Relapsing peritonitis and taurolidine peritoneal catheter lock: One center experience

Acinetobacter ursingii peritonitis in a patient on peritoneal dialysis (PD): case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Peritonitis is a frequent complication of PD that can lead to technique discontinuation and increase morbidity and mortality. It is caused mainly by gram-positive bacteria (up to 70%); however, gram-negative organisms usually have relatively poor outcomes. Among gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter is rare, especially Acinetobacter ursingii.

CASE REPORT

We report the third case of PD peritonitis caused by Acinetobacter ursingii, treated with directed intraperitoneal antibiotics with good clinical response and favorable outcome.

CONCLUSION

Although Acinetobacter ursingii is rare, it is potentially harmful because of its challenging identification and antibiotic resistance with therapeutic consequences, requiring at least two antibiotics and careful follow up. Keeping in mind that it is ubiquitous, careful technique, training/retraining seems highly recommended.

Corynebacterium amycolatum peritonitis in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis: case report and literature review

Peritoneal dialysis is a blood purification technique used in cases of end-stage chronic kidney failure, based on the filtering capabilities of the peritoneum. Infections, often caused by poor asepsis during catheter manipulation, are generally attributed to Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Corynebacterium, usually considered non-pathogenic, is rarely involved in these infections. We present a case of peritonitis due to Corynebacterium amycolatum in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis. The diagnosis was made based on cytobacteriological examination of the dialysate fluid, which on two occasions showed high levels of white blood cells with a predominance of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear and a monomorphic appearance of colonies on agar medium, whose identification by biochemical tests and antibiotic sensitivity study confirmed the presence of C. amycolatum. The patient was successfully treated with vancomycin, resulting in symptom resolution and sterilization of the dialysate fluid. Although rare, the involvement of Corynebacterium species underscores the importance of confirming its pathogenicity. Further studies are needed to better understand the epidemiology of these infections and guide future treatments. This case also highlights the need for a rigorous approach to confirming the pathogenicity of Corynebacterium despite its traditional classification as a contaminant.

Relapsing and refractory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis caused by Corynebacterium amycolatum

BACKGROUND

Peritonitis is an important complication and cause of morbidity in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Corynebacterium species, often considered skin and mucosal contaminants, are a rare cause of PD-associated peritonitis and have been acknowledged in published guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PD peritonitis only over the last decade.

CASE-DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT

We present two children with difficult-to-treat episodes of PD peritonitis due to Corynebacterium amycolatum. Episodes were associated with fever, abdominal pain and cloudy dialysate, high dialysate polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts, and elevated serum C-reactive protein and procalcitonin concentrations. Symptoms persisted beyond 5 days in 4 of 5 peritonitis episodes, and peritonitis relapsed despite in vitro sensitivity of the bacterial isolates to guideline-recommended antibiotics. C. amycolatum was cultured from the PD catheter tip despite 4 weeks of intraperitoneal glycopeptide therapy and clinical peritonitis resolution suggestive of efficient biofilm formation. Our systematic literature search identified three previous (adult) case descriptions of C. amycolatum peritonitis, all with repeat episodes by the same organism. The incidence of C. amycolatum as a cause of PD peritonitis has not yet been established but is likely underreported due to challenges in species differentiation.

CONCLUSIONS

C. amycolatum is a rarely identified cause of refractory and/or relapsing PD peritonitis. Species differentiation of non-diphtheriae Corynebacterium isolates is critical, and prolonged antibiotic treatment, preferably with a glycopeptide antibiotic, is recommended, with a low threshold for PD catheter change or removal in case of repeat peritonitis.

Exploring the potential of taurolidine in inducing mobilization and detachment of colon cancer cells: a preliminary in-vitro study

Background

Recently, taurolidine has been intensively studied on a variety of in-vitro cancer cell-lines and first data exhibit encouraging antitumoral effects. While the clinical use of taurolidine is considered, some studies with in-vivo experiments contradict this beneficial effect and even indicate advanced cancer growth. The aim of this study is to further investigate this paradox in-vivo effect by taurolidine and closely analyze the interaction of cancer cells with the surrounding environment following taurolidine exposure.

Methods

HT-29 (ATCC® HTB-38™) cells were treated with taurolidine at different concentrations and oxaliplatin using an in-vitro model. Morphological changes with respect to increasing taurolidine dosage were visualized and monitored using electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the agents as well as extent of cellular detachment by mechanical stress was measured for each substance using a colorimetric MTS assay.

Results

Both taurolidine and oxaliplatin exhibit cell toxicity on colon cancer cells. Taurolidine reshapes colon cancer cells from round into spheric cells and further induces cluster formation. When exposed to mechanical stress, taurolidine significantly enhances detachment of adherent colon carcinoma cells compared to the control (p < 0.05) and the oxaliplatin group (p < 0.05). This effect is dose dependent.

Conclusions

Beside its cytotoxic effects, taurolidine could also change mechanical interactions of cancer cells with their environment. Local cancer cell conglomerates could be mechanically mobilized and may cause metastatic growth further downstream. The significance of changes in cellular morphology caused by taurolidine as well as its interaction with the microenvironment must be further addressed in clinical cancer therapies. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate both the safety and efficacy of taurolidine for the treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies.

EDTA and Taurolidine Affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence In Vitro-Impairment of Secretory Profile and Biofilm Production onto Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters

Peritoneal catheter-associated biofilm infection is reported to be the main cause of refractory peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. The application of antimicrobial lock therapy, based on results on central venous catheters, may be a promising option for treatment of biofilm-harboring peritoneal catheters. This study investigated the effects of two lock solutions, EDTA and taurolidine, on an in vitro model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-related peritoneal catheter infection. Silicone peritoneal catheters were incubated for 24 h with a bioluminescent strain of P. aeruginosa. Then, serial dilutions of taurolidine and/or EDTA were applied (for 24 h) once or twice onto the contaminated catheters, and P. aeruginosa viability/persistence were evaluated in real time up to 120 h using a Fluoroskan reader. On selected supernatants, high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis was performed to measure the production of autoinducers (AI), phenazines, and pyocyianines. Taurolidine alone or in combination with EDTA caused a significant decrease of bacterial load and biofilm persistence on the contaminated catheters. The treatment did not lead to the sterilization of the devices, yet it resulted in a substantial destructuration of the catheter-associated P. aeruginosa biofilm. HPLC-MS analysis showed that the treatment of biofilm-harboring catheters with taurolidine and EDTA also affected the secretory activity of the pathogen. EDTA and taurolidine affect P. aeruginosa biofilm produced on peritoneal catheters and profoundly compromise the microbial secretory profile. Future studies are needed to establish whether such lock solutions can be used to render peritoneal catheter-related infections more susceptible to antibiotic treatment. IMPORTANCE An in vitro model allows studies on the mechanisms by which the lock solutions exert their antimicrobial effects on catheter-associated biofilm, thus providing a better understanding of the management of devise-associated infections.