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García P, Lamarca A, Díaz J, Carrera E, Roa JC. Current and New Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognostic Stratification, and Management of Gallbladder Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3670. [PMID: 33297469 PMCID: PMC7762341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive disease that shows evident geographic variation and is characterized by a poor prognosis, mainly due to the late diagnosis and ineffective treatment. Genetic variants associated with GBC susceptibility, including polymorphisms within the toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4, the cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCG8 genes, represent promising biomarkers for the stratification of patients at higher risk of GBC; thus, showing potential to prioritize cholecystectomy, particularly considering that early diagnosis is difficult due to the absence of specific signs and symptoms. Similarly, our better understanding of the gallbladder carcinogenic processes has led to identify several cellular and molecular events that may influence patient management, including HER2 aberrations, high tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, among others. Despite these reports on interesting and promising markers for risk assessment, diagnosis, and prognosis; there is an unmet need for reliable and validated biomarkers that can improve the management of GBC patients and support clinical decision-making. This review article examines the most potentially significant biomarkers of susceptibility, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection for GBC patients, highlighting the need to find and validate existing and new molecular biomarkers to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile;
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Javier Díaz
- Departamento del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins-Essalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru;
| | - Enrique Carrera
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Especialidades Eugenio Espejo, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170136, Ecuador;
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile;
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Malik MA, Malik SA, Haq MG, Bangri SA, Ahmad SZ, Shah OJ, Shah ZA. Role of Glutathione -S-Transferases in Gallbladder Cancer and Cholelithiasis Susceptibility and Meta-Analysis. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:984-991. [PMID: 31755784 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1661503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) genes are associated with increase susceptibility to developing different types of cancers. The aim of present study was to investigate the role of genetic variants of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in gallbladder cancer (GBC) and cholelithiasis in Kashmir valley. Genotyping was done by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in 100 GBC, 100 cholelithiasis, and 150 controls adjusted by age and sex. We also performed a meta-analysis of published studies on GSTM1 and GSTT1 to evaluate the association between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and GBC. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random- or fixed-effects model. In the present study, no association was observed between GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null genotypes and GBC and cholelithiasis. Meta-analysis results showed that GSTM1 null genotype was associated with GBC risk (P = 0.042). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity showed that GSTM1 null (P = 0.024) and GSTT1 null genotype (P = 0.037) were significantly associated with risk of GBC in Asians. This is the first study to investigate the role of genetic variants of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in GBC in Kashmir valley and cholelithiasis in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad Malik
- Cancer Diagnostic & Research Centre, Department of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Subzar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Malik Gowharul Haq
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Sadaf Ali Bangri
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Sheikh Zahoor Ahmad
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Omar Javed Shah
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Zafar Amin Shah
- Cancer Diagnostic & Research Centre, Department of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.,Department of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
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Mehrotra R, Tulsyan S, Hussain S, Mittal B, Singh Saluja S, Singh S, Tanwar P, Khan A, Javle M, Hassan MM, Pant S, De Aretxabala X, Sirohi B, Rajaraman P, Kaur T, Rath GK. Genetic landscape of gallbladder cancer: Global overview. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 778:61-71. [PMID: 30454684 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare malignancy of biliary tract cancer (BTC), characterized by late presentation and poor prognosis. It exhibits wide geographical as well as ethnical variations. So, diverse epidemiology along with etiological factors have been discussed in the current article. Present review unravels the germ line polymorphisms contributing to GBC susceptibility through candidate gene approach and GWAS. GBC is enriched with multiple mutations consisting of both passenger and driver mutations. The identification of the hotspot driver mutations which are involved in the etiopathogenesis of this cancer is necessary, before targeted therapies could be implemented clinically. Thus, this review sheds lights on both traditional low throughput methods along with high throughput NGS used to determine somatic mutations in cancer. With the advent of GWAS and high throughput sequencing methods, it is possible to comprehend the mutational landscape of this enigmatic disease. This article is the first one to provide insights into the genetic heterogeneity of GBC along with somatic mutational data from Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database. In addition, management of tumor heterogeneity as a therapeutic challenge has been discussed. Future goals involve liquid biopsy based research for better clinical management of the disease. Therefore, research efforts involving discovery of non- invasive markers for early stage cancer detection along with novel therapies should be directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Mehrotra
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India.
| | - Sonam Tulsyan
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Showket Hussain
- Division of Molecular Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Balraj Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sundeep Singh Saluja
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology & Hepatology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatics and Bioinformatics Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Rotary Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Asiya Khan
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Rotary Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, USA
| | - Manal M Hassan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, USA
| | - Shubham Pant
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, USA
| | | | - Bhawna Sirohi
- New India Cancer Charity Initiative, Research and Education in Cancer and Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Preetha Rajaraman
- U.S. Health Attache, India & Regional Representative, South Asia, Office of Global Affairs, DHHS, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - G K Rath
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Rotary Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Sakai K, Loza E, Roig GVG, Nozaki R, Asai T, Ikoma T, Tsuchiya Y, Kiyohara C, Yamamoto M, Nakamura K. CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and TP53 Polymorphisms and Risk of Gallbladder Cancer in Bolivians. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:781-4. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.2.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Cytochrome 450 (CYP450) designates a group of enzymes abundant in smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes and epithelial cells of small intestines. The main function of CYP450 is oxidative catalysis of various endogenous and exogenous substances. CYP450 are implicated in phase I metabolism of 80% of drugs currently in use, including anticancer drugs. They are also involved in synthesis of various hormones and influence hormone-related cancers. CYP450 genes are highly polymorphic and their variants play an important role in cancer risk and treatment. Association studies and meta-analyses have been performed to decipher the role of CYP450 polymorphisms in cancer susceptibility. Cancer treatment involves multimodal therapies and evaluation of CYP450 polymorphisms is necessary for pharmacogenetic assessment of anticancer therapy outcomes. In addition, CYP450 inhibitors are being evaluated for improved pharmacokinetics and oral formulation of several anticancer drugs.
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Sharma KL, Agarwal A, Misra S, Kumar A, Kumar V, Mittal B. Association of genetic variants of xenobiotic and estrogen metabolism pathway (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) with gallbladder cancer susceptibility. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5431-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Association between the CYP1A1 T3801C polymorphism and risk of cancer: Evidence from 268 case–control studies. Gene 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Association between glutathione S-transferase M1 null genotype and risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:501-5. [PMID: 24136740 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of enzymes which are involved in the detoxification of potential carcinogens. Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype can impair the enzyme activity of GSTs and is suspected to increase the susceptibility to gallbladder cancer. Previous studies investigating the association between GSTM1 null genotype and risk of gallbladder cancer reported inconsistent findings. To quantify the association between GSTM1 null genotype and risk of gallbladder cancer, we performed a meta-analysis of published studies. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Wanfang databases for all possible studies. We estimated the pooled odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to assess the association. Meta-analysis of total included studies showed that GSTM1 null genotype was not associated with gallbladder cancer risk (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.88-1.46, P = 0.332). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity showed that there was no association between GSTM1 null genotype and risk of gallbladder cancer in both Caucasians and Asians. However, meta-analysis of studies with adjusted estimations showed that GSTM1 null genotype was associated with increased risk of gallbladder cancer (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.02-2.09, P = 0.038). Thus, this meta-analysis shows that GSTM1 null genotype is likely to be associated with risk of gallbladder cancer. More studies with well design and large sample size are needed to further validate the association between GSTM1 null genotype and gallbladder cancer.
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Srivastava K, Srivastava A, Sharma KL, Mittal B. Candidate gene studies in gallbladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mutat Res 2011; 728:67-79. [PMID: 21708280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most frequent biliary tract malignancy. Wide variations in GBC incidence and familial and epidemiological data suggest involvement of a genetic component in its etiopathogenesis. A systematic review of genetic association studies in GBC was performed by applying a meta-analysis approach and systematically reviewing PubMed database using appropriate terms. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were appropriately derived for each gene-disease association using fixed and random effect models. Meta-regression with population size and genotyping method was also performed. Study quality was assessed using a 10-point scoring system designed from published guidelines. Following a review of 44 published manuscripts and one unpublished report, 80 candidate gene variants and 173 polymorphisms were analyzed among 1046 cases and 2310 controls. Majority of studies were of intermediate quality. Four polymorphisms with >3 separate studies were included in the meta-analysis [OGG1 (rs1052133), TP53 (rs1042522), CYP1A1 (rs1048943) and GSTM1 null polymorphism]. The meta-analysis demonstrated no significant associations of any of the above polymorphisms with GBC susceptibility except TP53 (rs1042522) polymorphism. To conclude, existing candidate gene studies in GBC susceptibility have so far been insufficient to confirm any association. Future research should focus on a more comprehensive approach utilizing potential gene-gene, gene-environment interactions and high-risk haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Srivastava
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anvesha Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, UP, India
| | - Kiran Lata Sharma
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, UP, India
| | - Balraj Mittal
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, UP, India.
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Liu L, Wang K, Zhu ZM, Shao JH. Associations between P53 Arg72Pro and development of digestive tract cancers: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:60-9. [PMID: 21376265 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationships between P53 Arg72Pro and risks of digestive tract cancers have been extensively studied, and conclusive results were unavailable. METHODS Fifty three case-control studies were included through searching the databases of Medline, Embase and CNKI (up to August 2010). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to investigate the strength of the associations. RESULTS The results showed that there were no overall associations between P53 Arg72Pro and risks of digestive tract cancers. Subgroup analyses showed that P53 Arg72Pro was associated with risk of gallbladder and pancreatic cancer (OR [95% CI]: 1.44 [1.13-1.83] for Pro carriers vs. ArgArg). In addition, subgroup analyses also suggested that the Pro allele was associated with increased risks of digestive tract cancers among Asians (1.19 [1.01-1.42] for ProPro vs. ArgArg). Meanwhile, Pro allele was also suggested to be associated with increased risk of gastric cancer (1.33 [1.02-1.74] for ProPro vs. ArgPro for diffuse type of gastric cancer and 1.29 [1.05-1.57] for ProPro vs. Arg carriers for gastric cardia cancer) and colorectal cancer (1.26 [1.05-1.51] for ProPro vs. ArgPro for population-based case-control studies; 1.43 [1.09-1.87] for ProPro vs. ArgArg for colon cancer; 1.49 [1.09-2.06] for ProPro vs. ArgArg for rectal cancer and 2.22 [1.44-3.44] for ProPro vs. ArgArg for early stage of colorectal cancer). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that Pro allele in P53 Arg72Pro is significantly associated with the increased risks of digestive tract cancers, especially for Asians, and for gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and gallbladder and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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