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Sokkar MF, Mosaad RM, Khalil M, Kamal L. MBL2 gene variants and susceptibility to meningitis in Egyptian patients. Gene 2023; 872:147442. [PMID: 37121343 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord. It is a fatal disease with severe morbidity and mortality. Mannose binding lectin (MBL) encoded by MBL2 gene activates complement system through lectin pathway in innate immunity to defense against the infections. OBJECTIVE the current study aimed to investigate the promoter and exon 1 variants of MBL2 gene among Egyptian patients having meningitis to explore their role in disease susceptibility. PATIENTS AND METHODS This case-control study, included 53 patients and 50 sex and age matched controls. MBL2 genotyping was done using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The frequency of one promoter (c.-290C>G) and four in exon 1 (c.161G>A, c.170G>A, c.154C>T and c.132C>T) as well as another one located in its 5'utranslated part (c.-66C>T) variants were estimated. The incidence of the four individual exonic variants was not significantly different between cases and healthy individuals (all P> 0.05). The promoter variant, c.-290C>G was found in all examined patients (84.9% of the patients in homozygote state and 15.1% of patients in heterozygous state) with a highly significant variance in the prevalence of this variant between cases and control group (p=0.0001). Additionally, UTR variant (c.-66C>T) was also significantly higher in patients than controls (P=0.033).In comparison with clinical outcome, it was found that c.170G>A variant named C allele was associated with favorable outcome in the studied patients (P=0.025). CONCLUSION The results obtained showed that the Promoter (c.-290C>G) and UTR (c.-66 C>T) variants of MBL2 gene may be potential risk factors for disease susceptibility in Egyptian cases with meningitis. Our results also proposed that c.170G>A (C allele and CC genotype) could affect the severity and play a protective role in these patients. The other genetic variants of MBL2 gene, including c.132C>T, c.161G>A (A>B), and c.154C>T (A>D) that were investigated, did not show any association with susceptibility or severity of meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F Sokkar
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute (HGGR), National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Mosaad
- Infection disease department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Khalil
- Infection disease department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamyaa Kamal
- Clinical and chemical pathology department, Elsahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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Characterization of the innate immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010586. [PMID: 36622851 PMCID: PMC9858863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the most frequent causes of pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis in humans, and an important cause of mortality among children and the elderly. We have previously reported the suitability of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval model for the study of the host-pathogen interactions in pneumococcal infection. In the present study, we characterized the zebrafish innate immune response to pneumococcus in detail through a whole-genome level transcriptome analysis and revealed a well-conserved response to this human pathogen in challenged larvae. In addition, to gain understanding of the genetic factors associated with the increased risk for severe pneumococcal infection in humans, we carried out a medium-scale forward genetic screen in zebrafish. In the screen, we identified a mutant fish line which showed compromised resistance to pneumococcus in the septic larval infection model. The transcriptome analysis of the mutant zebrafish larvae revealed deficient expression of a gene homologous for human C-reactive protein (CRP). Furthermore, knockout of one of the six zebrafish crp genes by CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis predisposed zebrafish larvae to a more severe pneumococcal infection, and the phenotype was further augmented by concomitant knockdown of a gene for another Crp isoform. This suggests a conserved function of C-reactive protein in anti-pneumococcal immunity in zebrafish. Altogether, this study highlights the similarity of the host response to pneumococcus in zebrafish and humans, gives evidence of the conserved role of C-reactive protein in the defense against pneumococcus, and suggests novel host genes associated with pneumococcal infection.
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Zheng K, He FB, Liu H, He Q. Genetic variations of toll-like receptors: Impact on susceptibility, severity and prognosis of bacterial meningitis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104984. [PMID: 34214672 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a serious infectious disease of the central nervous system,which is mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Group B Streptococcus and Listeria monocytogenes. Throughout the world, BM has become one of the most lethal diseases that commonly occurs in children. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are one of the most important immune defense lines in infectious diseases, and play an essential role in host defense. Accumulating evidence shows that genetic variations in TLRs are associated with host responses in BM. This review aims to summarize the role of different TLRs and their genetic variations in the susceptibility, severity and prognosis of BM and discuss the identified risk factors for better treatment and improvement of the course and outcome of BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Neurorehabilitation, Wuxi Tongren Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi 214151, Jiangsu, China
| | - Felix B He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Hongshan Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-Cerpa S, Rivas-Pardo JA, Maisey K, Yáñez JM, Valenzuela H, Cea PA, Castro-Fernandez V, Tort L, Sandino AM, Imarai M, Reyes-López FE. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) Mining and Their Effect on the Tridimensional Protein Structure Prediction in a Set of Immunity-Related Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Front Genet 2020; 10:1406. [PMID: 32174954 PMCID: PMC7056891 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are single genetic code variations considered one of the most common forms of nucleotide modifications. Such SNPs can be located in genes associated to immune response and, therefore, they may have direct implications over the phenotype of susceptibility to infections affecting the productive sector. In this study, a set of immune-related genes (cc motif chemokine 19 precursor [ccl19], integrin β2 (itβ2, also named cd18), glutathione transferase omega-1 [gsto-1], heat shock 70 KDa protein [hsp70], major histocompatibility complex class I [mhc-I]) were analyzed to identify SNPs by data mining. These genes were chosen based on their previously reported expression on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)-infected Atlantic salmon phenotype. The available EST sequences for these genes were obtained from the Unigene database. Twenty-eight SNPs were found in the genes evaluated and identified most of them as transition base changes. The effect of the SNPs located on the 5’-untranslated region (UTR) or 3’-UTR upon transcription factor binding sites and alternative splicing regulatory motifs was assessed and ranked with a low-medium predicted FASTSNP score risk. Synonymous SNPs were found on itβ2 (c.2275G > A), gsto-1 (c.558G > A), and hsp70 (c.1950C > T) with low FASTSNP predicted score risk. The difference in the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value between the variant codons and the wild-type codon (ΔRSCU) showed one negative (hsp70 c.1950C > T) and two positive ΔRSCU values (itβ2 c.2275G > A; gsto-1 c.558G > A), suggesting that these synonymous SNPs (sSNPs) may be associated to differences in the local rate of elongation. Nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) in the gsto-1 translatable gene region were ranked, using SIFT and POLYPHEN web-tools, with the second highest (c.205A > G; c484T > C) and the highest (c.499T > C; c.769A > C) predicted score risk possible. Using homology modeling to predict the effect of these nonsynonymous SNPs, the most relevant nucleotide changes for gsto-1 were observed for the nsSNPs c.205A > G, c484T > C, and c.769A > C. Molecular dynamics was assessed to analyze if these GSTO-1 variants have significant differences in their conformational dynamics, suggesting these SNPs could have allosteric effects modulating its catalysis. Altogether, these results suggest that candidate SNPs identified may play a crucial potential role in the immune response of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Andrés Rivas-Pardo
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José M Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Valenzuela
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Cea
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Butters C, Phuong LK, Cole T, Gwee A. Prevalence of Immunodeficiency in Children With Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Pneumococcal Vaccine Era: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr 2019; 173:1084-1094. [PMID: 31566672 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite increasing access to vaccination, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is responsible for approximately 826 000 deaths worldwide in children younger than 5 years each year. To allow early identification and prevention, an improved understanding of risk factors for IPD is needed. OBJECTIVES To review the literature on the prevalence of primary immunodeficiency (PID) in children younger than 18 years presenting with IPD without another predisposing condition and to inform guidelines for immunologic evaluation after the first episode of IPD based on published evidence. EVIDENCE REVIEW A literature search of PubMed, Embase (inception [1974] to February 28, 2019), and MEDLINE (inception [1946] to February 28, 2019) was conducted using the terms Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcal infection, Streptococcus infection, pneumococcal meningitis, immunodeficiency, immune response, immunocompromised, susceptib*, precursor, predispose*, recurren*, newborn, neonat*, infan*, toddler, child, preschooler, adolescen*, and pediatric. Publications reporting original data on immunodeficiency in children with microbiologically confirmed primary or recurrent IPD were included. Strength of clinical data was graded according to the 5-point scale of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. FINDINGS In 6022 unique children with primary IPD, 5 of 393 (1.3%) to 17 of 162 (10.5%) of all children and 14 of 53 (26.4%) of those older than 2 years had a PID identified. Higher rates of PID, up to 10 of 15 (66.7%), were found in children with recurrent IPD. Antibody deficiency was the most common immunodeficiency, followed by complement deficiency, asplenia, and rarer defects in T-cell signaling. The site of infection was a key indicator for the risk of underlying PID, with the greatest risk of PID in children with meningitis or complicated pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this study suggest that invasive pneumococcal disease, and particularly recurrent IPD, is an important marker of underlying PID in children without other risk factors. The findings also suggest that children older than 2 years with pneumococcal meningitis or complicated pneumonia and all children with recurrent IPD should be referred for an immune evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO identifier: CRD42017075978.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen Butters
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Linny Kimly Phuong
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amanda Gwee
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
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Kloek AT, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Host genetic variability and pneumococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:130. [PMID: 31519222 PMCID: PMC6743160 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, and empyema due to Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We provide a systemic overview of genetic variants associated with susceptibility, phenotype and outcome of community acquired pneumococcal pneumonia (CAP) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Methods We searched PubMed for studies on the influence of host genetics on susceptibility, phenotype, and outcome of CAP and IPD between Jan 1, 1983 and Jul 4, 2018. We listed methodological characteristics and when genetic data was available we calculated effect sizes. We used fixed or random effect models to calculate pooled effect sizes in the meta-analysis. Results We identified 1219 studies of which 60 studies involving 15,358 patients were included. Twenty-five studies (42%) focused on susceptibility, 8 (13%) on outcome, 1 (2%) on disease phenotype, and 26 (43%) on multiple categories. We identified five studies with a hypothesis free approach of which one resulted in one genome wide significant association in a gene coding for lincRNA with pneumococcal disease susceptibility. We performed 17 meta-analyses of which two susceptibility polymorphisms had a significant overall effect size: variant alleles of MBL2 (odds ratio [OR] 1·67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·04–2·69) and a variant in CD14 (OR 1·77, 95% CI 1·18–2·66) and none of the outcome polymorphisms. Conclusions Studies have identified several host genetics factors influencing risk of pneumococcal disease, but many result in non-reproducible findings due to methodological limitations. Uniform case definitions and pooling of data is necessary to obtain more robust findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-019-0572-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne T Kloek
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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