HSA-MnO2-131I Combined Imaging and Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Effects of Trace Elements on Endocrine Function and Pathogenesis of Thyroid Diseases-A Literature Review

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ whose hormones enable the proper functioning of the organism. The normal function of this organ is influenced by internal and external factors. One of the external factors is trace elements. Trace elements in appropriate concentrations are necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid. Fe, Cu, Mn, I, Zn, and Se are part of the enzymes involved in oxidative stress reduction, while Cd, Hg, and Pb can increase ROS production. Cu and Fe are necessary for the correct TPO synthesis. An imbalance in the concentration of trace elements such as Fe, Cu, Co, I, Mn, Zn, Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Se in thyroid cells can lead to thyroid diseases such as Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, and postpartum thyroiditis. Lack of adequate Fe levels may lead to hypothyroidism and cancer development. The thyroid gland's ability to absorb I is reversibly reduced by Co. Adequate levels of I are required for correct thyroid function; both deficiency and excess can predispose to the development of thyroid disorders. High concentrations of Mn may lead to hypothyroidism. Furthermore, Mn may cause cancer development and progression. Insufficient Zn supplementation causes hypothyroidism and thyroid nodule development. Cd affecting molecular mechanisms may also lead to thyroid disorders. Hg accumulating in the thyroid may interfere with hormone secretion and stimulate cancer cell proliferation. A higher risk of thyroid nodules, cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism were linked to elevated Pb levels. Se deficiency disrupts thyroid cell function and may lead to several thyroid disorders. On the other hand, some of the trace elements may be useful in the treatment of thyroid diseases. Therefore, the effects of trace elements on the thyroid require further research.

Polymeric nanoparticles in radiopharmaceutical delivery strategies

The potential applications of polymer nanoparticles (NPs) in the biomedical field have been the subject of extensive research. Radiopharmaceuticals that combine radionuclides and drugs using polymer nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers can be externally labelled, internally labelled or interfacially labelled with radionuclides at different sites. Consequently, they can be employed as delivery agents for a range of diseases. Currently, polymeric nanoparticles can deliver isotopes via active targeting, passive targeting and stimuli-responsive release systems. The objective is to deliver drugs and nuclides to the target site in an efficient manner, thereby maximizing efficacy and minimizing side effects. The development of drug release systems has the potential to address the growing social and economic challenges currently facing modern healthcare. This paper presents a detailed synthesis of the methods used to create polymer nanoparticles (NPs) and strategies for the targeted delivery of radiopharmaceuticals with radionuclides labelled at different locations. Additionally, the paper outlines the current progress of polymer NPs for use in imaging and therapeutic applications, as well as the future challenges that lie ahead in this field.

Nanomedicine mediated thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment: an approach from generalized to personalized medicine

Thyroid cancer (TC) being the common endocrine malignancy is glooming steadily due to its poor prognosis. The treatment strategies of surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy are providing unsatisfactory output. However, combination therapy can negotiate the worse prognosis to the better, where chemoradiotherapy, radiotherapy with surgery, or dual chemotherapeutic drugs are being glorified. Chemotherapy includes the use of doxorubicin or taxanes generally with platinum-based drugs viz. cisplatin or carboplatin that are administered alone or along with multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors viz. Lenvatinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Vandetanib, Pyrazolo-pyrimidine compounds, etc., single target tyrosine kinase inhibitors like Dabrafenib plus Trametinib and Vemurafenib against BRAF, Gefitinib against EGFR, Everolimus against mTOR, vascular disruptors like Fosbretabulin, and immunotherapy with viz. Spartalizumab and Pembrolizumab, are anti-PD-1/PD-L1 molecules. Hence, several trials are currently evaluating the possible beneficial role of combinatorial therapy in TC. Since TC is the outcome of multiple genetic alterations, it necessitates targeting the multiple factors in a single shot. These combination strategies for systemically delivering therapeutic drugs seem feasible only with the help of theranostic. To date, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (NDDS) have devoted themselves to diagnosis, bioimaging, imaging-assisted surgery, and therapy with high success rates. The ease of handling hybrid technologies is also selectively admirable. However, in this review, we have summarized the sequential progression of chemotherapeutic drugs to NDDS designed for Personalized Medicine (PM) against TC. Personalized medicine is an ever-growing field that will be explored in future discoveries in biomedicine, particularly cancer theranostics. Hence, our review presents a closer view of NDDS as a personalized treatment for TC. We have also discussed the primary challenges facing NDDS in meeting excellence in PM.

Customizing cancer treatment at the nanoscale: a focus on anaplastic thyroid cancer therapy

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive kind of thyroid cancer. Various therapeutic methods have been considered for the treatment of ATC, but its prognosis remains poor. With the advent of the nanomedicine era, the use of nanotechnology has been introduced in the treatment of various cancers and has shown great potential and broad prospects in ATC treatment. The current review meticulously describes and summarizes the research progress of various nanomedicine-based therapeutic methods of ATC, including chemotherapy, differentiation therapy, radioiodine therapy, gene therapy, targeted therapy, photothermal therapy, and combination therapy. Furthermore, potential future challenges and opportunities for the currently developed nanomedicines for ATC treatment are discussed. As far as we know, there are few reviews focusing on the nanomedicine of ATC therapy, and it is believed that this review will generate widespread interest from researchers in a variety of fields to further expedite preclinical research and clinical translation of ATC nanomedicines.

Nanomaterials: a promising multimodal theranostics platform for thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm of the cervical region and endocrine system, characterized by a discernible upward trend in incidence over recent years. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration is the current standard for preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer, albeit with limitations and a certain degree of false-negative outcomes. Although differentiated thyroid carcinoma generally exhibits a favorable prognosis, dedifferentiation is associated with an unfavorable clinical course. Anaplastic thyroid cancer, characterized by high malignancy and aggressiveness, remains an unmet clinical need with no effective treatments available. The emergence of nanomedicine has opened new avenues for cancer theranostics. The unique features of nanomaterials, including multifunctionality, modifiability, and various detection modes, enable non-invasive and convenient thyroid cancer diagnosis through multimodal imaging. For thyroid cancer treatment, nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy or photodynamic therapy, combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or gene therapy, holds promise in reducing invasiveness and prolonging patient survival or alleviating pain in individuals with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, nanomaterials enable simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the latest developments in nanomaterials for thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment and encourage further research in developing innovative and effective theranostic approaches for thyroid cancer.