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Fabi SG, Park JY, Goldie K, Wu W. Microtoxin for Improving Pore Size, Skin Laxity, Sebum Control, and Scars: A Roundtable on Integrating Intradermal Botulinum Toxin Type A Microdoses Into Clinical Practice. Aesthet Surg J 2023; 43:1015-1024. [PMID: 36857534 PMCID: PMC10481112 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In aesthetic clinical practice, botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is best known for its use as a neuromodulator for the treatment of dynamic facial lines; however, when injected intradermally as microdroplets, BoNT-A can improve skin quality and overall skin appearance. OBJECTIVES To discuss key aspects of microtoxin use in clinical practice and provide expert guidance on utilization. METHODS As part of a continuing medical education lecture series and roundtable, the authors discussed key aspects of microtoxin patient selection, injection technique, and safety. RESULTS The experiences of expert faculty are shared here. Clinical experience is consistent with reported data. Microtoxin can be used to reduce pore size, sebum production, rosacea, acne, and fine lines, and to improve jawline and neck definition. Intradermal injection can also be employed for the improvement of transverse neck lines as well as for the safe prevention and management of scars and keloids. CONCLUSIONS Expanding the use of BoNT-A, a predictable, minimally invasive, and affordable treatment to address commonly encountered complaints is appealing. The authors have found that making patients aware of microtoxin as a treatment option results in an increased interest in and utilization of BoNT-A, and high satisfaction among appropriately selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Guillen Fabi
- Corresponding Author: Dr Sabrina Guillen Fabi, 9339 Genesee Ave Unit 300, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. E-mail:
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Lapostolle A, Houot M, Mongin M, Degos B. Comparison of Botulinum neurotoxin efficiency in dystonia associated with Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism: a retrospective study with a self-reported improvement scale. J Neurol 2022; 269:6021-6028. [PMID: 35854137 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a useful therapeutic option to treat dystonic manifestations. Data on its efficiency on dystonia associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) or atypical parkinsonism (AP) are scarce and no comparison of the efficiency of BoNT has been performed between these diseases and between the different localizations of dystonia in these pathologies. We retrospectively collected from patients' medical records the result of 611 BoNT injections in 63 dystonic parkinsonian patients (44 PD and 19 AP) using a self-reported clinical improvement scale and duration of effect. Using these data, we modeled the degree of improvement and its duration after BoNT treatment with a linear mixed model. This allowed us to assess the influence of clinical parameters on the reported treatment efficiency. On a scale from 0 to 100, patients with PD and AP, respectively, report a mean improvement of 69% and 55% after BoNT injection and it is similar regarding the different localizations of dystonia. Duration of effect is, however, longer in PD compared to AP (P = 0.023). Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics had no effect on the degree of improvement or duration of effect. Overall, our results support the use of BoNT in the various dystonic phenomena associated with degenerative parkinsonian syndromes. Shorter delays between injection sessions should be considered in AP compared to PD.Trial registration: This study was registered on Clinicaltrial.gov (NCT04948684).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lapostolle
- Service de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris - Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, NS-PARK/FCRIN network, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Marion Houot
- Center of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Clinical Investigation Centre, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie Mongin
- Service de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris - Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, NS-PARK/FCRIN network, Bobigny, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- Service de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris - Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, NS-PARK/FCRIN network, Bobigny, France. .,Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050,, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France.
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Hefter H, Ürer B, Brauns R, Rosenthal D, Meuth SG, Lee JI, Albrecht P, Samadzadeh S. The complex relationship between antibody titers and clinical outcome in botulinum toxin type A long-term treated patients with cervical dystonia. J Neurol 2022; 269:5991-6002. [PMID: 35842881 PMCID: PMC9553769 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Repeated injections with abo- or onabotulinumtoxin type A (aboBoNT/A, onaBoNT/A) may lead to induction of neutralizing antibodies (NABs) and/or a secondary treatment failure (STF). The relation between NABs and STF is still unclear. Aim of the study To demonstrate that a significant improvement can be observed in patients with STF after abo- or onaBoNT/A-treatment when switched to incobotulinumtoxin type A (incoBoNT/A) and that in NAB-positive patients without STF abo- or onaBoNT/A-treatment can be continued without significant worsening. Methods Paralysis times (PT) of the mouse hemidiaphragm assay (MHDA) and clinical outcome (TSUI-score) was analyzed in 60 patients with cervical dystonia (CD) and STF after abo- or onaBoNT/A-treatment (STF-group) who were switched to incobotulinumtoxin type A (incoBoNT/A). These data were compared to those of 34 patients who were exclusively treated with incoBoNT/A (INCO-group). Furthermore, PTs and TSUI-scores were followed up over 7 years in 9 patients with NABs but without STF who were switched to inco-BoNT/A (SWI-group) and 9 other patients with NABs who remained on their previous BoNT/A preparation (NO-SWI-group). Results In the STF-group, a significant improvement of TSUI-scores could be detected after switch to incoBoNT/A. This improvement was less pronounced than in the INCO-group. There was no significant difference in long-term outcome between the SWI- and NO-SWI-group. Conclusion The best strategy is to avoid the induction of NABs. A switch to incoBoNT/A may lead to improvement in patients with STF. However, in some patients with NABs without STF, BoNT/A-treatment can be continued without significant worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hefter
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Beyza Ürer
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raphaela Brauns
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dietmar Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - John-Ih Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sara Samadzadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Significant Long-Lasting Improvement after Switch to Incobotulinum Toxin in Cervical Dystonia Patients with Secondary Treatment Failure. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010044. [PMID: 35051021 PMCID: PMC8779547 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under continuous long-term treatment with abo- or onabotulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A), ~10 to 15% of patients with cervical dystonia (CD) will develop neutralizing antibodies and reduced responsiveness over an ~10-year treatment period. Among the botulinum neurotoxin type A preparations so far licensed for CD, incobotulinum toxin A (incoBoNT/A; Xeomin®) is the only one without complex proteins. Whether CD patients with treatment failure under abo- or onaBoNT/A may still respond to incoBoNT/A is unknown. In this cross-sectional, retrospective study, 64 CD patients with secondary treatment failure after abo- or onaBoNT/A therapy who were switched to incoBoNT/A were compared to 34 CD patients exclusively treated with incoBoNT/A. The initial clinical severity of CD, best outcome during abo- or onaBoNT/A therapy, severity at the time of switching to incoBoNT/A and severity at recruitment, as well as all corresponding doses, were analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of neutralizing antibodies (NABs) on the long-term outcome of incoBoNT/A therapy was evaluated. Patients significantly improved after the switch to incoBoNT/A (p < 0.001) but did not reach the improvement level obtained before the development of partial secondary treatment failure or that of patients who were exclusively treated with incoBoNT/A. No difference between abo- and onaBoNT/A pretreatments or between the long-term outcomes of NAB-positive and NAB-negative patients was found. The present study demonstrates significant long-term improvement after a switch to incoBoNT/A in patients with preceding secondary treatment failure after abo- or onaBoNT/A therapy and confirms the low antigenicity of incoBoNT/A.
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Immunogenicity of Botulinum Toxin Formulations: Potential Therapeutic Implications. Adv Ther 2021; 38:5046-5064. [PMID: 34515975 PMCID: PMC8478757 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are proteins produced by bacteria of the Clostridium family. Upon oral ingestion, BoNT causes the neuroparalytic syndrome botulism. There are seven serotypes of BoNT (serotypes A-G); BoNT-A and BoNT-B are the botulinum toxin serotypes utilized for therapeutic applications. Treatment with BoNT injections is used to manage chronic medical conditions across multiple indications. As with other biologic drugs, immunogenicity after long-term treatment with BoNT formulations may occur, and repeated use can elicit antibody formation leading to clinical nonresponsiveness. Thus, approaching BoNT treatment of chronic conditions with therapeutic formulations that minimize stimulating the host immune response while balancing patient responsiveness to therapy is ideal. Immunogenicity is a clinical limitation in many settings that use biologic drugs for treatment, and clinically relevant immunogenicity reduction has been achieved through engineering smaller protein constructs and reducing unnecessary formulation components. A similar approach has influenced the evolution of BoNT formulations. Three BoNT-A products and one BoNT-B product have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for therapeutic use: onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, incobotulinumtoxinA, and rimabotulinumtoxinB; a fourth BoNT-A product, daxibotulinumtoxinA, is currently under regulatory review. Additionally, prabotulinumtoxinA is a BoNT-A product that has been approved for aesthetic indications but not therapeutic use. Here, we discuss the preclinical and clinical immunogenicity data that exist within the scientific literature and provide a perspective for considering immunogenicity as a key factor in choice of BoNT formulation.
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Fabi SG, Carruthers J, Joseph J, Cox SE, Yoelin S, Few J, Kaufman-Janette J, Dayan S. High-Dose Neuromodulators: A Roundtable on Making Sense of the Data in Real-World Clinical Practice. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum 2021; 3:ojab036. [PMID: 34708202 PMCID: PMC8545706 DOI: 10.1093/asjof/ojab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For aesthetic treatment with botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA), interest in maximizing treatment duration and efficacy has prompted study of doses higher than those used in registration studies. As data emerge, it is important that physicians understand how to apply study findings to their own practice so that patient demand is satisfied. OBJECTIVES To bring together leading experts in neuromodulators for a roundtable discussion on the implications of high-dose BoNTA studies for patient care. METHODS The authors reviewed and discussed recent data from high-dose BoNTA studies for abobotulinum toxin A, incobotulinum toxin A, and Oonobotulinumtoxin A. RESULTS Discussion focused on the challenges of data interpretation and extrapolation of study findings for real-world patient care. The authors participated in a candid discussion of whether the observed improvements in treatment duration and patient satisfaction warrant treatment with high-dose regimens delivered as high-concentration injections. Safety was also discussed, as well as economic considerations for both practices and patients. Of note, for BoNTA products, the registration dose, when administered in a smaller total volume, appears to give rise to more durable results than those observed in pivotal trials, implicating product concentration as an important consideration. Importantly, at higher doses, extended duration of effect does not appear to be at the expense of natural-looking results. CONCLUSIONS While the authors provide considerations for the development of individual clinical practice, there is no one-size-fits-all recommendation. It may be that "high-dose" BoNTA is in reality the optimal dose; however, important economic considerations may prevent rapid uptake for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Guillen Fabi
- Corresponding Author: Dr Sabrina Guillen Fabi, 9339 Genesee Ave Unit 300, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. E-mail:
| | - Jean Carruthers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Joseph
- Clinical Testing of Beverly Hills, Encino, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven Dayan
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hefter H, Hartmann CJ, Kahlen U, Samadzadeh S, Rosenthal D, Moll M. Clinical Improvement After Treatment With IncobotulinumtoxinA (XEOMIN®) in Patients With Cervical Dystonia Resistant to Botulinum Toxin Preparations Containing Complexing Proteins. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636590. [PMID: 33633680 PMCID: PMC7900567 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical long-term effect of incobotulinumtoxinA (incoBoNT/A) in 33 cervical dystonia (CD) patients who had developed partial secondary therapy failure (PSTF) under previous long-term botulinum toxin (BoNT) treatment. Patients were treated four times every 12 weeks with incoBoNT/A injections. Physicians assessed treatment efficacy using the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) at the baseline visit, week 12 and 48. Patients rated quality of life of CD with the Craniocervical Dystonia Questionnaire (CDQ-24). Titres of neutralizing antibodies(NAB) were determined at start of the study and after 48 weeks. All patients had experienced significant and progressive worsening of symptoms in the last 6 months of previous BoNT treatment. Repeated incoBoNT/A injections resulted in a significant reduction in mean TWSTRS at week 12 and 48. Patients' rating of quality of life was highly correlated with TWSTRS but did not change significantly over 48 weeks. During the 48 weeks -period of incoBoNT/A treatment NAB titres decreased in 32.2%, did not change in 45.2%, and only increased in 22.6% of the patients. Thus, repeated treatment with the low dose of 200 MU incoBoNT/A over 48 weeks provided a beneficial clinical long-term effect in PSTF and did not booster titres of NAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hefter
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Kahlen
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sara Samadzadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dietmar Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marek Moll
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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The Extreme Ends of the Treatment Response Spectrum to Botulinum Toxin in Cervical Dystonia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 13:toxins13010022. [PMID: 33396548 PMCID: PMC7824374 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The response to BoNT is not uniform; a broad spectrum of responses and side-effects usually occurs. This study aimed to show special cervical dystonia cases with therapy response very different to normal treatment course which indicate the extreme ends of therapy spectrum. Patients: Clinical data and course of treatment of five long-term treated patients with cervical dystonia out of therapy response norms are presented: a patient who was supersensitive to standard dose and has required dose adjustment to lower dose of BoNT; one patient who worsened under a standard dose, but responded excellently to twice the standard dose; one insensitive patient who responded poorly for years to a dose well above the standard dose, but responded when dose was further increased; and two patients with a totally different response pattern to BoNT/A preparation 1, but the development of a neutralizing antibody induced secondary treatment failure in both cases and a totally different response after switch to BoNT/A preparation 2. Conclusions: These five patients indicate that the response of a patient to a BoNT preparation may be unexpected. Therefore, cautious onset of BoNT therapy is recommended as well as consequent dose adjustment later on and even switch to another BoNT/A preparation when a patient has already developed NABs against BoNT/A.
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Hefter H, Schomaecker I, Schomaecker M, Samadzadeh S. Disease Progression of Idiopathic Cervical Dystonia in Spite of Improvement After Botulinum Toxin Therapy. Front Neurol 2020; 11:588395. [PMID: 33281726 PMCID: PMC7689059 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.588395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study: To demonstrate general progression of symptoms in cervical dystonia (CD) on the one hand and improvement of some special symptoms on the other hand after botulinum toxin (BoNT) therapy. Methods: 74 patients with idiopathic CD under continuous treatment in a BoNT outpatient department with at least three injections, completed a short questionnaire. They were asked whether pain, increased muscle tone and tension, reduced mobility of the head, abnormal head position, head tremor, or other symptoms had been present at the onset of BoNT-therapy and which symptoms were present at the time of recruitment. Patients had to rate actual severity of CD in percent of the severity of CD at the onset of BoNT-therapy. The TSUI score was determined by the treating physician. Blood samples were taken to analyze induction of neutralizing antibodies. Results: Mean improvement of CD reported by the patients and scored by the physician was about 50%. The frequency of all symptoms increased with duration of therapy. The symptom most frequently improved was abnormal head position. The longer the time span between onset of symptoms and onset of BoNT-therapy was, the higher was the actual TSUI score and the lower the improvement reported. Twelve patients had positive antibody tests. Conclusions: Patients experience a progression of CD, but recognize improvement of abnormal head position due to BoNT-therapy. The longer patients have been without BoNT- therapy, the poorer is the long-term outcome independent on duration of BoNT treatment. Therefore BoNT-therapy should be initiated as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hefter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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McLean T, Norbury L, Conduit R, Shepherd N, Coloe P, Sasse A, Smooker P. Inactivated tetanus as an immunological smokescreen: A major step towards harnessing tetanus-based therapeutics. Mol Immunol 2020; 127:164-174. [PMID: 33002728 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tetanus neurotoxin has many potential therapeutic applications, due to its ability to increase localised muscle tone when injected directly into a muscle. It is a closely related molecule to botulinum neurotoxin (most commonly known as Botox), which has been widely used to release muscle tension for therapeutic and cosmetic applications. However, tetanus toxin has been relegated to the "maybe pile" for protein therapeutics - as most of the population is vaccinated, leading to highly effective antibody-mediated protection against the toxin. The potential for tetanus-based therapeutics remains substantial if the problem of pre-existing immunity can be resolved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A well-established murine model of localised muscular contraction was utilised. We administered functional tetanus toxin combined with an immunogenic, but functionally inactive, decoy molecule. KEY RESULTS Incorporation of the decoy molecule greatly reduces the dose of active toxin required to induce a localised increase in muscle tone in mice vaccinated with the human toxoid vaccine. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results clearly demonstrate that the barriers to developing a tetanus toxin therapeutic are not insurmountable and the technology presented here is the first major step towards realising the therapeutic potential of this powerful neurotoxin. Opening the therapeutic potential of tetanus toxin will have huge implications for the wide range of diseases caused by low-tone muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McLean
- Bioscience and Food Technology, School of Science, Plenty Road, Building 223 Bundoora West campus, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Luke Norbury
- Bioscience and Food Technology, School of Science, Plenty Road, Building 223 Bundoora West campus, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Russell Conduit
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Natalie Shepherd
- Bioscience and Food Technology, School of Science, Plenty Road, Building 223 Bundoora West campus, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Peter Coloe
- Bioscience and Food Technology, School of Science, Plenty Road, Building 223 Bundoora West campus, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Anthony Sasse
- Bioscience and Food Technology, School of Science, Plenty Road, Building 223 Bundoora West campus, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Latrobe Regional Hospital, Gippsland, Australia.
| | - Peter Smooker
- Bioscience and Food Technology, School of Science, Plenty Road, Building 223 Bundoora West campus, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Samadzadeh S, Ürer B, Brauns R, Rosenthal D, Lee JI, Albrecht P, Hefter H. Clinical Implications of Difference in Antigenicity of Different Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Preparations: Clinical Take-Home Messages from Our Research Pool and Literature. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080499. [PMID: 32759685 PMCID: PMC7472361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The three different botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) preparations being licensed in Europe and the U.S. differ in protein content, which seems to be a major factor influencing the antigenicity of BoNT/A. In the present study, several arguments out of our research pool were collected to demonstrate that the clinical response and antigenicity were different for the three BoNT/A preparations: some results of (1) a cross-sectional study on clinical outcome and antibody formation of 212 patients with cervical dystonia (CD) being treated between 2 and 22 years; 2) another cross-sectional study on the clinical aspects and neutralizing antibody (NAB) induction of 63 patients having developed partial secondary treatment under abobotulinum (aboBoNT/A) onabotulinumtoxin (onaBoNT/A) who were switched to incobotulinumtoxin (incoBoNT/A) in comparison to 32 patients being exclusively treated with incoBoNT/A. These results imply that (1) the presence of NAB cannot be concluded from the course of treatment, that (2) an increase in the dose and variability of outcome with treatment duration indicates the ongoing induction of NABs over time, that (3) the higher protein load of BoNT/A goes along with a higher incidence and prevalence of NAB induction and that (4) the best response to a BoNT/A is also dependent on the protein load of the preparation.
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Reply to Comment on Re-Visiting Immunogenicity Associated with Botulinum Toxin Treatment. Toxins 2019, 11, 491. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020072. [PMID: 31979241 PMCID: PMC7076880 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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