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Lee HY, Park YM, Shin DY, Hwang HM, Jeong H, Jeong SJ, Yang HJ, Ryu MS, Seo JW, Jeong DY, Kim BS, Kim JG. Gochujang, a traditional Korean fermented food, protects through suppressed inflammatory pathways and histological structure disruption in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27383. [PMID: 38515681 PMCID: PMC10955233 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying chronic inflammatory diseases remain unclear. Therefore, researchers have explored the mechanisms underlying colitis using diverse materials. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in fermented products and bioconversion materials, their potential efficacy is being actively studied. Gochujang, a traditional Korean fermented product, is crafted by blending fermented Meju powder, gochu (Korean chili) powder, glutinous rice, and salt. In our study, we explored the effectiveness of Gochujang (500 mg/kg; Cheongju and Hongcheon, Korea) in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice model. Gochujang was orally administered for 2 weeks, followed by the induction of colitis using 3% DSS in the previous week. During our investigation, Gochujang variants (TCG22-25, Cheongju and TCG22-48, Hongcheon) did not exhibit significant inhibition of weight reduction (p = 0.061) but notably (p = 0.001) suppressed the reduction in large intestine length in DSS-induced colitis mice. In the serum from colitis mice, TCG22-48 demonstrated reduced levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 (p = 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p = 0.001). Additionally, it inhibited the phosphorylation of Erk (p = 0.028), p38, and NF-κB (p = 0.001) the inflammatory mechanism. In our study, TCG22-25 demonstrated a reduction in the IL-6 level (p = 0.001) in serum and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and NF-κB (p = 0.001). Histological analysis revealed a significant (p = 0.001) reduction in the pathological score of the large intestine from TCG22-25 and TCG22-48. In conclusion, the intake of Gochujang demonstrates potent anti-inflammatory effects, mitigating colitis by preventing the large intestine length reduction of animals with colitis, lowering serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines, and inhibiting histological disruption and inflammatory mechanism phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Yong Lee
- Invivo Co., Ltd., 121, Deahak-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Nonsan, 32992, South Korea
| | - Young Mi Park
- Invivo Co., Ltd., 121, Deahak-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Nonsan, 32992, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Dong Yeop Shin
- Invivo Co., Ltd., 121, Deahak-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Nonsan, 32992, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Life Science and Technology, Kongju National University, 32439, South Korea
| | - Hai Min Hwang
- Invivo Co., Ltd., 121, Deahak-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Nonsan, 32992, South Korea
| | - Hanna Jeong
- Invivo Co., Ltd., 121, Deahak-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Nonsan, 32992, South Korea
| | - Su-Ji Jeong
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry (MIFI), Sunchang, 56048, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Yang
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry (MIFI), Sunchang, 56048, South Korea
| | - Myeong Seon Ryu
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry (MIFI), Sunchang, 56048, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Seo
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry (MIFI), Sunchang, 56048, South Korea
| | - Do-Youn Jeong
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry (MIFI), Sunchang, 56048, South Korea
| | - Byeong Soo Kim
- Department of Integrated Life Science and Technology, Kongju National University, 32439, South Korea
| | - Jae Gon Kim
- Invivo Co., Ltd., 121, Deahak-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Nonsan, 32992, South Korea
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Gonkowski S, Gajęcka M, Makowska K. Mycotoxins and the Enteric Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070461. [PMID: 32707706 PMCID: PMC7404981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungal species. They are commonly found in a wide range of agricultural products. Mycotoxins contained in food enter living organisms and may have harmful effects on many internal organs and systems. The gastrointestinal tract, which first comes into contact with mycotoxins present in food, is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of these toxins. One of the lesser-known aspects of the impact of mycotoxins on the gastrointestinal tract is the influence of these substances on gastrointestinal innervation. Therefore, the present study is the first review of current knowledge concerning the influence of mycotoxins on the enteric nervous system, which plays an important role, not only in almost all regulatory processes within the gastrointestinal tract, but also in adaptive and protective reactions in response to pathological and toxic factors in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
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