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Gnatienko N, Freiberg MS, Blokhina E, Yaroslavtseva T, Bridden C, Cheng DM, Chaisson CE, Lioznov D, Bendiks S, Koerbel G, Coleman SM, Krupitsky E, Samet JH. Design of a randomized controlled trial of zinc supplementation to improve markers of mortality and HIV disease progression in HIV-positive drinkers in St. Petersburg, Russia. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2018; 19:101-111. [PMID: 29663871 DOI: 10.1080/15284336.2018.1459344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Russia continues to have an uncontrolled HIV epidemic and its per capita alcohol consumption is among the highest in the world. Alcohol use among HIV-positive individuals is common and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Alcohol use and HIV each lead to microbial translocation, which in turn results in inflammation. Zinc supplementation holds potential for lowering levels of biomarkers of inflammation, possibly as a consequence of its impact on intestinal permeability. This paper describes the protocol of a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial of zinc supplementation in St. Petersburg, Russia. Methods Participants (n = 254) were recruited between October 2013 and June 2015 from HIV and addiction clinical care sites, and non-clinical sites in St. Petersburg, Russia. Participants were randomly assigned, to receive either zinc (15 mg for men; 12 mg for women) or placebo, daily for 18 months. The following outcomes were assessed at 6, 12, and 18 months: (1) mortality risk (primary outcome at 18 months); (2) HIV disease progression; (3) cardiovascular risk; and (4) microbial translocation and inflammation. Adherence was assessed using direct (riboflavin) and indirect (pill count, self-report) measures. Conclusion Given the limited effectiveness of current interventions to reduce alcohol use, zinc supplementation merits testing as a simple, low-cost intervention to mitigate the consequences of alcohol use in HIV-positive persons despite ongoing drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gnatienko
- a Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine , Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Matthew S Freiberg
- b Vanderbilt Center for Clinical Cardiovascular Trials Evaluation (V-C3REATE) , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Elena Blokhina
- c First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg , St. Petersburg , Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Yaroslavtseva
- c First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg , St. Petersburg , Russian Federation
| | - Carly Bridden
- a Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine , Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Debbie M Cheng
- d Department of Biostatistics , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Christine E Chaisson
- e Data Coordinating Center , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Dmitry Lioznov
- c First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg , St. Petersburg , Russian Federation.,f Research Institute of Influenza , St. Petersburg , Russian Federation
| | - Sally Bendiks
- a Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine , Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Glory Koerbel
- g Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Sharon M Coleman
- e Data Coordinating Center , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Evgeny Krupitsky
- c First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg , St. Petersburg , Russian Federation.,h St. Petersburg Bekhterev Research Psychoneurological Institute , St. Petersburg , Russian Federation
| | - Jeffrey H Samet
- i Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine/Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA.,j Department of Community Health Sciences , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
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