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Barizzone N, Zara I, Sorosina M, Lupoli S, Porcu E, Pitzalis M, Zoledziewska M, Esposito F, Leone M, Mulas A, Cocco E, Ferrigno P, Guerini FR, Brambilla P, Farina G, Murru R, Deidda F, Sanna S, Loi A, Barlassina C, Vecchio D, Zauli A, Clarelli F, Braga D, Poddie F, Cantello R, Martinelli V, Comi G, Frau J, Lorefice L, Pugliatti M, Rosati G, Melis M, Marrosu MG, Cusi D, Cucca F, Martinelli Boneschi F, Sanna S, D'Alfonso S. The burden of multiple sclerosis variants in continental Italians and Sardinians. Mult Scler 2016; 21:1385-95. [PMID: 26438306 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515596599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies identified > 100 non-HLA (human leukocyte antigen) multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility variants in Northern European populations, but their role in Southern Europeans is largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the cumulative impact of those variants in two Mediterranean populations: Continental Italians and Sardinians. METHODS We calculated four weighted Genetic Risk Scores (wGRS), using up to 102 non-HLA MS risk variants and 5 HLA MS susceptibility markers in 1691 patients and 2194 controls from continental Italy; and 2861 patients and 3034 controls from Sardinia. We then assessed the differences between populations using Nagelkerke's R(2) and the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS As expected, the genetic burden (mean wGRS value) was significantly higher in MS patients than in controls, in both populations. Of note, the burden was significantly higher in Sardinians. Conversely, the proportion of variability explained and the predictive power were significantly higher in continental Italians. Notably, within the Sardinian patients, we also observed a significantly higher burden of non-HLA variants in individuals who do not carry HLA risk alleles. CONCLUSIONS The observed differences in MS genetic burden between the two Mediterranean populations highlight the need for more genetic studies in South Europeans, to further expand the knowledge of MS genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Barizzone
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy/Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Ilenia Zara
- Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori in Sardegna, Pula Cagliari, Italy/Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Melissa Sorosina
- Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Lupoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy/Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Esposito
- Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Leone
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy/SC Neurologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy/Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrigno
- Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, SC Neurologia e Stroke Unit, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Paola Brambilla
- Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Farina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Murru
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Deidda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sonia Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessia Loi
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy/Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Domizia Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Zauli
- Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Clarelli
- Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Braga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Poddie
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Cantello
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy/Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Vittorio Martinelli
- Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Frau
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maura Pugliatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulio Rosati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Melis
- Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, SC Neurologia e Stroke Unit, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria G Marrosu
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy/Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Filippo Martinelli Boneschi
- Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sandra D'Alfonso
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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Fernández-Menéndez S, Fernández-Morán M, Fernández-Vega I, Pérez-Álvarez A, Villafani-Echazú J. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. From evidence to therapeutic strategies. J Neurol Sci 2016; 361:213-9. [PMID: 26810546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is caused by a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an environmental risk factor that is strongly related to multiple sclerosis (MS), since EBV seropositivity is linked to a significant risk of developing MS. EBV may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and it is possibly a prerequisite for the development of MS. EBV infection persists in B-cells during the lifetime of the host and can modulate their function. In addition, MS patients might have a deficient capacity to eliminate latent EBV infection in the central nervous system and this would promote the accumulation of infected B cells. Several mechanisms of pathogenesis, including a direct and indirect function of infected B cells, have been postulated in inflammation and neurodegeneration. A relationship between EBV and human endogenous retroviruses in the pathogenesis of MS has also been reported. If EBV is important in the pathogenesis of MS, different therapeutic strategies seem possible for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Fernández-Morán
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- Pathology department (Neuropathology division), Hospital Universitario Araba, Álava, Spain
| | - Angel Pérez-Álvarez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Binzer S, Stenager E, Binzer M, Kyvik KO, Hillert J, Imrell K. Genetic analysis of the isolated Faroe Islands reveals SORCS3 as a potential multiple sclerosis risk gene. Mult Scler 2015; 22:733-40. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458515602338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: In search of the missing heritability in multiple sclerosis (MS), additional approaches adding to the genetic discoveries of large genome-wide association studies are warranted. Objective: The objective of this research paper is to search for rare genetic MS risk variants in the genetically homogenous population of the isolated Faroe Islands. Methods: Twenty-nine Faroese MS cases and 28 controls were genotyped with the HumanOmniExpressExome-chip. The individuals make up 1596 pair-combinations in which we searched for identical-by-descent shared segments using the PLINK-program. Results: A segment spanning 63 SNPs with excess case-case-pair sharing was identified (0.00173 < p > 0.00212). A haplotype consisting of 42 of the 63 identified SNPs which spanned the entire the Sortilin-related vacuolar protein sorting 10 domain containing receptor 3 ( SORCS3) gene had a carrier frequency of 0.34 in cases but was not present in any controls ( p = 0.0008). Conclusion: This study revealed an oversharing in case-case-pairs of a segment spanning 63 SNPs and the entire SORCS3. While not previously associated with MS, SORCS3 appears to be important in neuronal plasticity through its binding of neurotrophin factors and involvement in glutamate homeostasis. Although additional work is needed to scrutinise the genetic effect of the SORCS3-covering haplotype, this study suggests that SORCS3 may also be important in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Binzer
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/Hospital of Southern Jutland, Denmark/Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/ Torshavn National Hospital, Faroe Islands
| | - E Stenager
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/Hospital of Southern Jutland, Denmark/ MS Clinic of Southern Jutland (Sønderborg, Esbjerg, Vejle), Department of Neurology, Denmark
| | - M Binzer
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - KO Kyvik
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - J Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Imrell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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