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Gupta B, Suchomski P, Ashwin Melvin A, Linfield S, Opallo M, Nogala W. Optical readout of moisture in sand employing bipolar electrochemistry. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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A User-Friendly Tool to Characterize the Moisture Transfer in Porous Building Materials: FLoW1D. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a user-friendly tool—FLoW1D (One-Dimensional Water Flow)—for the estimation of parameters that characterize the unsaturated moisture transfer in porous building materials. FLoW1D has been developed in Visual Basic for Applications and implemented as a function of the well-known Microsoft Excel© spreadsheet application. The aim of our work is to provide a simple and useful tool to improve the analysis and interpretation of conventional tests for the characterization of the hygric behavior of porous building materials. FLoW1D embraces the conceptual model described in EN 15026 for moisture transfer in building elements, and its implementation has been verified and validated correctly. In order to show the scope of the code, an example of an application has been presented. The hygric characterization of the limestone that is mostly employed in the Cathedral of Santa Maria and San Julian in Cuenca (Spain) was conducted based on an analysis of the conventional water absorption by capillarity tests (EN 15801).
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Pore-Structure-Based Determination of Unsaturated Hygric Properties of Porous Materials. Transp Porous Media 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-019-01334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Carmeliet J, Hens H, Roels S, Adan O, Brocken H, Cerny R, Pavlik Z, Hall C, Kumaran K, Pel L. Determination of the Liquid Water Diffusivity from Transient Moisture Transfer Experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1097196304042324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Boltzmann transformation method is used to determine the liquid water diffusivity from moisture content profiles as measured in a capillary water absorption experiment. An inter-laboratory comparison for analyzing the reliability of the determination method showed that the inaccuracy in the liquid water diffusivity is caused by scatter in the transformed data and by uncertainty in the boundary conditions at the intake surface and ahead of the steep moisture front. A methodology is proposed based on (1) the evaluation of the validity of the diffusion approach, (2) a simplified handling of the boundary conditions, (3) smoothing of the scattered data and (4) the evaluation of the quality of the determined liquid water diffusivity. For HAM (Heat-Air-Moisture transport) calculations values of the liquid water diffusivity for moisture contents higher than the capillary moisture content are disregarded. The liquid water diffusivity can be described by an exponential function limited at a lower moisture content bound. To describe the moisture diffusivity including liquid water and water vapour transports, a new parametric description of the moisture diffusivity is presented, which shows sufficient flexibility both in the hygroscopic and overhygroscopic ranges. When permeability is calculated from diffusivity, the permeability should monotonically increase with decreasing capillary pressure. In the hygroscopic region it should coincide with the measured water vapour permeabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Carmeliet
- Department of Civil Engineering, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 51, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - S. Roels
- Department of Civil Engineering, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 51, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - H. Brocken
- TNO Building and Construction Research, P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Z. Pavlik
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structural Mechanics, Czech Technical University, Thakurova 7, CZ-16629 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - C. Hall
- Centre for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - K. Kumaran
- Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - L. Pel
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Adan O, Brocken H, Carmeliet J, Hens H, Roels S, Hagentoft CE. Determination of Liquid Water Transfer Properties of Porous Building Materials and Development of Numerical Assessment Methods: Introduction to the EC HAMSTAD Project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1097196304042323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Implications of moisture in building and construction are of interest to the international community because of their huge economical consequences, including effects on health, maintenance and repair, retrofitting and conservation, as well as on common welfare. The present day knowledge offers a potential to tackle such problems, both in the design process and during the service life of building. In 2001, the European Commission initiated the project ‘‘HAMSTAD’’ (Heat Air and Moisture Standards Development) to propose a better modelling methodology than the traditional Glaser method. HAMSTAD focused on the development of draft standardisation procedures on determination methods of moisture transfer properties and a draft methodology for certification of advanced moisture modelling codes. To stimulate competitiveness and progress, the project was carried out following an ‘open methodology’ instead of a system of deterministic and prescriptive (pre-) standards. This paper outlines the project and highlights the main outputs, serving as an introduction to the following more detailed research papers resulting from that work.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Adan
- TNO Building and Construction Research, P.O. Box 49, 2600AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H. Brocken
- TNO Building and Construction Research, P.O. Box 49, 2600AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - S. Roels
- Laboratory of Building Physics, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - C.-E. Hagentoft
- Department of Building Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE–41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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Three-Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography to Monitor Unsaturated Moisture Ingress in Cement-Based Materials. Transp Porous Media 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-016-0756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kočí J, Maděra J, Jerman M, Keppert M, Svora P, Černý R. Identification of Water Diffusivity of Inorganic Porous Materials Using Evolutionary Algorithms. Transp Porous Media 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-016-0679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van den Heede P, Van Belleghem B, Alderete N, Van Tittelboom K, De Belie N. Neutron Radiography Based Visualization and Profiling of Water Uptake in (Un)cracked and Autonomously Healed Cementitious Materials. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050311. [PMID: 28773436 PMCID: PMC5503074 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Given their low tensile strength, cement-based materials are very susceptible to cracking. These cracks serve as preferential pathways for corrosion inducing substances. For large concrete infrastructure works, currently available time-consuming manual repair techniques are not always an option. Often, one simply cannot reach the damaged areas and when making those areas accessible anyway (e.g., by redirecting traffic), the economic impacts involved would be enormous. Under those circumstances, it might be useful to have concrete with an embedded autonomous healing mechanism. In this paper, the effectiveness of incorporating encapsulated high and low viscosity polyurethane-based healing agents to ensure (multiple) crack healing has been investigated by means of capillary absorption tests on mortar while monitoring the time-dependent water ingress with neutron radiography. Overall visual interpretation and water front/sample cross-section area ratios as well as water profiles representing the area around the crack and their integrals do not show a preference for the high or low viscosity healing agent. Another observation is that in presence of two cracks, only one is properly healed, especially when using the latter healing agent. Exposure to water immediately after release of the healing agent stimulates the foaming reaction of the polyurethane and ensures a better crack closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Van den Heede
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 904, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.
- Strategic Initiative Materials (SIM vzw), project ISHECO within the program 'SHE', Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 935, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.
| | - Bjorn Van Belleghem
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 904, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.
- Strategic Initiative Materials (SIM vzw), project ISHECO within the program 'SHE', Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 935, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.
| | - Natalia Alderete
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 904, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.
- LEMIT, Laboratory for Multidisciplinary Training in Technological Research, 52 entre 121 y 122 s/n, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - Kim Van Tittelboom
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 904, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.
| | - Nele De Belie
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 904, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.
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Detection of atmospheric water deposits in porous media using the TDR technique. SENSORS 2015; 15:8464-80. [PMID: 25871717 PMCID: PMC4431228 DOI: 10.3390/s150408464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the intensity of atmospheric water deposition and its diurnal distribution is essential from the ecological perspective, especially regarding dry geographic regions. It is also important in the context of monitoring the amount of moisture present within building materials in order to protect them from excessive humidity. The objective of this study was to test a constructed sensor and determine whether it could detect and track changes in the intensity of atmospheric water deposition. An operating principle of the device is based on the time-domain reflectometry technique. Two sensors of different plate volumes were manufactured. They were calibrated at several temperatures and tested during field measurements. The calibration turned out to be temperature independent. The outdoor measurements indicated that the upper limits of the measurement ranges of the sensors depended on the volumes of the plates and were equal to 1.2 and 2.8 mm H2O. The respective sensitivities were equal to 3.2 × 10−3 and 7.5 × 10−3 g·ps−1. The conducted experiments showed that the construction of the designed device and the time-domain reflectometry technique were appropriate for detecting and tracing the dynamics of atmospheric water deposition. The obtained outcomes were also collated with the readings taken in an actual soil sample. For this purpose, an open container sensor, which allows investigating atmospheric water deposition in soil, was manufactured. It turned out that the readings taken by the porous ceramic plate sensor reflected the outcomes of the measurements performed in a soil sample.
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Priyada P, Ramar R, Shivaramu. Determining the water content in concrete by gamma scattering method. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Koptyug IV. MRI of mass transport in porous media: drying and sorption processes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 65:1-65. [PMID: 22781314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
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Abstract
We analyse rising damp using the concepts and methods of unsaturated flow theory. A simple first-order Sharp Front model is developed which uses clear physical principles and includes the effects of evaporation and gravity. We find that the simple model captures well the observed features of capillary rise in walls and is supported by the underpinning nonlinear capillary diffusion theory. For most cases, capillary forces are dominant and the effects of gravity can be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hall
- School of Engineering and Electronics, and Centre for Materials Science and Engineering, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - William D Hoff
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of ManchesterManchester M60 1QD, UK
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