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Kantasrila R, Pandith H, Balslev H, Wangpakapattanawong P, Panyadee P, Inta A. Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of plants used to treat musculoskeletal disorders among Skaw Karen, Thailand. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:62-104. [PMID: 38131672 PMCID: PMC10763916 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2292261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Musculoskeletal system disorders (MSD) are prevalent around the world affecting the health of people, especially farmers who work hard in the field. Karen farmers use many medicinal plants to treat MSD. OBJECTIVE This study collects traditional plant-based remedies used by the Skaw Karen to treat MSD and evaluates their active phytochemical compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethnobotanical study was conducted in six Karen villages in Chiang Mai province using semi-structured interviews were of 120 informants. The data were analyzed using ethnobotanical indices including use values (UV), choice value (CV), and informant consensus factor (ICF). Consequently, the 20 most important species, according to the indices, were selected for phytochemical analysis using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS A total of 3731 use reports were obtained for 139 species used in MSD treatment. The most common ailments treated with those plants were muscular pain. A total of 172 high-potential active compounds for MSD treatment were identified. Most of them were flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroids. The prevalent phytochemical compounds related to treat MSD were 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, dihydrovaltrate, morroniside, isoacteoside, lithocholic acid, pomiferin, cucurbitacin E, leonuriside A, liriodendrin, and physalin E. Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume (Adoxaceae), Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (Betulaceae), Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) and Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (Salicaceae) all had high ethnobotanical index values and many active compounds. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study provides valuable information, demonstrating low-cost medicine plants that are locally available. It is a choice of treatment for people living in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapeeporn Kantasrila
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- The Botanical Garden Organization, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Henrik Balslev
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Prateep Panyadee
- The Botanical Garden Organization, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Angkhana Inta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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Ciliberti MG, Albenzio M, Sevi A, Frabboni L, Marino R, Caroprese M. Immunomodulatory Role of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha x piperita L., and Lavandula angustifolia L. Essential Oils in Sheep Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Vet Sci 2024; 11:157. [PMID: 38668424 PMCID: PMC11054635 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the uses of essential oils (EOs) as rumen modifiers, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants were demonstrated in livestock. In the present study, the role of Mentha x piperita L. (MEO), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (REO), and Lavandula angustifolia L. (LEO) EOs in an in vitro sheep model of inflammation was investigated. With this aim, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with incremental concentrations (3, 5, 7, and 10%) of each EO to test their effects on cell viability and proliferation and on interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-8 secretion. The PBMCs were stimulated by Concanavalin A (ConA) alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mitogen. The positive and negative controls were represented by PBMCs in the presence or absence, respectively, of mitogens only. The cell viability and proliferation were determined by XTT and BrdU assays, while the cytokines were analyzed by ELISA. The EO treatments did not affect the viability; on the contrary, the PBMC proliferation increased in presence of all the EOs tested, according to the different percentages and mitogens used. The IL-10 secretion was higher in both the REO and the LEO tested at 3% than in the positive control; furthermore, the IL-8 level was influenced differently by the various EOs. The present data demonstrate that EOs may modulate the immune response activated by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Ciliberti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (A.S.); (L.F.); (R.M.); (M.C.)
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Gao Y, Ryan CA, Ellingson K, Krutz N, Kern PS. A botanical reference set illustrating a weight of evidence approach for skin sensitization risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114413. [PMID: 38128687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen an increase in the use of botanicals and natural substances (BNS) in consumer products such as cosmetics and household care products. Most work conducted to date to assess botanicals for human safety has focused their use as dietary supplements and thus on systemic toxicity. However, the induction of skin sensitization is a possible adverse effect of natural products in particular those that come into skin contact, especially for cosmetics that remain on the skin and are not rinsed off following use. Assessments of BNS ingredients are often challenging for a number of reasons: the BNS are complex mixtures that can be of mostly unknown composition; the composition can be highly variable even within the same plant species and dependent on how processed; the physical form of the BNS raw material can vary from a highly concentrated powdered extract to a liquid extract containing only a small percentage of the BNS; testing of the BNS raw materials in New Approach Methods (NAM) has uncertainty as these methods are often not developed or validated for complex mixtures. In this study, a reference set of 14 selected BNS which span the range of skin sensitization potential was complied. These data were used in a Weight of Evidence (WoE) approach to evaluate their skin sensitization potential with each of the data rich BNS being classified as either having strong evidence of inducing skin sensitization based on human topical use history, animal data, clinical data, composition data and NAM data, or having some but more limited (weak) evidence of inducing skin sensitization, or having strong evidence of no skin sensitization potential. When available data have sufficient potency related information, sensitization potency assessment is also provided based on WoE, classifying these BNS as either strong, moderate, or weak sensitizers, or non-sensitizers. An outline for a BNS skin sensitization risk assessment framework is proposed starting with exposure-based waiving and WoE assessment for higher exposures. In addition to demonstrating the application of the WoE approach, the reference set presented here provides a set of 'data rich' botanicals which cover a range of sensitization potencies that could be used for evaluating existing test methods or aid in the development of new predictive models for skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Procter & Gamble Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
| | | | - Kim Ellingson
- Procter & Gamble, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Nora Krutz
- Procter & Gamble Services Company NV, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Petra S Kern
- Procter & Gamble Services Company NV, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
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Qiu K, Wang S, Duan F, Sang Z, Wei S, Liu H, Tan H. Rosemary: Unrevealing an old aromatic crop as a new source of promising functional food additive-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13273. [PMID: 38284599 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is one of the most famous spice plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family as a remarkably beautiful horticultural plant and economically agricultural crop. The essential oil of rosemary has been enthusiastically welcome in the whole world for hundreds of years. Now, it is wildly prevailing as a promising functional food additive for human health. More importantly, due to its significant aroma, food, and nutritional value, rosemary also plays an essential role in the food/feed additive and food packaging industries. Modern industrial development and fundamental scientific research have extensively revealed its unique phytochemical constituents with biologically meaningful activities, which closely related to diverse human health functions. In this review, we provide a comprehensively systematic perspective on rosemary by summarizing the structures of various pharmacological and nutritional components, biologically functional activities and their molecular regulatory networks required in food developments, and the recent advances in their applications in the food industry. Finally, the temporary limitations and future research trends regarding the development of rosemary components are also discussed and prospected. Hence, the review covering the fundamental research advances and developing prospects of rosemary is a desirable demand to facilitate their better understanding, and it will also serve as a reference to provide many insights for the future promotion of the research and development of functional foods related to rosemary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sasa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihuan Sang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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Huđek Turković A, Durgo K, Čučković F, Ledenko I, Krizmanić T, Martinić A, Vojvodić Cebin A, Komes D, Milić M. Reduction of oral pathogens and oxidative damage in the CAL 27 cell line by Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Taraxacum officinale Web. Extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023:116761. [PMID: 37301304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) are treasured botanicals with a long usage history in traditional herbal practices worldwide. Dandelion was used to treat kidney, spleen, and liver disease, as well as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and bacterial infections, whereas rosemary was used to treat pain, spasms, and to improve blood circulation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to determine the influence of rosemary and dandelion leaves aqueous extracts on the human tongue epithelial carcinoma cell line (CAL 27) at the level of interaction between oral microbiota and tongue epithelial cells, genomic damage, and H2O2 - induced oxidative damage protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The polyphenolic composition of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses. After extract treatment, cytotoxic impact and ROS generation in CAL 27 cells were measured using the MTT assay and the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay, respectively. Microdilutions were applied to investigate the antimicrobial and adhesive properties against representatives of the oral microbiota. The single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN cyt) were used to detect induced genomic damages. RESULTS Both extracts increased the adhesion of the lactic acid bacteria L. plantarum but decreased the adhesion of the bacterial pathogens S. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT21 and E. coli K-12 MG1655 adhesion onto CAL 27 cells. 1 h treatment with 5x concentrated dandelion extract and 1x, 2.5x, and 5x of rosemary extract caused an increase in comet tail intensity. CBMN cyt results demonstrated a significant increase in micronucleus formation even at concentrations several times lower than the usual bioactive compound concentrations found in a cup of beverage, with higher concentrations also inducing cell apoptosis and necrosis. Rosemary extract showed a protective effect against H2O2 - induced oxidative damage by decreasing the apoptotic cell number, probably preventing mutations leading to tumor aggressiveness, invasion, and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Both tested extracts demonstrated their usefulness in maintaining good oral bacteria balance and their protective capability as powerful antitumor agents by causing a protective apoptotic effect in tumor cell line already at the dosage of an average daily cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Huđek Turković
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Florentina Čučković
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Ledenko
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tena Krizmanić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Arijana Martinić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Aleksandra Vojvodić Cebin
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Draženka Komes
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirta Milić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Coimbra L, Costa IM, Evangelista JG, Figueiredo A. Food allergens in oral care products. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6684. [PMID: 37095111 PMCID: PMC10126110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are a growing concern, especially in Western societies and can dramatically impact the quality of life of affected individuals. In recent years, various food allergens have been introduced into the oral care industry to improve product properties and provide the best possible treatment. Since small doses of food allergens may be sufficient to trigger allergic reactions, the non-discrimination of the sources of certain excipients in the product composition can compromise the patient's health. Therefore, knowledge and awareness of allergies and product composition among health professionals are critical on behalf of patients' and consumers' health. This study aimed to ascertain the presence of dairy products (e.g., cow's milk proteins and lactose), cereals (e.g., gluten, soy, and oats), fruits, nuts, spices, shellfish, and additives as excipients in oral care products for outpatients and products for professional use in the Dental Office. Among the 387 surveyed products, the highest prevalence of food allergens was found in toothpaste, fluoride varnishes, and alginates, mostly in spices and fresh fruits. As food allergies may occur because of erroneous information or a lack of labeling on the allergen list, manufacturers should be more rigorous in declaring allergens on product labeling regarding the safety of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Coimbra
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Margarida Costa
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- PharmSci Lab/Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Grillo Evangelista
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Morphology Lab/Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Figueiredo
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
- PharmSci Lab/Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
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Kern PS, Ellingson K, Gao Y, Krutz NL, Krivos K, Quijano M, Xu Y, Ryan CA. Development of a peptide reactivity assay for screening botanicals and natural substances: Proof of concept studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105591. [PMID: 37011770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Consumer products containing botanicals or natural substances (BNS) are often preferred because there is a perception that 'natural' is safe. As with any product ingredient, a thorough safety assessment must be conducted, including a determination of skin sensitization potential. A modification of the Peroxidase Peptide Reactivity Assay (PPRA) was explored for screening BNS (B-PPRA) for their reactivity to a model cysteine peptide. The PPRA incorporates a horseradish peroxidase‑hydrogen peroxide (+HRP/P) oxidation system for the activation of potential pre- and pro-haptens. BNS test materials contained <2% botanical constituent in either glycerin/water or propylene glycol/water. Stock solutions prepared in acetonitrile were diluted to 8 working concentrations. Direct reactivity was determined in reaction mixtures containing peptide and deferoxamine in potassium phosphate buffer. Enzyme-mediated reactivity determinations were performed with addition of +HRP/P. Initial studies demonstrated that results were reproducible and impact of carrier low. To determine the sensitivity of the assay, experiments were conducted with chamomile extract spiked with three sensitizers. Peptide depletion was observed in the +HRP/P reaction mixtures with isoeugenol spikes as low as 0.05%. The B-PPRA shows promise as a screening method for skin sensitization potential and could become part of a framework for the skin sensitization safety assessment of BNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra S Kern
- Procter & Gamble Services Company NV, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium.
| | | | - Yuan Gao
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Beijing, China
| | - Nora L Krutz
- Procter & Gamble Services Company NV, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Kady Krivos
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | | | - Yan Xu
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Cindy A Ryan
- ToxTech Solutions, LLC, Milan, IN, United States
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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis from five Different Sites in Palestine. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical profiles of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils, collected from five distinct geographical regions in Palestine, were determined using GC-MS. The major phytochemical classes of R. officinalis EOs were monoterpene hydrocarbon (24.81–78.75%) and oxygenated monoterpenoids (19.01–73.78%), with 1,8-cineole (4.81–37.83%), α-pinene (13.07–51.36%), and camphor (11.95–24.30%) being the most abundant components of the studied oils. Using the DPPH assay, the antioxidant activity of EOs revealed that EO from the Jenin region had the highest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 10.23 ± 0.11 µg/mL, followed by samples from Tulkarm (IC50 = 37.15 ± 2.3 µg/mL) and Nablus (IC50= 38.9 ± 0.45 µg/mL). With MICs of 12.5, 12.5, 6.25, 6.25, and 6.25 µg/mL against MRSA, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumonia, and P. vulgaris, respectively, the EO extracted from the Jenin region of Palestine had the greatest antibacterial activity. Furthermore, EOs from Jenin and Nablus demonstrated stronger anti-candida action than the pharmaceutical formulation Fluconazole, with MICs of 0.781, 0.781, and 1.56 µg/mL, respectively.
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Annemer S, Farah A, Stambouli H, Assouguem A, Almutairi MH, Sayed AA, Peluso I, Bouayoun T, Talaat Nouh NA, El Ouali Lalami A, Ez zoubi Y. Chemometric Investigation and Antimicrobial Activity of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn Essential Oils. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092914. [PMID: 35566267 PMCID: PMC9099978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the better production and sustainable management of natural resources, a chemometric investigation was conducted to examine the effect of cooperative and harvesting periods on the crop yields and chemical compositions of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn essential oils in the Oriental region of Morocco. The samples were collected from three cooperatives over nine time periods from January 2018 to April 2019. The chemical composition of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The data from this study were processed by multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The disc diffusion technique and a determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration were performed to study the antibacterial properties of the oils. Statistical analysis showed that the cooperative and harvest period have a significant effect on yields. The highest yield of essential oil was recorded in April 2019 at cooperative C1. The PCA and the HCA results were divided into two groups: Group A for the summer season and group B for the winter season. The samples collected during summer were characterized by a high amount of 1,8-cineole component and a high yield of essential oil, whereas the samples collected during winter were qualified by a high amount of α-pinene component and a low yield of essential oil. The antibacterial activity of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn essential oils showed that Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC23857 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 23857 are the most susceptible strains, stopping growth at 1/500 (v/v). The least susceptible strain is Escherichia coli ATCC25922, with an MIC value corresponding to 1/250 (v/v). The findings of this study could have a positive economic impact on the exploitation of rosemary in the Oriental region, especially during the best harvest periods, as they indicate how to obtain the best yields of oils richest in 1,8-cineole and α-pinene chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoussan Annemer
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
| | - Abdellah Farah
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
| | - Hamide Stambouli
- Institute of Forensic Sciences of Gendarmerie Royal, B.P. 6597, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (H.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Amine Assouguem
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amany A. Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Taoufik Bouayoun
- Institute of Forensic Sciences of Gendarmerie Royal, B.P. 6597, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (H.S.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Regional Health Directorate, EL Ghassani Hospital, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Yassine Ez zoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
- Biotechnology, Environmental Technology and Valorization of Bio-Resources Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Al-Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
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Akbari S, Sohouli MH, Ebrahimzadeh S, Ghanaei FM, Hosseini AF, Aryaeian N. Effect of rosemary leaf powder with weight loss diet on lipid profile, glycemic status, and liver enzymes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2186-2196. [PMID: 35318738 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and some clinical studies have shown beneficial effects of rosemary leaf on liver function and biochemical parameters. The present study aimed to examine the impact of rosemary leaf powder with a weight loss diet in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In a randomized double-blinded clinical trial, 110 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 4 g rosemary leaf or placebo (starch) powders for 8 weeks. In addition, all participants in the study were given weight loss diet and physical activity recommendations. Compared with baseline, alanine aminotransferase (p < .001), aspartate aminotransferase (p < .001), alkaline phosphatase (p < .001), gamma glutamyltransferase (p < .001), fasting blood glucose (p < .001), fasting insulin (p < .001), insulin resistance (p < .001), total cholesterol (p = .003), triglyceride (p < .001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < .001), and anthropometric indices (weight, body mass index, and waist circumferences) decreased significantly in the rosemary and placebo group with weight loss. However, after 8 weeks, no significant difference between the rosemary and placebo groups was detected in the variables as mentioned above except homeostasis model assessment of β-cell dysfunction (p = .014). The findings of the current clinical trial study revealed that rosemary group did produce changes, but they were not statistically different from those produced by the diet/activity intervention alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Akbari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Agha Fatemeh Hosseini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naheed Aryaeian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Sasaki K, Ferdousi F, Fukumitsu S, Kuwata H, Isoda H. Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities of Rosmarinus officinalis extract in rodent models: Involvement of oxytocinergic system. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112291. [PMID: 34653760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin (OXT), a neuropeptide involved in mammal reproductive and prosocial behaviors, has been reported to interact with various stressor-provoked neurobiological changes, including neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter, and inflammatory processes. In view of disturbances in psychosocial relationships due to social isolation and physical distancing measures amid the COVID-19 pandemic, being one of the triggering factors for the recent rise in depression and anxiety, OXT is a potential candidate for a new antidepressant. METHODS In this present study, we have aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of Rosmarinus officinalis extract (RE), extracted from distillation residue of rosemary essential oil, on central OXT level in the context of other stress biomarkers and neurotransmitter levels in mice models. Tail suspension test (TST) and elevated plus maze test (EPMT) following LPS injection were employed to assess depressive- and anxiety-like behavior in mice, respectively. FINDINGS Pretreatment with RE for seven days significantly improved behavior in TST and EPMT. Whole-genome microarray analysis reveals that RE significantly reversed TST stress-induced alterations in gene expressions related to oxytocinergic and neurotransmitter pathways and inflammatory processes. In both models, RE significantly increased central Oxt and Oxtr expressions, as well as OXT protein levels. RE also significantly attenuated stress-induced changes in serum corticosterone, brain and serum BDNF levels, and brain neurotransmitters levels in both models. INTERPRETATION Altogether, our study is the first to report antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities of RE through modulating oxytocinergic system in mice brain and thus highlights the prospects of RE in the treatment of depressive disorders of psychosocial nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sasaki
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Farhana Ferdousi
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukumitsu
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuwata
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Ibaraki, Japan.
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Kaur R, Gupta TB, Bronlund J, Kaur L. THE POTENTIAL OF ROSEMARY AS A FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENT FOR MEAT PRODUCTS- A REVIEW. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1950173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tanushree B. Gupta
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John Bronlund
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lovedeep Kaur
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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13
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Türkmenoğlu A, Özmen D. Allergenic components, biocides, and analysis techniques of some essential oils used in food products. J Food Sci 2021; 86:2225-2241. [PMID: 34091909 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, almost 300 essential oils (EOs) are commonly traded in the world market, with a prediction to be worth over $14 billion in 2024. EOs are natural preservatives for food products in order to reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms, therefore their use as an antioxidant or a preservative in foods has been encouraged. They are not only considered as antimicrobial or flavoring agents, but are also incorporated into food packaging materials. There are several types of EOs which have been approved as food additives by the Food and Drug Administration. Hence, it is important to use safe EO products to minimize possible adverse effect risks such as nausea, vomiting, necrosis, nephropathy, mucous membrane, and skin irritation. This review article gives information about some EOs that are used in the food industries and the types of some allergenic compounds and biocides which could make the EOs hazardous or may cause allergenic reactions in the human body. Besides, some analysis techniques of possible allergenic compounds or biocides in EOs were introduced and supported with the most relevant studies. The overall conclusion from the study is that pregnant women, patients taking drugs (e.g., diabetics) or the having a history of allergy are the most prone to be affected from EO allergenic components. As regards to biocides, organochlorine and organophosphorus types of pesticides that are carried over from the plant may be found mostly in EOs. The most common allergic reaction is skin sensitization and irritation if the EO components are oxidized during storage or transportation. Moreover, drug interactions are one of the other possible adverse effect. Hence, determination of biocides and possible allergenic component concentrations is an essential factor when they are used as a preservative or flavoring agent. The most prominent analysis techniques are gas and liquid chromatography because most of the allergens and biocides are mainly composed of volatile components. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Determining of the essential oil's content will be crucial if oils are used for food preservation or flavoring because they may have some hazardous effects, such as nausea, vomiting, necrosis and nephropathy. Therefore, after applying them to the food products, consumers (especially pregnant women) should be informed about their concentration levels and their possible adverse effects are taken into account when they are consumed over toxic limit. For this reason, we reviewed in our study that some allergenic components, biocides and toxic limits of EOs to be used in food products. In addition to this, recent analytical techniques have been explained and discussed which methods are suitable for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilek Özmen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey
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14
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Zlabiene U, Baranauskaite J, Kopustinskiene DM, Bernatoniene J. In Vitro and Clinical Safety Assessment of the Multiple W/O/W Emulsion Based on the Active Ingredients from Rosmarinus officinalis L., Avena sativa L. and Linum usitatissimum L. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050732. [PMID: 34065623 PMCID: PMC8157128 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple W/O/W emulsion supplemented with the extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Avena sativa L. and Linum usitatissimum L. was prepared in the study, its active compounds were determined by HPLC and its safety was evaluated in vitro by the means of reconstituted human skin model EpiDerm™ for the assessment of its irritation, phototoxicity and early skin inflammation effects and by the 48 h human skin patch test for its skin irritation and allergenic potential. The microbiological challenge test of W/O/W emulsion was performed to ensure its preservation efficiency. The results showed that the W/O/W emulsion loaded with self-preserving plant-based bio-actives had no irritant potential, was not phototoxic and did not provoke skin inflammation or sensitization and thus could be used as a safe base for cosmetic products. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients of natural or organic origin could be easily performed using reconstructed human skin model EpiDerm™ similar to the well-defined chemicals used in the cosmetics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugne Zlabiene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (U.Z.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Juste Baranauskaite
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Dalia M. Kopustinskiene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (U.Z.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Jurga Bernatoniene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (U.Z.); (D.M.K.)
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-600-63349
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Oreopoulou A, Choulitoudi E, Tsimogiannis D, Oreopoulou V. Six Common Herbs with Distinctive Bioactive, Antioxidant Components. A Review of Their Separation Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102920. [PMID: 34069026 PMCID: PMC8157015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosemary, oregano, pink savory, lemon balm, St. John’s wort, and saffron are common herbs wildly grown and easily cultivated in many countries. All of them are rich in antioxidant compounds that exhibit several biological and health activities. They are commercialized as spices, traditional medicines, or raw materials for the production of essential oils. The whole herbs or the residues of their current use are potential sources for the recovery of natural antioxidant extracts. Finding effective and feasible extraction and purification methods is a major challenge for the industrial production of natural antioxidant extracts. In this respect, the present paper is an extensive literature review of the solvents and extraction methods that have been tested on these herbs. Green solvents and novel extraction methods that can be easily scaled up for industrial application are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Oreopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.O.); (E.C.); (D.T.)
- Vioryl, Agricultural and Chemical Industry, Research S.A., 28th km National Road Athens-Lamia, 19014 Attiki, Greece
| | - Evanthia Choulitoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.O.); (E.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsimogiannis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.O.); (E.C.); (D.T.)
- NFA (Natural Food Additives), Laboratory of Natural Extracts Development, 6 Dios st, 17778 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Oreopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.O.); (E.C.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2107723166
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16
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Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary): An Ancient Plant with Uses in Personal Healthcare and Cosmetics. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is a bibliographical review of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) that focuses on the application of derivatives of this plant for cosmetic products, an application which has been recognized and valued since Ancient Egyptian times. Rosemary is a plant of Mediterranean origin that has been distributed throughout different areas of the world. It has many medicinal properties, and its extracts have been used (mainly orally) in folk medicine. It belongs to the Labiatae family, which contains several genera—such as Salvia, Lavandula, and Thymus—that are commonly used in cosmetics, due to their high prevalence of antioxidant molecules. Rosemary is a perennial shrub that grows in the wild or is cultivated. It has glandular hairs that emit fragrant volatile essential oils (mainly monoterpenes) in response to drought conditions in the Mediterranean climate. It also contains diterpenes such as carnosic acid and other polyphenolic molecules. Herein, the botanical and ecological characteristics of the plant are discussed, as well as the main bioactive compounds found in its volatile essential oil and in leaf extracts. Afterward, we review the applications of rosemary in cosmetics, considering its preservative power, the kinds of products in which it is used, and its toxicological safety, as well as its current uses or future applications in topical preparations, according to recent and ongoing studies.
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17
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Labib RM, Ayoub IM, Michel HE, Mehanny M, Kamil V, Hany M, Magdy M, Moataz A, Maged B, Mohamed A. Appraisal on the wound healing potential of Melaleuca alternifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil-loaded chitosan topical preparations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219561. [PMID: 31525200 PMCID: PMC6746351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the wound healing potential of three chitosan-based topical preparations loaded with either tea tree essential oil, rosemary essential oil or a mixture of both oils in vivo. Essential oils of M. alternifolia and R. officinalis were analyzed using GC/MS. Essential oil-loaded chitosan topical preparations were formulated. Wound healing potential was evaluated in vivo using an excision wound model in rats. GC/MS analysis of M. alternifolia and R. officinalis essential oils revealed richness in oxygenated monoterpenes, representing 51.06% and 69.61% of the total oil composition, respectively. Topical application of chitosan-based formulation loaded with a mixture of tea tree and rosemary oils resulted in a significant increase in wound contraction percentage compared to either group treated with individual essential oils and the untreated group. Histopathological examination revealed that topical application of tea tree and rosemary oil combination demonstrated complete re-epithelialization associated with activated hair follicles. The high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes in both essential oils play an important role in the antioxidant and wound healing potential observed herein. Incorporation of tea tree and rosemary essential oils in chitosan-based preparations in appropriate combination could efficiently promote different stages of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola M. Labib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iriny M. Ayoub
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy E. Michel
- Department of Pharmcology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mina Mehanny
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Verena Kamil
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Meryl Hany
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mirette Magdy
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Moataz
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Boula Maged
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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