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Pixley JN, Zaino ML, Feldman SR, McMichael AJ. Development of a Self-Assessment Tool for Alopecia Areata. J Cutan Med Surg 2023; 27:652-654. [PMID: 37837434 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231204864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Pixley
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mallory L Zaino
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Amy J McMichael
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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2
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Singh R, Kelly KA, Senthilnathan A, Feldman SR, Pichardo RO. Stigmatization, a social perception which may have a debilitating impact on hidradenitis suppurativa patients: an observational study. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:1049-1052. [PMID: 36315267 PMCID: PMC9628443 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating disease and patients are prone to feelings of stigmatization. In our cohort, we assessed how feelings of stigmatization may relate to patient quality of life (QOL), depression, and social anxiety. Participants completed the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) to assess QOL, Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) to assess depression, the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE) to assess social anxiety, and an adapted version of the Feelings of Stigmatization (FoS) to assess stigmatization. The FoS also correlated with DLQI (R = 0.68), PHQ-9 (R = 0.42), and BFNE (R = 0.52). Participants with greater FoS were also more likely to have worse QOL (18.1), higher levels of depression (11.1), and higher social anxiety (30.1), as compared to those with less FoS (6.7, P < 0.001; 4.9, P < 0.001; 23.2, P < 0.001, respectively). HS is a chronic disease with no definitive treatment. Effective screening protocols, coupled with pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions, may help patients with HS's psychosocial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Singh
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1071, USA.
| | - Katherine A Kelly
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1071, USA
| | - Aditi Senthilnathan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1071, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1071, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rita O Pichardo
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1071, USA
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3
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Kontzias CL, Pixley JN, Feldman SR, Pichardo RO. Marriage Is Associated With Improved Social Support and Quality-of-Life in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Cutan Med Surg 2023; 27:178-179. [PMID: 36820492 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231157647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Kontzias
- 12279 Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jessica N Pixley
- 12279 Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- 12279 Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,12279 Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,12279 Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rita O Pichardo
- 12279 Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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4
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Singh R, Balogh EA, Senthilnathan A, Richardson IM, Kaplan SG, Feldman SR, Pichardo RO. Fear of Negative Evaluation in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients is Correlated with Worse Quality of Life: An Observational Study. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:788-790. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Singh
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Esther A. Balogh
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Aditi Senthilnathan
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Irma M. Richardson
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Sebastian G. Kaplan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Steven R. Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
- Department of Pathology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Rita O. Pichardo
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
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5
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Perche PO, Singh R, Senthilnathan A, Feldman SR, Pichardo RO. Hidradenitis Suppurativa’s Impact on Social Activities: An Observational Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e25292. [PMID: 35637919 PMCID: PMC9128839 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) can severely impact patients’ quality of life. However, its specific impact on participation in everyday social activities is not well characterized. We recruited a cohort of patients with HS to complete a survey assessing the degree of interference HS has on participation in social activities. Patients also completed the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE) to assess levels of social anxiety. The majority of patients in our cohort, regardless of Hurley Stage, reported interference with social activities, and patients with more painful nodules and greater body region involvement reported greater interference with social activities. BFNE scores were high in our cohort, and patients with higher BFNE scores reported greater interference in all social activities assessed. Both the physical and psychological effects of HS may interfere with patients’ participation in social activities, and efforts to treat both aspects may improve quality of life.
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6
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Krajewski PK, Marrón SE, Tomas Aragones L, Gilaberte-Calzada Y, Szepietowski JC. Self-Reported Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity: Is It Useful for Clinical Practice? Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:899-909. [PMID: 35274220 PMCID: PMC9021336 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is considered to be the most burdensome dermatosis, with a well-documented negative influence on quality of life (QoL). The patient’s perception of the disorder, assessed as the self-reported severity, has been used in other dermatoses but not in HS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of self-reported HS severity in clinical practice. Methods The study was performed on a group of 130 Spanish HS patients. HS severity was assessed for all the subjects. Hurley staging and patient self-reported severity were used. Moreover, QoL impairment was evaluated using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Quality of Life 24 (HSQoL-24) questionnaire. Results The severity of HS according to the Hurley staging was most commonly assessed as Hurley II (47.7%), indicating moderate disease, followed by severe disease (Hurley III, 26.9%) and mild disease (Hurley I, 25.4%). According to the patient self-reported HS severity, most of the patients reported having mild disease (76 patients, 58.5%), followed by moderate disease (31 patients, 23.8%). Only 23 patients (17.7%) assessed their disease as severe. Moreover, men reported mild disease significantly more frequently than women (70.9% and 49.3%, respectively; p = 0.014). The self-reported HS severity correlated positively with the effect of the disease on patient QoL assessed with DLQI (r = 0.288, p < 0.001). Likewise, a strong positive correlation was found between self-reported HS severity and QoL impairment assessed with HSQoL-24 (r = 0.404, p = 0.001). No statistically significant correlation between Hurley severity stage and DLQI or HSQoL-24 was found. Moreover, there were significant differences in both DLQI and HSQoL-24 total score between different self-reported HS severities. This was not seen for any of the QoL instruments or for Hurley severity staging. Conclusion The results show that self-assessment severity may reflect patients’ subjective feelings more adequately than popular objective instruments, and there should be a place for its use in daily clinical practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13555-022-00701-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Krajewski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego Street 1, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Paseo de Isabel la Catolica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Servando E Marrón
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Paseo de Isabel la Catolica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Psychodermatology Research Group (GAI+PD), Calle San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Tomas Aragones
- Aragon Psychodermatology Research Group (GAI+PD), Calle San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Zaragoza, Calle Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte-Calzada
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Paseo de Isabel la Catolica 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jacek C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego Street 1, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland.
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Singh R, Mohammed A, Senthilnathan A, Feldman SR, Pichardo RO. Hidradenitis suppurativa may impact clothing patterns even in patients with mild disease and symptoms: an observational study. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:250-251. [PMID: 35084746 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Singh
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Arooj Mohammed
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Aditi Senthilnathan
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States.,Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States.,Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Rita O Pichardo
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
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8
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Macklis PC, Tyler K, Kaffenberger J, Kwatra S, Kaffenberger BH. Lifestyle modifications associated with symptom improvement in hidradenitis suppurativa patients. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:293-300. [PMID: 33893517 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that substantially reduces patient quality of life. Many HS patients ask their dermatologist about potential lifestyle modifications, such as following particular diets or avoiding specific products, in an attempt to alleviate their symptoms. However, insufficient research has been conducted to support well-informed lifestyle modification counseling, and patients frequently defer to anecdotal endorsements of various interventions found on social media support groups. Therefore, we sought to clarify what lifestyle modifications were capable of improving HS symptoms. METHODS We conducted a survey-based study to examine modifiable risk factors and their association with the severity of HS. Five hundred and ninety-one patients with HS participated in an online survey detailing the severity of their HS symptoms before and after various lifestyle interventions. Average improvements in both subjective and objective ratings of symptom severity were calculated and statistical differences between the levels of improvement seen among various categories of lifestyle interventions were determined. RESULTS Numerous lifestyle interventions including substantial weight loss, smoking cessation, use of gentle skin and depilatory products, and menstrual regulation were associated with both subjective and objective improvements in symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that patients affected by HS may experience clinically significant improvement from a variety of lifestyle modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Macklis
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelly Tyler
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Rm 232, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Jessica Kaffenberger
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Rm 232, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Shawn Kwatra
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin H Kaffenberger
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Rm 232, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
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9
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Hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82:1045-1058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Senthilnathan A, Kolli SS, Cardwell LA, Richardson IM, Feldman SR, Pichardo RO. Emotional Well-Being Is Impaired in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients. Skin Appendage Disord 2019; 5:366-369. [PMID: 31799265 DOI: 10.1159/000502296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory condition. Objective To measure emotional well-being in HS patients and compare to other populations, assess if there is an effect of disease severity on emotional well-being, and determine if emotional well-being is correlated with quality of life and depression. Methods A total of 153 HS subjects were recruited, and 66 Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) surveys assessing emotional well-being were completed. Norms for comparison populations (disease-free undergraduates and adults) were used. A validated self-assessment tool was used to determine disease severity. Subjects completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) to examine depression and quality of life, respectively. Results HS subjects had lower positive affect than undergraduates and higher negative affect than adults. There were no differences in PANAS scores by Hurley stage (p > 0.05). PANAS scores for HS subjects correlated with worse quality of life (r = 0.66, p < 0.00001) and depression (r = 0.74, p < 0.00001). Conclusion HS patients have poor emotional well-being. PANAS scores correlated with worse quality of life and depression. Providing appropriate resources and treatments may be beneficial for HS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Senthilnathan
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sree S Kolli
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leah A Cardwell
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Irma M Richardson
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rita O Pichardo
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Senthilnathan A, Kolli S, Cardwell L, Richardson I, Feldman S, Pichardo R. Depression in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:1087-1088. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Senthilnathan
- Center for Dermatology Research Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC U.S.A
| | - S.S. Kolli
- Center for Dermatology Research Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC U.S.A
| | - L.A. Cardwell
- Center for Dermatology Research Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC U.S.A
| | - I.M. Richardson
- Center for Dermatology Research Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC U.S.A
| | - S.R. Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC U.S.A
- Department of Pathology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC U.S.A
- Department of Public Health Sciences Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC U.S.A
| | - R.O. Pichardo
- Center for Dermatology Research Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC U.S.A
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12
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Kolli SS, Senthilnathan A, Cardwell LA, Richardson IM, Feldman SR, Pichardo RO. Hidradenitis suppurativa has an enormous impact on patients' lives. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 82:236-238. [PMID: 31302191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sree S Kolli
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
| | - Aditi Senthilnathan
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leah A Cardwell
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Irma M Richardson
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rita O Pichardo
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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13
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Senthilnathan A, Kolli SS, Cardwell LA, Richardson IM, Feldman SR, Pichardo RO. Even mild hidradenitis suppurativa impairs quality of life. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:838-839. [PMID: 30916383 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Senthilnathan
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A
| | - S S Kolli
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A
| | - L A Cardwell
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A
| | - I M Richardson
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A
| | - S R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A.,Department of Pathology , Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A
| | - R O Pichardo
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A
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