Combined but not single treatment with ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel and spironolactone reduces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in insulin-resistant ovariectomised rats

Restoration of cardiac metabolic flexibility by acetate in high fat diet-induced obesity is independent of ANP/BNP modulation

The present study hypothesized that cardiac metabolic inflexibility is dependent on cardiac ANP/BNP alteration and HDAC activity. We further sought to investigate the therapeutic potential of SCFA, acetate in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rat model. Adult male Wistar rats were assigned into groups (n = 6/group): Control, Obese, Sodium acetate (NaAc)-treated and Obese+ NaAc-treated groups received distilled water once daily (oral gavage), 40% HFD ad libitum, 200 mg/kg NaAc once daily (oral gavage) and 40% HFD+NaAc respectively. The treatments lasted for 12 weeks. HFD resulted in increased food intake, body weight and cardiac mass. It also caused insulin resistance and enhanced β-cell function, increased fasting insulin, lactate, plasma and cardiac triglyceride, total cholesterol, lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, IL-6, HDAC and cardiac troponin T and γ-Glutamyl transferase and decreased plasma and cardiac GSH with unaltered cardiac ANP and BNP. However, these alterations were averted when treated with acetate. Taken together, these results indicate that obesity induces defective cardiac metabolic flexibility, which is accompanied by elevated level of HDAC and not ANP/BNP alteration. The results also suggest that acetate ameliorates obesity-induced cardiac metabolic inflexibility by suppression of HDAC and independent of ANP/BNP modulation.