1
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Erol I, Hazman Ö, Aksu M, Bulut E. Synergistic effect of ZnO nanoparticles and hesperidin on the antibacterial properties of chitosan. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:1973-1997. [PMID: 35797143 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2099668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hesperidin (HSP) biological agent, which has strong antioxidant properties, was successfully transferred to ZnO nanoparticles, which were first synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Then, chitosan (CS)/ZnO-HSP nanocomposites were produced by adding different ratios of the ZnO-HSPs to the biodegradable CS biopolymer by hydrothermal method. The resulting materials were characterized using various biophysical strategies, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mean particle size of ZnO was estimated to be 29 nm from the XRD calculations and SEM measurements. The effect of the ZnO-HSPs on the thermal properties of pure CS was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry techniques, and improvements were noted in the thermal properties of CS. While the Tg value of CS was 81 °C, this value increased by 13-94 °C with the addition of 6 wt% by weight of the ZnO-HSP. The antibacterial effect of materials was determined by the disc diffusion method. The ZnO-HSPs added to the CS caused the nanocomposites to have a remarkable effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms. While the inhibition diameter of the CS against E. coli was 18.3, the same value increased to 22.3 for the composite containing 6 wt% the ZnO-HSP. The HSP increased the antioxidant capacity of both the ZnO-HSP particles and the CS/ZnO-HSP nanocomposites, reducing the toxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles. Thus, it was determined that the CS/ZnO-HSP nanocomposites did not have any cytotoxicity in healthy human cells. The fact that the produced nanocomposites exhibit antibacterial activity and do not harm human cells shows that they can be a safe product for health. From all these results, this triple hybrid system is hoped that it will be used in biomedical applications as a naturally-sourced, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective composite biomaterial by combining its antimicrobial and strong antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Erol
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ömer Hazman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mecit Aksu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Emine Bulut
- Department of Food Processing, Bolvadin Vocational School, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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2
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Zhu J, Liu W, Zhang B, Zhou D, Fan X, Wang X, Liu X. Carbon Dots Embedded Hybrid Microgel with Phenylboronic Acid as Monomer for Fluorescent Glucose Sensing and Glucose-Triggered Insulin Release at Physiological pH. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3065. [PMID: 36080102 PMCID: PMC9457936 DOI: 10.3390/nano12173065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional and biocompatible hybrid microgel (poly(VPBA-AAm)-CD) using N, S-doped carbon dots (CDs) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linking agents, and 4-vinylbenzene boronic acid (VPBA) and acrylamide (AAm) as monomers, was designed in this work. This microgel can be easily prepared by a simple one-pot radical dispersion polymerization of the reactants using a rationally designed hydrogen-bonded complex method. The hybrid microgels were spherical particles with a smooth surface and an average particle size of 234 ± 8 nm. The poly(VPBA-AAm)-CD microgel displayed the glucose-responsive swelling within a clinically concerned range at a physiological pH and could realize the controllable release of insulin. In addition, the release rate of insulin in the hybrid microgel (poly(VPBA-AAm)-CD) could be triggered by glucose concentrations in the solution, and the increasing glucose concentrations can accelerate the insulin release. Further in vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that the microgel had good biocompatibility and no obvious toxicity to the cells. These indicate that the prepared microgel (poly(VPBA-AAm)-CD) may supply a new pattern for the self-regulating therapy of insulin deficiency in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhu
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-371-23881589 (J.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiuhua Liu
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-371-23881589 (J.Z.)
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3
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Erol I, Aksu M, Gürler Z. Synthesis of novel methacrylate‐based nanocomposites containing
ZnO
via the hydrothermal method and determination of thermal, optical, and biocidal properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Erol
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry Afyon Kocatepe University Afyonkarahisar Turkey
| | - Mecit Aksu
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry Düzce University Düzce Turkey
| | - Zeki Gürler
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology Afyon Kocatepe University Afyonkarahisar Turkey
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4
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Proniewicz E, Starowicz M, Ozaki Y. Determination of the Influence of Various Factors on the Character of Surface Functionalization of Copper(I) and Copper(II) Oxide Nanosensors with Phenylboronic Acid Derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:557-568. [PMID: 34933549 PMCID: PMC8757468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we attempt to determine the influence of the oxidation state of copper [Cu(I) vs Cu(II)], the nature of the interface (solid/aqueous vs solid/air), the incubation time, and the structure of N-substituted phenylboronic acids (PBAs) functionalizing the surface of copper oxide nanostructures (NSs) on the mode of adsorption. For this purpose, 4-[(N-anilino)(phosphono)-S-methyl]phenylboronic acid (1-PBA) and its two analogues (2-PBA and bis{1-PBA}) and the copper oxide NSs were synthesized in a surfactant-/ion-free solution via a synthetic route that allows controlling the size and morphology of NSs. The NSs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, which confirmed the formation of spherical Cu2O nanoparticles (Cu2ONPs) with a size of 1.5 μm to 600 nm crystallized in a cubic cuprite structure and leaf-like CuO nanostructures (CuONSs) with dimensions of 80-180 nm in width and 400-700 nm in length and crystallized in a monoclinic structure. PBA analogues were deposited on the surface of the copper oxide NSs, and adsorption was investigated using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The changes in the orientation of the molecule relative to the substrate surface caused by the abovementioned factors were described, and the signal enhancement on the copper oxide NSs was determined. This is the first study using vibrational spectroscopy for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Proniewicz
- Faculty
of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of
Science and Technology, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- School
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Maria Starowicz
- Faculty
of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of
Science and Technology, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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5
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Savage DT, Hilt JZ, Dziubla TD. Assessing the perfluoroalkyl acid-induced swelling of Förster resonance energy transfer-capable poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9799-9808. [PMID: 34661226 PMCID: PMC8889493 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00985k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a method to combat the extensive contamination of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water supplies, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels copolymerized with 2,2,2-trifluoroethylacrylate (TFEA) represent a potential sensing tool for recognizing PFAS at dilute aqueous concentrations. The microgels exhibit exceptional temperature responsiveness, transitioning from a swollen z-average diameter of 890.8 ± 19.8 nm to a collapsed diameter of 246.4 ± 10.3 nm below and above their lower critical solution temperature, respectively, for non-fluorinated gels, offering broad size fluctuations that are susceptible to coadded contaminants. Monitoring size perturbations as a function of analyte concentration, the polymers were observed to deswell in the presence of perfluorooctanoic acid, octanoic acid, phenol, and sodium 1-octane sulfonate while tetraethylammonium perfluorooctane sulfonate (TPFOS) augmented swelling. Adding up to 40 mol% TFEA to the networks lowered the concentration at which the microgels' normalized z-average diameter demonstrated a significant deviation from 0.25 mM to 0.1 mM for TPFOS, indicating fluorophilicity as a key contributor to the copolymers' associative capacity. Implanting Förster resonance energy transfer-compatible dyes, cyanine 3 and cyanine 5, into non-fluorinated microgels largely reiterated results from light scattering, as expected for the size-dependent energy transfer mechanism. Including dyes did, however, reinforce the customizability of this system, leaving windows open for functionalization with other signal transduction motifs to lower the detection limits of the polymer further. The swelling changes for PNIPAM microgels stimulated by the acidic constituents of PFAS highlight the polymer as a candidate for detecting the substances following additional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Savage
- University of Kentucky, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, USA.
| | - J Zach Hilt
- University of Kentucky, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, USA.
| | - Thomas D Dziubla
- University of Kentucky, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, USA.
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6
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Preman NK, Barki RR, Vijayan A, Sanjeeva SG, Johnson RP. Recent developments in stimuli-responsive polymer nanogels for drug delivery and diagnostics: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 157:121-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Shu T, Shen Q, Zhang X, Serpe MJ. Stimuli-responsive polymer/nanomaterial hybrids for sensing applications. Analyst 2020; 145:5713-5724. [PMID: 32743626 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00686f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and biological/biochemical sensors are capable of generating readout signals that are proportional to the concentration of specific analytes of interest. Signal sensitivity and limit of detection/quantitation can be enhanced through the use of polymers, nanomaterials, and their hybrids. Of particular interest are stimuli-responsive polymers and nanomaterials due to their ability to change their physical and/or chemical characteristics in response to their environment, and/or in the presence of molecular/biomolecular species of interest. Their individual use for sensing applications have many benefits, although this review focuses on the utility of stimuli-responsive polymer and nanomaterial hybrids. We discuss three main topics: stimuli-responsive nanogels, stimuli-responsive network polymers doped with nanomaterials, and nanoparticles modified with stimuli-responsive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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8
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Lan R, Liu H, Zhu L, Lu F, Wu Q, Wu W. One-pot HTST synthesis of responsive fluorescent ZnO@apo-enzyme composite microgels for intracellular glucometry. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26566-26578. [PMID: 35519737 PMCID: PMC9055424 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04339g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One-pot high-temperature short-time heating synthesis allows harnessing of dynamic profile of apo-GOx on ZnO@apo-enzyme composite microgels for intracellular glucometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Huijiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Fan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Qingshi Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Quanzhou Normal University
- Quanzhou
- China
| | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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9
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Guo Q, Zhang X. Synthesized of glucose-responsive nanogels labeled with fluorescence molecule based on phenylboronic acid by RAFT polymerization. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2019; 30:815-831. [PMID: 31044656 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2019.1603065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We reported on the fabrication of sugar-responsive nanogels covalently incorporated with 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (AAPBA) as glucose-recognizing moiety, 2-(acrylamido)glucopyranose (AGA) as biocompatible moiety, and boron dipyrromethene (BODIPYMA) as fluorescence donor molecule. The p(AAPBA-AGA-BODIPYMA) nanogels were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in the mixture solvents of H2O/ethanol. Nanogels could respond to glucose and size of nanogels increased after treating with 3 mg/mL glucose medium. The fluorescent intensity of nanogels varied dependent on different glucose concentrations. Besides, insulin, a model drug, can be encapsulated into nanogels with the loading amount up to 8.2%. The drug release was dependent on the content of AAPBA moieties in nanogels and glucose concentrations in release medium. The investigation on the cytotoxicity of nanogels revealed that nanogels had good compatibility. Such glucose-responsive nanogels have potential in detection and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- a Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
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10
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Recent Advances in Phenylboronic Acid-Based Gels with Potential for Self-Regulated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061089. [PMID: 30893913 PMCID: PMC6470492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-sensitive drug platforms are highly attractive in the field of self-regulated drug delivery. Drug carriers based on boronic acid (BA), especially phenylboronic acid (PBA), have been designed for glucose-sensitive self-regulated insulin delivery. The PBA-functionalized gels have attracted more interest in recent years. The cross-linked three-dimensional (3D) structure endows the glucose-sensitive gels with great physicochemical properties. The PBA-based platforms with cross-linked structures have found promising applications in self-regulated drug delivery systems. This article summarizes some recent attempts at the developments of PBA-mediated glucose-sensitive gels for self-regulated drug delivery. The PBA-based glucose-sensitive gels, including hydrogels, microgels, and nanogels, are expected to significantly promote the development of smart self-regulated drug delivery systems for diabetes therapy.
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11
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Begum R, Farooqi ZH, Ahmed E, Sharif A, Wu W, Irfan A. Fundamentals and applications of acrylamide based microgels and their hybrids: a review. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13838-13854. [PMID: 35519604 PMCID: PMC9064016 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00699k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in synthesis, characterization and applications of acrylamide based polymer microgels and their hybrids are discussed for further development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robina Begum
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore 54590
- Pakistan
- Centre for Undergraduate Studies
| | | | - Ejaz Ahmed
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore 54590
- Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Sharif
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore 54590
- Pakistan
| | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Research Center for Advance Materials Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry
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12
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Li J, Yang L, Fan X, Zhang J, Wang F, Wang Z. Temperature and glucose dual-responsive carriers bearing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and phenylboronic acid for insulin-controlled release: A review. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2016.1263954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
| | - Xiaoguang Fan
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
| | - Zhanyong Wang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
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13
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Wang H, Yi J, Yu Y, Zhou S. NIR upconversion fluorescence glucose sensing and glucose-responsive insulin release of carbon dot-immobilized hybrid microgels at physiological pH. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:509-516. [PMID: 27942663 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the preparation of multifunctional hybrid microgels based on the one-pot free radical dispersion polymerization of hydrogen-bonding complexes in water, formed from hydroxyl/carboxyl bearing carbon dots with 4-vinylphenylboronic acid and acrylamide comonomers, which can realize the simultaneous optical detection of glucose using near infrared light and glucose-responsive insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA. and Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jinhui Yi
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA. and Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA. and Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shuiqin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA. and Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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14
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A new method to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles with size gradient in PNIPAM polymer matrix. Colloid Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-016-3859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Wu Q, Du X, Chang A, Jiang X, Yan X, Cao X, Farooqi ZH, Wu W. Bioinspired synthesis of poly(phenylboronic acid) microgels with high glucose selectivity at physiological pH. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A microgel that is more sensitive towards glucose than to other saccharides is made of 4-vinylphenylboronic acid crosslinked withN,N′-bis(propene)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyldiimide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xue Du
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Aiping Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory
- Huli Center for Maternal and Child Health
- Xiamen
- China
| | - Xiaoyun Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | | | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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16
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Ye T, Bai X, Jiang X, Wu Q, Chen S, Qu A, Huang J, Shen J, Wu W. Glucose-responsive microgels based on apo-enzyme recognition. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00179c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-responsive microgels that can undergo reversible and rapid volume phase transitions were made of apo-glucose oxidase interpenetrated in a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory
- Huli Center for Maternal and Child Health
- Xiamen
- China
| | - Qingshi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Shoumin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Anqi Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Junwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Vocational Education
- Yunnan Normal University
- Kunming
- China
| | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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17
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Wang H, Yi J, Velado D, Yu Y, Zhou S. Immobilization of Carbon Dots in Molecularly Imprinted Microgels for Optical Sensing of Glucose at Physiological pH. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15735-45. [PMID: 26148139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized carbon dots (CDs) are emerging as superior fluorophores for biosensing and a bioimaging agent with excellent photostability, chemical inertness, and marginal cytotoxicity. This paper reports a facile one-pot strategy to immobilize the biocompatible and fluorescent CDs (∼6 nm) into the glucose-imprinted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylamide-vinylphenylboronic acid) [poly(NIPAM-AAm-VPBA)] copolymer microgels for continuous optical glucose detection. The CDs designed with surface hydroxyl/carboxyl groups can form complexes with the AAm comonomers via hydrogen bonds and, thus, can be easily immobilized into the gel network during the polymerization reaction. The resultant glucose-imprinted hybrid microgels can reversibly swell and shrink in response to the variation of surrounding glucose concentration and correspondingly quench and recover the fluorescence signals of the embedded CDs, converting biochemical signals to optical signals. The highly imprinted hybrid microgels demonstrate much higher sensitivity and selectivity for glucose detection than the nonimprinted hybrid microgels over a clinically relevant range of 0-30 mM at physiological pH and benefited from the synergistic effects of the glucose molecular contour and the geometrical constraint of the binding sites dictated by the glucose imprinting process. The highly stable immobilization of CDs in the gel networks provides the hybrid microgels with excellent optical signal reproducibility after five repeated cycles of addition and dialysis removal of glucose in the bathing medium. In addition, the hybrid microgels show no effect on the cell viability in the tested concentration range of 25-100 μg/mL. The glucose-imprinted poly(NIPAM-AAm-VPBA)-CDs hybrid microgels demonstrate a great promise for a new glucose sensor that can continuously monitor glucose level change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
| | - Jinhui Yi
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
| | - David Velado
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
| | - Shuiqin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry of The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, 10314 New York, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016 New York, United States
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18
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Wu C, Böttcher C, Haag R. Enzymatically crosslinked dendritic polyglycerol nanogels for encapsulation of catalytically active proteins. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:972-80. [PMID: 25519490 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01746c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The enormous potential of nanogel scaffolds for protein encapsulation has been widely recognized. However, constructing stable polymeric nanoscale networks in a facile, mild, and controllable fashion still remains a technical challenge. Here, we present a novel nanogel formation strategy using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed crosslinking on phenolic derivatized dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) in the presence of H2O2 in an inverse miniemulsion. This "enzymatic nanogelation" approach was efficient to produce stable 200 nm dPG nanogel particles, and was performed under physiological conditions, thus making it particularly beneficial for encapsulating biological proteins. Purification of the nanogels was easy to handle and practical because there was no need for a post-quenching step. Interestingly, the use of dPG resulted in higher HRP laden nanogels than for linear polyethylene glycol (PEG) analogs, which illustrates the benefits of dendritic backbones in nanogels for protein encapsulation. In addition, the mild immobilization contributed to the enhanced thermal stability and reusability of HRP. The nanogel preparation could be easily optimized to achieve the best HRP activity. Furthermore, a second enzyme, Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB), was successfully encapsulated and optimized for activity in dPG nanogels by the same enzymatic methodology, which shows the perspective applications of such techniques for encapsulation of diverse proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhu Wu
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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DiSanto RM, Subramanian V, Gu Z. Recent advances in nanotechnology for diabetes treatment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:548-64. [PMID: 25641955 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology in diabetes research has facilitated the development of novel glucose measurement and insulin delivery modalities which hold the potential to dramatically improve quality of life for diabetics. Recent progress in the field of diabetes research at its interface with nanotechnology is our focus. In particular, we examine glucose sensors with nanoscale components including metal nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures. The addition of nanoscale components commonly increases glucose sensor sensitivity, temporal response, and can lead to sensors which facilitate continuous in vivo glucose monitoring. Additionally, we survey nanoscale approaches to 'closed-loop' insulin delivery strategies which automatically release insulin in response to fluctuating blood glucose levels (BGLs). 'Closing the loop' between BGL measurements and insulin administration by removing the requirement of patient action holds the potential to dramatically improve the health and quality of life of diabetics. Advantages and limitations of current strategies, as well as future opportunities and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Michael DiSanto
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Vinayak Subramanian
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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20
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Zhou M, Lu F, Jiang X, Wu Q, Chang A, Wu W. Switchable glucose-responsive volume phase transition behavior of poly(phenylboronic acid) microgels. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01441g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a poly(phenylboronic acid) microgel that can display switchable glucose-responsive volume phase transition behavior with temperature as a trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Fan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory
- Huli Center for Maternal and Child Health
- Xiamen 361009
- China
| | - Qingshi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Aiping Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
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21
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Zhou M, Xie J, Yan S, Jiang X, Ye T, Wu W. Graphene@Poly(phenylboronic acid)s Microgels with Selectively Glucose-Responsive Volume Phase Transition Behavior at a Physiological pH. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Key Laboratory
for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Jianda Xie
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, Fujian, China
| | - Suting Yan
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Key Laboratory
for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Clinical
Laboratory, Huli Center for Maternal and Child Health, Xiamen 361009, Fujian, China
| | - Ting Ye
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Key Laboratory
for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Weitai Wu
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Key Laboratory
for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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22
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Shah VN, Shoskes A, Tawfik B, Garg SK. Closed-loop system in the management of diabetes: past, present, and future. Diabetes Technol Ther 2014; 16:477-90. [PMID: 25072271 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2014.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) has been shown to reduce micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, IIT is associated with a significant increase in severe hypoglycemic events, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Optimization of glycemic control without hypoglycemia (especially nocturnal) should be the next major goal for subjects on insulin treatment. The use of insulin pumps along with continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) has made it easier but requires significant resources and patient education. Research is ongoing to close the loop by integrating the pump and the CGM using different algorithms. The currently available closed-loop system is the threshold suspend. Steps needed to achieve a near-perfect closed-loop are (1) a control-to-range system that will reduce the incidence and/or severity of hyper- and/or hypoglycemia by adjusting the insulin dose and (2) a control-to-target system, a fully automated or hybrid system that sets target glucose levels to individual needs and maintains glucose levels throughout the day using insulin (unihormonal) alone or with other hormones such as glucagon or possibly pramlintide (bihormonal). Future research is also focusing on better insulin delivery devices (pumps), more accurate CGMs, better predictive algorithms, and ultra-rapid-acting insulin analogs to make the closed-loop system as physiological as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viral N Shah
- 1 Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado
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23
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Phenylboronic acid modified silver nanoparticles for colorimetric dynamic analysis of glucose. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 52:188-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Ye T, Jiang X, Xu W, Zhou M, Hu Y, Wu W. Tailoring the glucose-responsive volume phase transition behaviour of Ag@poly(phenylboronic acid) hybrid microgels: from monotonous swelling to monotonous shrinking upon adding glucose at physiological pH. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01564e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Ye T, Yan S, Hu Y, Ding L, Wu W. Synthesis and volume phase transition of concanavalin A-based glucose-responsive nanogels. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A glucose-responsive nanogel that can undergo reversible and rapid volume phase transitions is made of ConA interpenetrated in a poly(NIPAM) network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Suting Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Yumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Li Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
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26
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Wu W, Zhou S. Responsive materials for self-regulated insulin delivery. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1464-77. [PMID: 23839986 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
With diabetes mellitus becoming an important public health concern, insulin-delivery systems are attracting increasing interest from both scientific and technological researchers. This feature article covers the present state-of-the-art glucose-responsive insulin-delivery system (denoted as GRIDS), based on responsive polymer materials, a promising system for self-regulated insulin delivery. Three types of GRIDS are discussed, based on different fundamental mechanisms of glucose-recognition, with: a) glucose enzyme, b) glucose binding protein, and c) synthetic boronic acid as the glucose-sensitive component. At the end, a personal perspective on the major issues yet to be worked out in future research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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27
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Fan J, Jiang X, Hu Y, Si Y, Ding L, Wu W. A fluorescent double-network-structured hybrid nanogel as embeddable nanoglucometer for intracellular glucometry. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:421-433. [DOI: 10.1039/c2bm00162d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Wang L, Ye Y, Zhu H, Song Y, He S, Xu F, Hou H. Controllable growth of Prussian blue nanostructures on carboxylic group-functionalized carbon nanofibers and its application for glucose biosensing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:455502. [PMID: 23090569 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/45/455502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucose detection is very important in biological analysis, clinical diagnosis and the food industry, and especially for the routine monitoring of diabetes. This work presents an electrochemical approach to the detection of glucose based on Prussian blue (PB) nanostructures/carboxylic group-functionalized carbon nanofiber (FCNF) nanocomposites. The hybrid nanocomposites were constructed by growing PB onto the FCNFs. The obtained PB-FCNF nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mechanism of formation of PB-FCNF nanocomposites was investigated and is discussed in detail. The PB-FCNF modified glassy carbon electrode (PB-FCNF/GCE) shows good electrocatalysis toward the reduction of H(2)O(2), a product from the reduction of O(2) followed by glucose oxidase (GOD) catalysis of the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. Further immobilizing GOD on the PB-FCNF/GCE, an amperometric glucose biosensor was achieved by monitoring the generated H(2)O(2) under a relatively negative potential. The resulting glucose biosensor exhibited a rapid response of 5 s, a low detection limit of 0.5 μM, a wide linear range of 0.02-12 mM, a high sensitivity of 35.94 μA cm(-2) mM(-1), as well as good stability, repeatability and selectivity. The sensor might be promising for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China.
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