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Jegatheeswaran L, Gokani SA, Luke L, Klyvyte G, Espehana A, Garden EM, Tarantino A, Al Omari B, Philpott CM. Assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1165329. [PMID: 37599993 PMCID: PMC10436231 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1165329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review To provide a detailed overview of the assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Recent findings COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction can have a detrimental impact to the quality of life of patients. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, olfactory and taste disorders were a common but under-rated, under-researched and under-treated sensory loss. The pandemic has exacerbated the current unmet need for accessing good healthcare for patients living with olfactory disorders and other symptoms secondary to COVID-19. This review thus explores the associations that COVID-19 has with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms, and provide a framework and rationale for the assessment of patients presenting with COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Summary Acute COVID-19 infection and long COVID is not solely a disease of the respiratory and vascular systems. These two conditions have strong associations with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. A systematic approach with history taking and examination particularly with nasal endoscopy can determine the impact that this has on the patient. Specific olfactory disorder questionnaires can demonstrate the impact on quality of life, while psychophysical testing can objectively assess and monitor olfaction over time. The role of cross-sectional imaging is not yet described for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Management options are limited to conservative adjunctive measures, with some medical therapies described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavandan Jegatheeswaran
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Ajay Gokani
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Luke
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Gabija Klyvyte
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Espehana
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Mairenn Garden
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Tarantino
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Basil Al Omari
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Martin Philpott
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Abdelazim MH, Abdelazim AH. Effect of Sodium Gluconate on Decreasing Elevated Nasal Calcium and Improving Olfactory Function Post COVID-19 Infection. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2022; 36:841-848. [PMID: 35942688 PMCID: PMC9364068 DOI: 10.1177/19458924221120116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has been associated with temporary olfactory dysfunction in many
infected patients. Calcium plays a great role in the olfaction process with
negative feedback for the olfaction transmission. Many reports demonstrated
calcium elevation in the nasal secretions with a negative effect on
olfaction. Sodium gluconate is a water-soluble salt with a chemical
structure that lends to act as a highly efficient chelating agent. It can
bind the elevated calcium in the nasal secretions reducing the adverse
effects on olfactory function. Objective To evaluate the impact of intranasal sodium gluconate on decreasing the rise
of nasal calcium and improving the sense of smell in patients with olfactory
dysfunction post-COVID-19 infection. Methods Fifty patients with a history of confirmed COVID-19 suffering from olfactory
dysfunction persisted more than 90 days after severe acute respiratory
syndrome-coronavirus-2 negative testing were included in a prospective
randomized blinded controlled clinical trial. Patients were divided into 2
equal groups, receiving either 0.9% sodium chloride or 1% sodium gluconate.
Olfactory function was assessed before treatment and 1 month later using the
Sniffin’ Sticks test. Quantitative analysis of the nasal calcium
concentration was performed before treatment and 1 month later using a
laboratory-designed screen-printed ion-selective electrode. Results After using sodium gluconate, the measured olfactory scores indicated a
clinical improvement from anosmia to hyposmia compared to the nonimprovement
sodium chloride receiving group. Also, a remarked decrease in the calcium
nasal concentration was observed after using sodium gluconate compared to
sodium chloride. Conclusion Based on the proposed results, sodium gluconate may associate with an
improvement of the olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Abdelazim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, 68820Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Abdelazim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, 68820Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-UVB of three kinds of fermented fruit peel extracts by pectinase enzyme, including pomegranate, pomelo, and banana peel. The antioxidant was evaluated by the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed by disk diffusion assay, and the photoprotective activity was measured using a photospectrometric method. The results revealed that pomegranate peel extract at 3000 IU/g peel exhibited potent free radical scavenging property against DPPH, with the smallest IC50 value at 0.18%, which was better than that of pomelo peel extract at 55.79%. Furthermore, the results suggested that the pomegranate peel extract also exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli better than pomelo peel extract, but none of the three samples shows the antibacterial capacity against S. aureus. Moreover, 10% pomegranate peel extract also expressed the strongest anti-UVB activity, with an SPF value of 36.582. The research demonstrates pomegranate peel’s bioactivity potential for further experiments.
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