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Pedrosa MA, Labandeira CM, Lago-Baameiro N, Valenzuela R, Pardo M, Labandeira-Garcia JL, Rodriguez-Perez AI. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Renin-Angiotensin Cargo as a Link between Metabolic Syndrome and Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2045. [PMID: 38136165 PMCID: PMC10741149 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies showed an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The linking mechanisms remain unclear. MetS promotes low-grade peripheral oxidative stress and inflammation and dysregulation of the adipose renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Interestingly, brain RAS dysregulation is involved in the progression of dopaminergic degeneration and PD. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) from MetS fat tissue can cross the brain-blood barrier and may act as linking signals. We isolated and characterized EVs from MetS and control rats and analyzed their mRNA and protein cargo using RT-PCR and the ExoView R200 platform, respectively. Furthermore, cultures of the N27 dopaminergic cell line and the C6 astrocytic cell line were treated with EVs from MetS rats. EVs were highly increased in MetS rat serum, which was inhibited by treatment of the rats with the angiotensin type-1-receptor blocker candesartan. Furthermore, EVs from MetS rats showed increased pro-oxidative/pro-inflammatory and decreased anti-oxidative/anti-inflammatory RAS components, which were inhibited in candesartan-treated MetS rats. In cultures, EVs from MetS rats increased N27 cell death and modulated C6 cell function, upregulating markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which were inhibited by the pre-treatment of cultures with candesartan. The results from rat models suggest EVs and their RAS cargo as a mechanism linking Mets and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Pedrosa
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.P.); (R.V.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nerea Lago-Baameiro
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela/SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.L.-B.); (M.P.)
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.P.); (R.V.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Pardo
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela/SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.L.-B.); (M.P.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Labandeira-Garcia
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.P.); (R.V.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.P.); (R.V.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Sgarabotto L, Ravarotto V, Stefanelli LF, Cacciapuoti M, Davis PA, Nalesso F, Calò LA. Oxidants and Cardiorenal Vascular Remodeling—Insights from Rare Genetic Tubulopathies: Bartter’s and Gitelman’s Syndromes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040811. [PMID: 37107186 PMCID: PMC10135094 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two human genetic tubulopathies, Bartter’s (BS) and Gitelman’s (GS) syndromes, have normo/hypotension and absent cardiac remodeling despite their apparent angiotensin system (RAS) activation. This seeming contradiction has led to an extensive investigation of BSGS patients, the result of which is that BSGS represents a mirror image of hypertension. BSGS’s unique set of properties has then permitted their use as a human model to probe and characterize RAS system pathways and oxidative stress in cardiovascular and renal remodeling and pathophysiology. This review details the results using GSBS patients that provide a deeper understanding of Ang II signaling and its associated oxidants/oxidative stress in humans. By providing a more complete and complex picture of cardiovascular and renal remodeling pathways and processes, studies of GSBS can inform the identification and selection of new targets and therapies to treat these and other oxidant-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sgarabotto
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Verdiana Ravarotto
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Federica Stefanelli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Cacciapuoti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paul A. Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Federico Nalesso
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8213071
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Ravarotto V, Bertoldi G, Stefanelli LF, Nalesso F, Calò LA. Pathomechanism of oxidative stress in cardiovascularrenal remodeling and therapeutic strategies. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2022; 41:533-544. [PMID: 36239057 PMCID: PMC9576462 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease indicates significant interactions between pathogenic pathways operating in the kidney and heart. These interactions involve all cell types (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and others), components of the vasculature, glomeruli, and heart that are susceptible to oxidative damage and structural alterations. A vicious cycle occurs whereby harmful factors such as reactive oxygen species and inflammation damage of vascular structures that themselves become sources of additional dangerous/toxic components released into the local environment. The evidence of this vicious cycle in chronic kidney disease should therefore lead to add other factors to both traditional and nontraditional risk factors. This review will examine the processes occurring during progressive kidney dysfunction with regard to vascular injury, renal remodeling, cardiac hypertrophy, and the transversal role of oxidative stress in the development of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verdiana Ravarotto
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Medicine (DIMED), School of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoldi
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Medicine (DIMED), School of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Federica Stefanelli
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Medicine (DIMED), School of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Nalesso
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Medicine (DIMED), School of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Medicine (DIMED), School of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Rho kinase inhibition: from hypertension to cardiovascular-renal remodeling and more. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1836-1837. [PMID: 35943107 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tsai HJ, Chian CF, Shih CC, Chen SJ, Liaw WJ, Huang HC, Tsao CM, Wu CC. Olmesartan Ameliorates Organ Injury and Mortality in Rats With Peritonitis-Induced Sepsis. J Surg Res 2022; 279:526-532. [PMID: 35868036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis and related complications lead to high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM), a nonpeptide angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, has antiinflammatory and antioxidative effects in various experimental animal models. The present study aimed to investigate whether OLM protects against sepsis in a clinically relevant model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS Sepsis was induced by CLP in anesthetized rats. OLM was administered intraperitoneally 3 h after CLP onset. Hemodynamic, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters were analyzed. RESULTS The administration of OLM in CLP rats significantly improved their survival rate. Moreover, OLM mitigated CLP-induced hypotension and organ injury (indicated by biochemical parameters), but not tachycardia. OLM significantly reduced the plasma levels of interleukin-6 and nitric oxide. CONCLUSIONS OLM markedly attenuated CLP-induced hypotension and organ injury, and hence improved survival by inhibiting the inflammatory response and nitrosative stress in this clinically relevant model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jung Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chin Shih
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Jen Chen
- Department of Long-Term Care, University of Kang-Ning, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jinn Liaw
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Chou Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Tsao
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Chen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Mondaca-Ruff D, Araos P, Yañez CE, Novoa UF, Mora IG, Ocaranza MP, Jalil JE. Hydrochlorothiazide Reduces Cardiac Hypertrophy, Fibrosis and Rho-Kinase Activation in DOCA-Salt Induced Hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:724-735. [PMID: 34623176 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211053109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazides are one of the most common antihypertensive drugs used for hypertension treatment and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is the most frequently used diuretic for hypertension treatment. The Rho/Rho-kinase (ROCK) path plays a key function in cardiovascular remodeling. We hypothesized that in preclinical hypertension HCTZ reduces myocardial ROCK activation and consequent myocardial remodeling. METHODS The preclinical model of deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt hypertension was used (Sprague-Dawley male rats). After 3 weeks, in 3 different groups: HCTZ, the ROCK inhibitor fasudil or spironolactone was added (3 weeks). After 6 weeks myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, cardiac levels of profibrotic proteins, mRNA levels (RT PCR) of pro remodeling and pro oxidative molecules and ROCK activity were determined. RESULTS Blood pressure, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis were reduced significantly by HCTZ, fasudil and spironolactone. In the heart, increased levels of the pro-fibrotic proteins Col-I, Col-III and TGF-β1 and gene expression of pro-remodeling molecules TGF-β1, CTGF, MCP-1 and PAI-1 and the pro-oxidative molecules gp91phox and p22phox were significantly reduced by HCTZ, fasudil and spironolactone. ROCK activity in the myocardium was increased by 54% (P < 0.05) as related to the sham group and HCTZ, spironolactone and fasudil, reduced ROCK activation to control levels. CONCLUSIONS HCTZ reduced pathologic LVH by controlling blood pressure, hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis and by decreasing myocardial ROCK activation, expression of pro remodeling, pro fibrotic and pro oxidative genes. In hypertension, the observed effects of HCTZ on the myocardium might explain preventive outcomes of thiazides in hypertension, specifically on LVH regression and incident heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mondaca-Ruff
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, 60709Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Araos
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, 60709Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia Renal, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, 28041Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián E Yañez
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, 60709Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises F Novoa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 495640Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Italo G Mora
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, 60709Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, 60709Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), 60709Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), 60709Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, 60709Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), 60709Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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The Pivotal Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular-Renal Remodeling in Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071041. [PMID: 34209494 PMCID: PMC8300817 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system in kidney disease leads to alteration of intracellular pathways which concur altogether to the induction of cardiovascular and renal remodeling, exposing these patients since the very beginning of the renal injury to chronic kidney disease and progression to end stage renal disease, a very harmful and life threatening clinical condition. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of renal injury and cardiovascular-renal remodeling, the long-term consequence of its effect. This review will examine the role of oxidative stress in the most significant pathways involved in cardiovascular and renal remodeling with a focus on the detrimental effects of oxidative stress-mediated renal abnormalities on the progression of the disease and of its complications. Food for thoughts on possible therapeutic target are proposed on the basis of experimental evidences.
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Cantin C, Jalil JE, Bulnes JF, Novoa U, MacNab P, Godoy I, Córdova S, Gabrielli L, Ocaranza MP. Effect of Early Normotension with Olmesartan on Rho-kinase Activity in Hypertensive Patients. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:87-91. [PMID: 30663569 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190121103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II is a potent activator of the Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway, through which it exerts some of its adverse vasoconstrictor effects. Clinical evidence on the effects of blocking the angiotensin II receptor 1 on ROCK activity in hypertensive patients is scarce. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that ROCK activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) in patients with essential hypertension is reduced earlier than previously observed, along with blood pressure (BP) lowering on treatment with olmesartan. METHODS Prospective pilot open study; 17 hypertensive patients were treated with progressive olmesartan doses starting with 20 mg qd. BP was measured at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after treatment initiation. If treatment failed to normalize BP after 3 weeks, olmesartan dose was increased to 40 mg qd, and if still hypertensive after 6 weeks, 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide qd was added. ROCK activity was measured at baseline and 9 weeks after treatment as myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 phosphorylation (MYPT1-p/T ratio) in PBMC. RESULTS Mean baseline BP was 162 ± 4.9/101 ± 2.4 mmHg. After 9 weeks of treatment, both systolic and diastolic BP were reduced by 41 and 22 mmHg, respectively (p<0.05). Mean pretreatment MYPT1- p/T ratio in PMBCs was significantly reduced by 80% after 9 weeks with olmesartan (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Normotension achieved after 9 weeks in 82% of the patients treated with olmesartan was associated with a significant reduction of ROCK activity in PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cantin
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan F Bulnes
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Novoa
- Universidad de Talca, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Talca, Chile
| | - Paul MacNab
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Godoy
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Córdova
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
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Ocaranza MP, Valderas P, Moya J, Gabrielli L, Godoy I, Córdova S, Nab PM, García L, Farías L, Jalil JE. Rho kinase cascade activation in circulating leukocytes in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:56. [PMID: 32375786 PMCID: PMC7203835 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intracellular ROCK signaling pathway is an important modulator of blood pressure and of cardiovascular and renal remodeling when Rho-kinase activity is increased. Besides, in preclinical models of diabetes, ROCK activation has also a role in abnormal glucose metabolism as well as in subsequent vascular and myocardial dysfunction. In humans, there are a few data assessing ROCK activation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and no studies assessing upstream/downstream components of the ROCK pathway. We assessed here levels of ROCK activation and some of the RhoA/ROCK cascade molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in T2D patients under current treatment. Methods Cross-sectional observational study comparing 28 T2D patients under current antidiabetic treatment with 31 consecutive healthy subjects, matched by age and gender. Circulating levels of malondialdehyde, angiotensin II and inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were determined in all subjects. ROCK activation in PMBCs, upstream and downstream cascade proteins, and levels of the proinflammatory molecules VCAM, ICAM-1 and IL-8 were determined in their PMBCs by Western blot. Results Compared to healthy controls, ROCK activation in T2D patients measured by 2 direct ROCK targets in PBMCs was increased by 420 and 570% (p < 0001) and it correlated significantly with serum glucose levels. p38 MAPK phosphorylation (downstream from ROCK) and JAK-2 (upstream from ROCK) were significantly higher in the T2D patients by 580% and 220%, respectively. In T2D patients, significantly increased PBMC levels of the proinflammatory molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and IL-8 were observed compared to control subjects (by 180%, 360% and 260%, respectively). Circulating levels of Ang II and MDA were significantly higher in T2D patients by 29 and 63%, respectively. Conclusions T2D patients under treatment with glucose-lowering drugs, antihypertensive treatment as well as with statins have significantly increased ROCK activation in their circulating leukocytes along with higher phosphorylation of downstream cascade proteins despite pharmacologic treatment, along with increased plasma angiotensin II and MDA levels. ROCK inhibition might have an additional role in the prevention and treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Ocaranza
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile.,Center for New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Valderas
- Facultad de Medicina, Odontología, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Argentina 2000, 1240000, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jackeline Moya
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Godoy
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Córdova
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Mac Nab
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena García
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Farías
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Rho Kinase Activity, Connexin 40, and Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanistic Insights from End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis Patients. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010165. [PMID: 31936157 PMCID: PMC7019687 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence on cellular/molecular mechanisms leading to atrial fibrillation (AF) are scanty. Increased expression of Rho kinase (ROCK) and myosin-phosphatase-target subunit-1 (MYPT-1), ROCK activity’s marker, were shown in AF patients, which correlated with connexin 40 (Cx40) expression, membrane protein of heart gap junctions, key for rapid action potential’s cell–cell transfer. AF is the most frequent arrhythmia in dialysis patients who present increased MYPT-1 phosphorylation, which correlates with left ventricular (LV) mass. Given ROCK’s established role in cardiovascular–renal remodeling, induction of impaired cell-to-cell coupling/potential conduction promoting AF initiation/perpetuation, we evaluated in dialysis patients with AF, MYPT-1 phosphorylation, Cx40 expression, and their relationships to support their involvement in AF. Mononuclear cells’ MYPT-1 phosphorylation, Cx40 expression, and the ROCK inhibitor fasudil’s effect were assessed in dialysis patients with AF (DPAFs), dialysis patients with sinus rhythm (DPs), and healthy subjects (C) (western blot). M-mode echocardiography assessed LV mass and left atrial systolic volume. DPAF’s phospho-MYPT-1 was increased vs. that of DPs and C (1.57 ± 0.17 d.u. vs. 0.69 ± 0.04 vs. 0.51 ± 0.05 respectively, p < 0.0001). DP’s phospho-MYPT-1 was higher vs. that of C, p = 0.009. DPAF’s Cx40 was higher vs. that of DPs and C (1.23 ± 0.12 vs. 0.74 ± 0.03 vs. 0.69 ± 0.03, p < 0.0001). DPAF’s phospho-MYPT-1 correlated with Cx40 (p < 0.001), left atrial systolic volume (p = 0.013), and LV mass (p = 0.014). In DPAFs, fasudil reduced MYPT-1 phosphorylation (p < 0.01) and Cx40 expression (p = 0.03). These data point toward ROCK and Cx40’s role in the mechanism(s) leading to AF in dialysis patients. Exploration of the ROCK pathway in AF could contribute to AF generation’s mechanistic explanations and likely identify potential pharmacologic targets for translation into treatment.
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Abdel Khalek W, Rafael C, Loisel-Ferreira I, Kouranti I, Clauser E, Hadchouel J, Jeunemaitre X. Severe Arterial Hypertension from Cullin 3 Mutations Is Caused by Both Renal and Vascular Effects. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:811-823. [PMID: 30967423 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017121307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in four genes, WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 and 4 (WNK1 and WNK4), kelch like family member 3 (KLHL3), or Cullin 3 (CUL3), can result in familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt), a rare Mendelian form of human arterial hypertension. Although all mutations result in an increased abundance of WNK1 or WNK4, all FHHt-causing CUL3 mutations, resulting in the skipping of exon 9, lead to a more severe phenotype. METHODS We created and compared two mouse models, one expressing the mutant Cul3 protein ubiquitously (pgk-Cul3∆9) and the other specifically in vascular smooth muscle cells (SM22-Cul3∆9). We conducted pharmacologic investigations on isolated aortas and generated stable and inducible HEK293 cell lines that overexpress the wild-type Cul3 or mutant Cul3 (Cul3∆9) protein. RESULTS As expected, pgk-Cul3∆9 mice showed marked hypertension with significant hyperkalemia, hyperchloremia and low renin. BP increased significantly in SM22-Cul3∆9 mice, independent of any measurable effect on renal transport. Only pgk-Cul3∆9 mice displayed increased expression of the sodium chloride cotransporter and phosphorylation by the WNK-SPAK kinases. Both models showed altered reactivity of isolated aortas to phenylephrine and acetylcholine, as well as marked acute BP sensitivity to the calcium channel blocker amlodipine. Aortas from SM22-Cul3∆9 mice showed increased expression of RhoA, a key molecule involved in regulation of vascular tone, compared with aortas from control mice. We also observed increased RhoA abundance and t 1/2 in Cul3∆9-expressing cells, caused by decreased ubiquitination. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in Cul3 cause severe hypertension by affecting both renal and vascular function, the latter being associated with activation of RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waed Abdel Khalek
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Rafael
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Faculty of Sciences, University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and
| | - Irmine Loisel-Ferreira
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ilektra Kouranti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eric Clauser
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; .,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; .,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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12
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Nishi EE, Lopes NR, Gomes GN, Perry JC, Sato AYS, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MG, Bergamaschi CT, Campos RR. Renal denervation reduces sympathetic overactivation, brain oxidative stress, and renal injury in rats with renovascular hypertension independent of its effects on reducing blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2018; 42:628-640. [PMID: 30573809 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms by which renal denervation (RD) decreases blood pressure (BP) remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of ischemic kidney denervation on different sympathetic outflows, brain and renal expression of angiotensin-II receptors, oxidative stress and renal function markers in the 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K-1C) rat model. Surgical RD was performed in Wistar male rats 4-5 weeks after clip implantation. After 10 days of RD, BP, and the activity of sympathetic nerves projecting to the contralateral kidney (rSNA) and splanchnic region were partially reduced in 2K-1C rats, with no change in systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS). To distinguish the effects of RD from the reduction in BP, 2K-1C rats were treated with hydralazine by oral gavage (25 mg/kg/day for 1 week). RD, but not hydralazine, normalized oxidative stress in the sympathetic premotor brain regions and improved intrarenal RAS, renal injury, and proteinuria. Furthermore, different mechanisms led to renal injury and oxidative stress in the ischemic and contralateral kidneys of 2K-1C rats. Injury and oxidative stress in the ischemic kidney were driven by the renal nerves. Although RD attenuated rSNA, injury and oxidative stress persisted in the contralateral kidney, probably due to increased BP. Therefore, nerves from the ischemic kidney at least partially contribute to the increase in BP, sympathetic outflows, brain oxidative stress, and renal alterations in rats with renovascular hypertension. Based on these findings, the reduction in oxidative stress in the brain is a central mechanism that contributes to the effects of RD on Goldblatt hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika E Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nathalia R Lopes
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guiomar N Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Perry
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Y S Sato
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria G Naffah-Mazzacoratti
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássia T Bergamaschi
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Sanz AB, Ramos AM, Soler MJ, Sanchez-Niño MD, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Perez-Gomez MV, Ortega MR, Alvarez-Llamas G, Ortiz A. Advances in understanding the role of angiotensin-regulated proteins in kidney diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 16:77-92. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1545577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Sanz
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Mario Ramos
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Soler
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Marta Ruiz Ortega
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Alvarez-Llamas
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Rho kinase activation in circulating leukocytes is related to hypertensive myocardial remodeling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1837-1853. [PMID: 30065083 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rho-kinase has relevant functions in blood pressure modulation and cardiovascular remodeling. Rho-kinase activity is determined in circulating leukocytes measuring phosphorylation of its target myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), but its relationship with Rho-kinase activity in the myocardium and in vasculature in hypertension has not been evaluated.The aim was to determine the degree of association between Rho-kinase cascade activation in circulating leukocytes with cardiac and aortic Rho-kinase pathway activation in a model of hypertension and to analyze it with a cause-effect perspective.Hypertensive deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt rats received the Rho-kinase antagonist fasudil (DOCA-Fas, 100 mg/kg/day, 3 weeks). Results were compared with an untreated DOCA-salt and a sham group.Rho-kinase inhibition reduced significantly blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial collagen and macrophage infiltration, but not aortic wall hypertrophy. Fasudil decreased significantly Rho-kinase activity in peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMC), myocardium and aortic wall to similar levels as in the sham group. A significant correlation was found between PBMC Rho-kinase activity and cardiac remodeling, specifically with hypertrophy (r = 0.51, P≤0.01), myocardial collagen (r = 0.40, P≤0.05) and ED1 immunostaining (r = 0.48, P≤0.01). In the untreated hypertensive group, increased levels (P<0.05) of the proinflammatory molecules p65 NF-κB, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin-6 antibody in the myocardium, aortic wall and PBMC were observed and were reduced with fasudil (P<0.05).In conclusion, in this hypertension model, Rho-kinase and its pathway activation determined in circulating leukocytes reflect the activation of this pathway in the myocardium and in the aortic wall and are significantly related to myocardial remodeling (hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation).
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15
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Zhao D, Liu H, Dong P. Antihypertensive effect of azilsartan versus olmesartan in patients with essential hypertension: a meta-analysis. Ir J Med Sci 2018; 188:481-488. [PMID: 29971568 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-018-1859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The comparison of antihypertensive effects between azilsartan and olmesartan in patients with essential hypertension has been investigated in several studies. The results were not consistent. We performed this meta-analysis determining the antihypertensive effect of azilsartan versus olmesartan in patients with essential hypertension. METHODS Pubmed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central were searched for all published randomized studies comparing the antihypertensive effects between azilsartan and olmesartan in patients with essential hypertension. RESULTS The antihypertensive effects were assessed in 1402 patients included in five trials. The reduction of office systolic blood pressure treated with azilsartan was greater than olmesartan (weighted mean differences (WMD) - 2.15 (95% confidence interval (CI), - 3.78, - 0.53) mm Hg, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in reduction of office diastolic blood pressure between azilsartan and olmesartan (WMD - 0.99 (95% CI, - 2.06, 0.08) mm Hg, p > 0.05). The reduction of office systolic blood pressure treated with azilsartan was greater than olmesartan at same dose for both drugs (WMD - 2.24 (95% CI, - 4.03, - 0.44) mm Hg, p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in reduction of office diastolic blood pressure between azilsartan and olmesartan (WMD - 0.55 (95% CI, - 1.76, 0.66) mm Hg, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides the evidence that the reduction of office systolic blood pressure treated with azilsartan was greater than olmesartan in patients with essential hypertension. These findings suggest the importance of strict designed randomized controlled trials in determining antihypertensive effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Division of Hypertension, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Avenue, Luoyang, 471003, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, 288 Zhongzhouzhong Avenue, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Pingshuan Dong
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Avenue, Luoyang, 471003, China
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16
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Pagnin E, Ravarotto V, Maiolino G, Naso E, Davis PA, Calò LA. Gαq/p63RhoGEF interaction in RhoA/Rho kinase signaling: investigation in Gitelman's syndrome and implications with hypertension. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:351-356. [PMID: 28840514 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gitelman's syndrome (GS) presents normo-hypotension and absence of cardiovascular-renal remodeling despite high angiotensin II (Ang II), activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and is a human model of endogenous antagonism of Ang II signaling, opposite to hypertension. GS's clinical presentation leads to questions regarding what features might be responsible. One area of investigation involves Ang II signaling. In hypertensive patients, RhoA/Rho kinase (RhoA/ROCK) pathway activation by Ang II is involved in hypertension development/maintenance and induction of long-term consequences (cardiovascular-renal remodeling), while GS has reduced p63RhoGEF gene and protein levels and ROCK activity. Ang II signaling is mediated by Gαq, which interacts with p63RhoGEF via the α6-αN linker connecting p63RhoGEF's DH and PH domains acting as a conformational switch to activate RhoA/ROCK signaling. METHODS We have investigated in GS patients, the presence of mutations in either p63RhoGEF's α6-αN linker domain and in Gαq's Ala253, Trp263, and Tyr356 residues, crucial for p63RhoGEF-Gαq interplay. RESULTS No mutations have been found in specific aminoacids of p63RhoGEF α6-αN linker and Gαq, key for p63RhoGEF/Gαq interplay. CONCLUSIONS Gitelman's syndrome normo/hypotension and lack of cardiovascular-renal remodeling are not due to mutations of p63RhoGEF α6-αN linker and Gαq interactions. This opens the way for investigations on different coding and no-coding regions (p63RhoGEF and Gαq promoters) and on altered transcriptional/post-transcriptional regulation. Clarification of how these biochemical/molecular mechanisms work/interact would provide insights into mechanisms involved in the GS's Ang II signaling fine tuning, in human physiology/pathophysiology in general and could also identify significant targets for intervention in the treatments of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pagnin
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - V Ravarotto
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - G Maiolino
- Hypertension, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - E Naso
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - P A Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - L A Calò
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
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17
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Zhuang RJ, Jin WD, Wang XY, Wu XM. Identification and characterization of the druggable kinase targets of olmesartan and its analogues from a systematic kinase-chemical interaction profile in atherosclerosis. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 80:211-216. [PMID: 29414040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Olmesartan (OL) is the pharmacologically active metabolite of Olmesartan medoxomil (OM), an FDA-approved angiotensin II receptor antagonist for administrating cardiovascular diseases. The drug has been found to have potential effects on diverse protein kinase signaling involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, either by directly inhibiting the hub kinases or by indirectly modulating marginal members in the signaling pathways. In the present study, we computationally model the kinase-chemical Interaction Profile between six OL-related chemicals (i.e. OL, OM, Valsartan [VL], Losartan [LS], Candesartan [CD] and Telmisartan [TL]) and 23 human protein kinases in atherosclerosis. The profile is analyzed systematically at molecular level to identify unexpected kinase targets for OL. There is a good consistence between co-citation frequency and affinity scoring for the chemical association with kinase candidates; the OL and its analogs VL and LS exhibit a similar binding profile to the atherosclerosis kinase spectrum. It is suggested that the Ser/Thr-specific kinases PI3Kα and ROCK1 are potential druggable targets of OL for atherosclerosis therapy. As a paradigm, kinase assays reveal that the inhibitory potency of OL and Y-27632 (positive control) on ROCK1 is determined at micromolar level, while the OM (negative control) possesses no detectable activity for the kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Juan Zhuang
- Department of Cardioloy, Affiliated Third Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi 214041, China
| | - Wei-Dong Jin
- Department of Cardioloy, Affiliated Third Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi 214041, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Department of Cardioloy, Affiliated Third Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi 214041, China
| | - Xue-Ming Wu
- Department of Cardioloy, Affiliated Third Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi 214041, China.
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18
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Kinetics of recruitment and allosteric activation of ARHGEF25 isoforms by the heterotrimeric G-protein Gαq. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36825. [PMID: 27833100 PMCID: PMC5105084 DOI: 10.1038/srep36825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are master regulators of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. The activation of Rho GTPases is governed by Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Three RhoGEF isoforms are produced by the gene ARHGEF25; p63RhoGEF580, GEFT and a recently discovered longer isoform of 619 amino acids (p63RhoGEF619). The subcellular distribution of p63RhoGEF580 and p63RhoGEF619 is strikingly different in unstimulated cells, p63RhoGEF580 is located at the plasma membrane and p63RhoGEF619 is confined to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, we find that both P63RhoGEF580 and p63RhoGEF619 activate RhoGTPases to a similar extent after stimulation of Gαq coupled GPCRs. Furthermore, we show that p63RhoGEF619 relocates to the plasma membrane upon activation of Gαq coupled GPCRs, resembling the well-known activation mechanism of RhoGEFs activated by Gα12/13. Synthetic recruitment of p63RhoGEF619 to the plasma membrane increases RhoGEF activity towards RhoA, but full activation requires allosteric activation via Gαq. Together, these findings reveal a dual role for Gαq in RhoGEF activation, as it both recruits and allosterically activates cytosolic ARHGEF25 isoforms.
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19
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Szasz T, Webb RC. Rho-Mancing to Sensitize Calcium Signaling for Contraction in the Vasculature: Role of Rho Kinase. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 78:303-322. [PMID: 28212799 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle contraction is an important physiological process contributing to cardiovascular homeostasis. The principal determinant of smooth muscle contraction is the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration, and phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) by activated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in response to increased Ca2+ is the main pathway by which vasoconstrictor stimuli induce crossbridge cycling of myosin and actin filaments. A secondary pathway for vascular smooth muscle contraction that is not directly dependent on Ca2+ concentration, but rather mediating Ca2+ sensitization, is the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. In response to contractile stimuli, the small GTPase RhoA activates its downstream effector Rho kinase which, in turn, promotes contraction via myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) inhibition. RhoA/Rho kinase-mediated MLCP inhibition occurs mainly by phosphorylation and inhibition of MYPT1, the regulatory subunit of MLCP, or by CPI-17-mediated inhibition of the catalytic subunit of MLCP. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the pivotal role exerted by Rho kinase on vascular smooth muscle contraction and discuss the main regulatory pathways for its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Szasz
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - R C Webb
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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20
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Potthoff SA, Stamer S, Grave K, Königshausen E, Sivritas SH, Thieme M, Mori Y, Woznowski M, Rump LC, Stegbauer J. Chronic p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition improves vascular function and remodeling in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:17/3/1470320316653284. [PMID: 27407119 PMCID: PMC5843849 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316653284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: An excess of angiotensin II (Ang II) causes hypertension and vascular injury. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38-MAPK) plays a substantial role in Ang II-dependent organ damage. Recently, we showed that p38-MAPK activation regulates the pressor response to Ang II. This study evaluates the effect of chronic p38-MAPK inhibition in Ang II-dependent hypertension. Materials and methods: C57Bl/6J mice were infused with Ang II for 14 days and either treated with the p38-MAPK inhibitor BIRB796 (50 mg/kg/day) or the vehicle as the control. We assessed vascular function in the aorta and isolated perfused kidneys. Results: Chronic p38-MAPK inhibition did not alter blood pressure at the baseline, but attenuated Ang II-induced hypertension significantly (baseline: 122 ± 2 versus 119 ± 4 mmHg; Ang II: 173 ± 3 versus 155 ± 3 mmHg; p < 0.001). In addition, BIRB796 treatment improved vascular remodeling by reducing the aortic media-to-lumen ratio and decreasing the expression of the membrane metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-1 and MMP-9. Moreover, renal vascular dysfunction induced by chronic Ang II infusion was significantly ameliorated in the BIRP796-treated mice. Acute p38-MAPK inhibition also improved vascular function in the aorta and kidneys of Ang II-treated mice, highlighting the important role of p38-MAPK activation in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction. Conclusions: Our findings indicated there is an important role for p38-MAPK in regulating blood pressure and vascular injury, and highlighted its potential as a pharmaceutical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Potthoff
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Stamer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Grave
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - E Königshausen
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S H Sivritas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Thieme
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Y Mori
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Woznowski
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - L C Rump
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Calò LA, Vertolli U, Pagnin E, Ravarotto V, Davis PA, Lupia M, Naso E, Maiolino G, Naso A. Increased rho kinase activity in mononuclear cells of dialysis and stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: Cardiovascular risk implications. Life Sci 2016; 148:80-5. [PMID: 26872982 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of excess mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis patients (DP) who have higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), the strongest predictor of CV events. Rho kinase (ROCK) activation is linked in hypertensive patients to cardiac remodeling while ROCK inhibition suppresses cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and, in a human clinical condition opposite to hypertension, its downregulation associates with lack of CV remodeling. Information on ROCK activation-LVH link in CKD and DP is lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mononuclear cells (PBMCs) MYPT-1 phosphorylation, a marker of ROCK activity, and the effect of fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, on MYPT-1 phosphorylation were assessed in 23 DPs, 13 stage 3-4 CKD and 36 healthy subjects (HS) by Western blot. LV mass was assessed by M-mode echocardiography. KEY FINDINGS DP and CKD had higher MYPT-1 phosphorylation compared to HS (p<0.001 and p=0.003). Fasudil (500 and 1000μM) dose dependently reduced MYPT-1 phosphorylation in DP (p<0.01). DP had higher LV mass than CKD (p<0.001). MYPT-1 phosphorylation was higher in patients with LVH (p=0.009) and correlated with LV mass both in DP and CKD with LVH (p<0.001 and p=0.006). SIGNIFICANCE In DP and CKD, ROCK activity tracks with LVH. This ROCK activation-LVH link provided in these CVD high-risk patients along with similar findings in hypertensive patients and added to opposite findings in a human model opposite to hypertension and in type 2 diabetic patients, identify ROCK activation as a potential LVH marker and provide further rationale for ROCK activation inhibition as target of therapy in CVD high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo A Calò
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Ugo Vertolli
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Pagnin
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Paul A Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Mario Lupia
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Naso
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maiolino
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Hypertension, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Agostino Naso
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy
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