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Bastos CM, Rocha F, Patinha C, Marinho-Reis P. Bioaccessibility by perspiration uptake of minerals from two different sulfurous peloids. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6621-6641. [PMID: 37341890 PMCID: PMC10403450 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The risks associated with the use of peloids in thermal centers, spas, or at home, must be tested to develop appropriate safety guidelines for peloids formulations and the release of substances of high concern. Additionally, the beneficial effects of some elements on human health should be assessed to aid in interpreting the therapeutic action and effectiveness of pelotherapy on dermatological or osteomuscular disorders. Therefore, a methodology was developed to better understand the biogeochemical behavior of the elements in formulated peloids. Two peloids were formulated with the same clay and two different sulfurous mineral-medicinal waters for 90 days, with light stirring every 15 days. Bentonite clay, with a high content of smectite and Ca and Mg as the main exchangeable cations, and high heat capacity, was used. The selected mineral-medicinal waters were collected from two Portuguese thermal centers with recognized therapeutic efficacy for rheumatic, respiratory and dermatological pathologies. The peloids were used without drying and withdrawn directly from the maturation tank, and a mixture of bentonite and demineralized water was prepared as a reference sample. A stabilized, ready-to-use, artificial perspiration test was used to simulate the peloids' interaction with skin. Thirty-one elements extracted from the two prepared peloids were analyzed using ICP-MS. The data were analyzed and related to the mineralogical composition of the original clay and supernatant composition of the maturation tanks. The content of some potentially toxic elements and metals' bioaccessibility by perspiration showed very low solubility and undetectable amounts extracted from the studied samples. This analytical method provided reliable information on dermal exposure and the identification of some elements that may enter the systemic circulation, requiring implementation of surveillance and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marina Bastos
- Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Exatronic, Lda, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Patinha
- Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Marinho-Reis
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT) – Pole of the University of Minho, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Rubio L, Barrulas P, Costa M, Garcia-Jares C, Lores M, Barrocas Dias C. The chemistry behind the body art: unveiling the elemental profile and heavy metal content of natural tattoos and dyes by ICP-MS. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34414-34424. [PMID: 36545629 PMCID: PMC9709773 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporary tattoos and dyes are increasing popularity as an alternative to permanent ones. However, knowledge on its elementary composition is scarce and, this scientific gap can potentially make them a source of heavy metal exposure on humans. The present research aimed to explore the possibility of using the inorganic chemical signature to characterize natural pigments-based products and to evaluate the heavy metal content in jagua temporary tattoos and henna temporary hair dyes and tattoos. Thirty-four different samples of commercial products were analyzed for the presence and quantity of eleven trace elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ba, and Pb) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The overall mean concentrations varied between 0.02 and 973 μg g-1 in solid samples or 0.01-1878 μg g-1 for paste ones, wherein potential fake products were uncovered. None of the 34 samples considered comply with the current European Cosmetics Regulation. Samples were differentiated according to their Cr, Zn, Ba, and Pb content. The overall results revealed highly variable levels in the investigated samples, which leads us to suggest detailed quality controls of these materials, due the fact that their continued use can origin potential threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubio
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaE-15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain+34-881-814-379,Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaE-15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Pedro Barrulas
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do VimiosoLargo Marquês de Marialva 87000-809ÉvoraPortugal+351-266740800
| | - Mafalda Costa
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do VimiosoLargo Marquês de Marialva 87000-809ÉvoraPortugal+351-266740800
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaE-15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain+34-881-814-379,Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaE-15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Marta Lores
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaE-15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Cristina Barrocas Dias
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do VimiosoLargo Marquês de Marialva 87000-809ÉvoraPortugal+351-266740800,Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences and TechnologyRua Romão Ramalho, 597000-671ÉvoraPortugal
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Rubio L, Costa M, Barrulas P, Lores M, Garcia-Jares C, Barrocas-Dias C. Understanding the chemical and mineralogical composition of commercial henna and jagua tattoos and dyes-a multi-analytical approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6233-6246. [PMID: 35829771 PMCID: PMC9314285 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temporary tattoos and dyes constitute a great analytical challenge in relation to the regulatory control of their ingredients. Most of these commercial products are not labeled according to their content and their chemical nature is highly diverse. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze these complex samples to evaluate the potential presence of metallic impurities, to ensure the safety of cosmetic products contributing to health protection. This study proposes a multi-analytical methodology, which includes handheld X-ray fluorescence (h-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), complemented by variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (VP-SEM-EDS) to fully characterize 34 commercial samples of jagua and henna tattoos and dyes. The approach allowed the identification of the main constituents providing complementary compositional data and differences between sample types were established. In addition, information on the degree of natural pigments homogeneity was also obtained. The results' discussion considering the current European cosmetics regulation may be useful to support the drafting of safety requirements and specific regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubio
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Mafalda Costa
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Barrulas
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Marta Lores
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Barrocas-Dias
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal
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