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Ishikuro K, Hattori N, Otomune H, Furuya K, Nakada T, Miyahara K, Shibata T, Noguchi K, Kuroda S, Nakatsuji Y, Nishijo H. Neural Mechanisms of Neuro-Rehabilitation Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Front-Polar Area. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1604. [PMID: 38002563 PMCID: PMC10670271 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that applies a weak current to the scalp to modulate neuronal excitability by stimulating the cerebral cortex. The technique can produce either somatic depolarization (anodal stimulation) or somatic hyperpolarization (cathodal stimulation), based on the polarity of the current used by noninvasively stimulating the cerebral cortex with a weak current from the scalp, making it a NIBS technique that can modulate neuronal excitability. Thus, tDCS has emerged as a hopeful clinical neuro-rehabilitation treatment strategy. This method has a broad range of potential uses in rehabilitation medicine for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The present paper reviews the efficacy of tDCS over the front-polar area (FPA) in healthy subjects, as well as patients with PD, where tDCS is mainly applied to the primary motor cortex (M1 area). Multiple evidence lines indicate that the FPA plays a part in motor learning. Furthermore, recent studies have reported that tDCS applied over the FPA can improve motor functions in both healthy adults and PD patients. We argue that the application of tDCS to the FPA promotes motor skill learning through its effects on the M1 area and midbrain dopamine neurons. Additionally, we will review other unique outcomes of tDCS over the FPA, such as effects on persistence and motivation, and discuss their underlying neural mechanisms. These findings support the claim that the FPA could emerge as a new key brain region for tDCS in neuro-rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ishikuro
- Department of Rehabilitation, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (K.I.); (N.H.); (H.O.); (K.F.); (T.N.)
| | - Noriaki Hattori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (K.I.); (N.H.); (H.O.); (K.F.); (T.N.)
| | - Hironori Otomune
- Department of Rehabilitation, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (K.I.); (N.H.); (H.O.); (K.F.); (T.N.)
| | - Kohta Furuya
- Department of Rehabilitation, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (K.I.); (N.H.); (H.O.); (K.F.); (T.N.)
| | - Takeshi Nakada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (K.I.); (N.H.); (H.O.); (K.F.); (T.N.)
| | - Kenichiro Miyahara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Toyama College of Medical Welfare, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Nishi General Hospital, Toyama 939-2716, Japan;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Kyo Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Yuji Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki 751-8503, Japan
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Cristini J, Kraft VS, De Las Heras B, Rodrigues L, Parwanta Z, Hermsdörfer J, Steib S, Roig M. Differential effects of acute cardiovascular exercise on explicit and implicit motor memory: The moderating effects of fitness level. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 205:107846. [PMID: 37865261 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
A single bout of cardiovascular exercise (CE) performed after practice can facilitate the consolidation of motor memory. However, the effect is variable and may be modulated by different factors such as the motor task's or participant's characteristics and level of awareness during encoding (implicit vs explicit learning). This study examines the effects of acute CE on the consolidation of motor sequences learned explicitly and implicitly, exploring the potential moderating effect of fitness level and awareness. Fifty-six healthy adults (24.1 ± 3.3 years, 32 female) were recruited. After practicing with either the implicit or explicit variant of the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT), participants either performed a bout of 16 min of vigorous CE or rested for the same amount of time. Consolidation was quantified as the change in SRTT performance from the end of practice to a 24 h retention test. Fitness level (V̇O2peak) was determined through a graded exercise test. Awareness (implicit vs explicit learning) was operationalized using a free recall test conducted immediately after retention. Our primary analysis indicated that CE had no statistically significant effects on consolidation, regardless of the SRTT's variant utilized during practice. However, an exploratory analysis, classifying participants based on the level of awareness gained during motor practice, showed that CE negatively influenced consolidation in unfit participants who explicitly acquired the motor sequence. Our findings indicate that fitness level and awareness in sequence acquisition can modulate the interaction between CE and motor memory consolidation. These factors should be taken into account when assessing the effects of CE on motor memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - V S Kraft
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B De Las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Rodrigues
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Z Parwanta
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Hermsdörfer
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Steib
- Department of Exercise, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Wang CH, Baumgartner N, Nagy C, Fu HL, Yang CT, Kao SC. Protective effect of aerobic fitness on the detrimental influence of exhaustive exercise on information processing capacity. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 64:102301. [PMID: 37665801 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Although aerobic fitness has been thought to protect against the detrimental cognitive effects following exhaustive exercise, available evidence from studies using traditional mean behavioral measures remain somewhat equivocal. PURPOSE This study aimed to reconcile this discrepancy by using a novel theory-driven diagnostic tool, the Systems Factorial Technology (SFT). METHODS Sixty-six healthy young adults aged from 18 to 30 years old with different levels of aerobic fitness (n = 33 for the higher-fit and lower-fit groups) completed a go/nogo version of redundant-target task before and after a graded exercise test (GXT) until exhaustion. SFT was used to calculate the resilience capacity, which reflects the information processing capacity underlying inhibitory control. RESULTS Following the GXT, both higher-fit and lower-fit groups showed faster responses while leaving accuracy unchanged as compared to the performance at the pretest. On the other hand, the resilience capacity decreased for the lower-fit group but was maintained for the higher-fit group. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that aerobic fitness may modulate the individual difference in decisional mechanism following exhaustive exercise. In sum, this study offers an alternative mechanistic explanation regarding cognitive individual differences in response to exhaustive exercise and provides novel insights into the significance of maintaining a state of high physical fitness for those who need to perform cognitively challenging tasks under physically stressful conditions (e.g., elite athletes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | | | - Christian Nagy
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Hao-Lun Fu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
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Effects of acute exercise on memory: Considerations of exercise intensity, post-exercise recovery period and aerobic endurance. Mem Cognit 2022; 51:1011-1026. [PMID: 36401115 PMCID: PMC9676734 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating research demonstrates that acute exercise can enhance long-term episodic memory. However, it is unclear if there is an intensity-specific effect of acute exercise on long-term episodic memory function and whether this is influenced by the post-exercise recovery period, which was the primary objective of this experiment. Another uncertainty in the literature is whether aerobic endurance influences the interaction between exercise intensity and post-exercise recovery period on long-term episodic memory function, which was a secondary objective of this study. With exercise intensity and post-exercise recovery period occurring as within-subject factors, and fitness as a between-subject factor, 59 participants (Mage = 20 years) completed 12 primary laboratory visits. These visits included a 20-min bout of exercise (Control, Moderate, and Vigorous), followed by a recovery period (1, 5, 10, and 15 min) and then a word-list episodic memory task, involving an encoding phase and two long-term recall assessments (20-min and 24-h delayed recall). The primary finding from this experiment was that moderate and vigorous-intensity exercise improved memory function when compared to a non-exercise control. A secondary finding was that individuals with higher levels of aerobic endurance, compared to their lesser fit counterparts, had greater memory performance after exercise (moderate or vigorous) when compared to after a control condition. Additionally, individuals with higher levels of aerobic endurance, compared to their lesser fit counterparts, generally performed better on the memory task with longer post-exercise recovery periods. Future research should carefully consider these parameters when evaluating the effects of acute exercise on long-term episodic memory.
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Wieland B, Fleddermann MT, Zentgraf K. Acute effects of real and imagined endurance exercise on sustained attention performance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:905772. [PMID: 36110286 PMCID: PMC9468902 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.905772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated acute effects of real and imagined endurance exercise on sustained attention performance in healthy young adults in order to shed light on the action mechanisms underlying changes in cognitive functioning. The neural similarities between both imagined and physically performed movements reveal that imagery induces transient hypofrontality, whereas real exercise reflects both transient hypofrontality effects and the global release of signaling factors (e.g., BDNF or serotonin) due to muscle contraction and the accompanying sensory feedback. We hypothesized improved cognitive functioning after both interventions (imagery and physical endurance exercise) with greater improvements for real exercise because it targets both mechanisms. Fifty-three sport science students completed two 25-min sessions of moderate endurance exercise in either a motor imagery modality or an executed bodily activity within the framework of an order-balanced crossover study. Assessments for sustained attention performance (d2-R) were performed before and after each endurance exercise condition. Statistical results showed improvements for both groups over time, which can mostly be explained by retest effects. However, we observed a significant interaction effect between group and time, F(1.6, 81.9) = 3.64, p = 0.04, η2 = 0.07, with higher increases in the first session in case physical endurance exercise was performed compared to motor imagery exercise, t(51) = −2.71, p = 0.09, d = 0.75. This might suggest that the release of signaling factors due to muscle contractions with sensory feedback processing is an additional mediating mechanism alongside motor-related transient hypofrontality that improves cognitive performance.
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Loprinzi P, Javadi AH, Jung M, Watson H, Sanderson C, Kang M, Kelemen WL. Vigorous-intensity acute exercise during encoding can reduce levels of episodic and false memory. Memory 2022; 30:1031-1045. [PMID: 35522241 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2072895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential benefits (veridical memory) and, importantly, costs (false memory) of acute exercise on memory in conjunction with the timing and type of exercise have not been fully studied. In Experiment 1, we employed a three-condition (15-minute vigorous-intensity acute exercise Before or During memory encoding, or a Control condition of watching a video), within-subjects, counterbalanced design. The procedures included an immediate and delayed (20-minute post encoding) free recall assessment. Veridical memory was determined by the number of studied words that were recalled, whereas false memory was determined by retrieving a non-presented, critical item. For veridical memory, Before was not different than Control (p = .42), however, During was worse than Before and Control (p's < .001). No differences occurred for false memory. Experiment 2 was conducted that included several additional exercise conditions (e.g., light-intensity exercise) during memory encoding, used a recognition task instead of a free recall task, and extended the long-term memory assessment out to 24-hours. Experiment 2 demonstrated that vigorous-intensity acute exercise during encoding reduced both veridical and false memory for related new items (p < .05). These findings demonstrate that the timing and intensity of exercise play an important role in influencing memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA
| | - Amir-Homayoun Javadi
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.,School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Myungjin Jung
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Hanna Watson
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA
| | - Claire Sanderson
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - William L Kelemen
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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