Health, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Donald C Moore
- 3 Department of Pharmacy, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
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26
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27
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Letendre P, Monga V, Milhem M, Zakharia Y. Ipilimumab: from preclinical development to future clinical perspectives in melanoma. Future Oncol 2017; 13:625-636. [PMID: 27882779 PMCID: PMC5618953 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The arsenal for the treatment of metastatic melanoma is limited. A new approach to therapy using checkpoint blockade has improved overall survival in this patient population. Ipilimumab a CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody is a first in class drug that has pioneered this revolution. In this review, the authors provide an account of the different stages that led to the development of ipilimumab, its approval in the clinical setting for the treatment of advanced melanoma and ongoing investigations of combinatorial immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Letendre
- Department of Hematology, Oncology & Blood & Marrow Transplantation & the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Varun Monga
- Department of Hematology, Oncology & Blood & Marrow Transplantation & the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- Department of Hematology, Oncology & Blood & Marrow Transplantation & the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Department of Hematology, Oncology & Blood & Marrow Transplantation & the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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28
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Kourie HR, Klastersky J. Immune checkpoint inhibitors side effects and management. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:799-807. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The next decade in cancer therapy will be marked by the expansion of immunotherapies, namely immune checkpoint inhibitors. The increasing number and combination of checkpoint inhibitors and the variety of their mechanisms of action and indications will most likely multiply the side effects associated with these therapies and make their management more complicated and diversified. Given the growing rate of approval of different checkpoint inhibitors in different cancers in multiple settings, a review summarizing the major side effects of the new agents in use today and their management seems to be appropriate. Highlighting these adverse events and their management in a single review might help the daily practice of the physicians and consequently contribute the patient's safety and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampig Raphael Kourie
- Institut Jules Bordet, Centre des Tumeurs de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean Klastersky
- Institut Jules Bordet, Centre des Tumeurs de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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29
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Smalley KSM, Fedorenko IV, Kenchappa RS, Sahebjam S, Forsyth PA. Managing leptomeningeal melanoma metastases in the era of immune and targeted therapy. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1195-201. [PMID: 27084046 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma frequently metastasizes to the brain, with CNS involvement being clinically evident in ∼30% of patients (as high as 75% at autopsy). In ∼5% cases melanoma cells also metastasize to the leptomeninges, the sub-arachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with leptomeningeal melanoma metastases (LMM) have the worst prognosis and are characterized by rapid disease progression (mean survival 8-10 weeks) and a death from neurological causes. The recent years have seen tremendous progress in the development of targeted and immune therapies for melanoma that has translated into an increased survival benefit. Despite these gains, the majority of patients fail therapy and there is a suspicion that the brain and the leptomeninges are a "sanctuary" sites for melanoma cells that escape both targeted therapy and immunologic therapies. Emerging evidence suggests that (1) Cancer cells migrating to the CNS may have unique molecular properties and (2) the CNS/leptomeningeal microenvironment represents a pro-survival niche that influences therapeutic response. In this Mini-Review, we will outline the clinical course of LMM development and will describe how the intracranial immune and cellular microenvironments offer both opportunities and challenges for the successful management of this disease. We will further discuss the latest data demonstrating the potential use of BRAF inhibitors and immune therapy in the management of LMM, and will review future potential therapeutic strategies for the management of this most devastating complication of advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL.,Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Inna V Fedorenko
- The Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Rajappa S Kenchappa
- The Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL.,Department of NeuroOncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Solmaz Sahebjam
- Department of NeuroOncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Peter A Forsyth
- The Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL.,Department of NeuroOncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL.,Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center & University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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