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Wei Y, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Sun J, Xu S, Di X, Ding X, Ding G. Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by autophagy. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240968. [PMID: 38799254 PMCID: PMC11117459 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a process that isolates intracellular components and fuses them with lysosomes for degradation, plays an important cytoprotective role by eliminating harmful intracellular substances and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells with the capacity for self-renewal that can give rise to a subset of tissues and therefore have potential in regenerative medicine. However, a variety of variables influence the biological activity of MSCs following their proliferation and transplantation in vitro. The regulation of autophagy in MSCs represents a possible mechanism that influences MSC differentiation properties under the right microenvironment, affecting their regenerative and therapeutic potential. However, a deeper understanding of exactly how autophagy is mobilized to function as well as clarifying the mechanisms by which autophagy promotes MSCs differentiation is still needed. Here, we review the current literature on the complex link between MSCs differentiation and autophagy induced by various extracellular or intracellular stimuli and the molecular targets that influence MSCs lineage determination, which may highlight the potential regulation of autophagy on MSCs' therapeutic capacity, and provide a broader perspective on the clinical application of MSCs in the treatment of a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wei
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Zejun Zheng
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmeng Sun
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xu
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xinsheng Di
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoling Ding
- Clinical Competency Training Center, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Ding
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
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Struijk C, Lydon KL, Husen M, Verdonk P, Michielsen J, van Wijnen AJ, Krych AJ, Saris DBF. Cellular Enhancement of Frozen Meniscus Allograft Combining Native Meniscus and Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Injections. Cartilage 2024:19476035231224802. [PMID: 38321966 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231224802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This proof-of-concept study investigated an improved cell-based injection therapy combining mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and meniscus cells (MCs) to support superior meniscus allograft repopulation and early revival compared to injecting MSCs alone. DESIGN In this controlled laboratory study, frozen meniscus allograft samples were injected vertically with a cell suspension containing different ratios of MSCs and MCs or control (lactated ringers) and cultured for 28 days. Samples were analyzed weekly for cell viability, migration, and metabolism using histological and biochemical assays. Tissue medium was analyzed for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression using zymography. RESULTS Cellular repopulation of frozen allografts injected with different cell suspensions was validated by immunohistochemistry. Significant higher DNA content was evidenced in grafts treated with suspensions of MCs or MC:MSC (1:4 ratio). Cell metabolic activity was significantly different between all treated groups and control group after 1 week. Allografts injected with MCs showed significantly more cell proliferation than injections with MSCs. MMP2 activity was detected in medium of all grafts cellularized with MCs with or without MSCs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed resolution of the needle puncture, but not in the control group. Cell labeling of MCs upon injection of mixed MC:MSC suspensions revealed a gradual increase in the cell ratio. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study establish that injection of MCs with or without MSCs enhances the cellularity of meniscus allograft to support early graft revival and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Struijk
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Martin Husen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Verdonk
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Orthoca, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jozef Michielsen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Aaron J Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel B F Saris
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Xu X, Xu L, Xia J, Wen C, Liang Y, Zhang Y. Harnessing knee joint resident mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:372-387. [PMID: 37481194 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread clinical disease characterized by cartilage degeneration in middle-aged and elderly people. Currently, there is no effective treatment for OA apart from total joint replacement in advanced stages. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of adult stem cell with diverse differentiation capabilities and immunomodulatory potentials. MSCs are known to effectively regulate the cartilage microenvironment, promote cartilage regeneration, and alleviate OA symptoms. As a result, they are promising sources of cells for OA therapy. Recent studies have revealed the presence of resident MSCs in synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage, which can be collected as knee joint-derived MSCs (KJD-MSC). Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that KJD-MSCs have great potential for OA treatment, whether applied alone, in combination with biomaterials, or as exocrine MSCs. In this article, we will review the characteristics of MSCs in the joints, including their cytological characteristics, such as proliferation, cartilage differentiation, and immunomodulatory abilities, as well as the biological function of MSC exosomes. We will also discuss the use of tissue engineering in OA treatment and introduce the concept of a new generation of stem cell-based tissue engineering therapy, including the use of engineering, gene therapy, and gene editing techniques to create KJD-MSCs or KJD-MSC derivative exosomes with improved functionality and targeted delivery. These advances aim to maximize the efficiency of cartilage tissue engineering and provide new strategies to overcome the bottleneck of OA therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This research will provide new insights into the medicinal benefit of Joint resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), specifically on its cartilage tissue engineering ability. Through this review, the community will further realize promoting joint resident mesenchymal stem cells, especially cartilage progenitor/MSC-like progenitor cells (CPSC), as a preventive measure against osteoarthritis and cartilage injury. People and medical institutions may also consider cartilage derived MSC as an alternative approach against cartilage degeneration. Moreover, the discussion presented in this study will convey valuable information for future research that will explore the medicinal benefits of cartilage derived MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China; Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Caining Wen
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China; Department of Chemistry, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yuanmin Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China.
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Vonk LA. Potency Assay Considerations for Cartilage Repair, Osteoarthritis and Use of Extracellular Vesicles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1420:59-80. [PMID: 37258784 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30040-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints acting as a shock absorber that helps movement of bones. Damage of the articular cartilage needs treatment as it does not repair itself and the damage can progress to osteoarthritis. In osteoarthritis all the joint tissues are involved with characteristic progressive cartilage degradation and inflammation. Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a well-proven cell-based treatment for cartilage defects, but a main downside it that it requires two surgeries. Multipotent, aka mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based cartilage repair has gained attention as it can be used as a one-step treatment. It is proposed that a combination of immunomodulatory and regenerative capacities make MSC attractive for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, since part of the paracrine effects of MSCs are attributed to extracellular vesicles (EVs), small membrane enclosed particles secreted by cells, EVs are currently being widely investigated for their potential therapeutic effects. Although MSCs have entered clinical cartilage treatments and EVs are used in in vivo efficacy studies, not much attention has been given to determine their potency and to the development of potency assays. This chapter provides considerations and suggestions for the development of potency assays for the use of MSCs and MSC-EVs for the treatment of cartilage defects and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Chen Q, Kao X, Gao Y, Chen J, Dong Z, Chen C. Increase in NO causes osteoarthritis and chondrocyte apoptosis and chondrocyte ERK plays a protective role in the process. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7303-7312. [PMID: 34626310 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the pathology of human osteoarthritis (OA). Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and atypical OA have similar clinical manifestations and often require differential diagnosis. The mechanism is however not totally clear yet. This study aims to investigate the effects of excessive NO-ROS in OA patients and the effects of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway in NO-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes during OA progress. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum samples from OA or AS as pathological control patients and healthy controls were collected for NO and related chemical measurements. The rabbit articular chondrocytes were cultured in vitro, and NO was applied by Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) in culture medium to mimic OA condition in patients. The level of SNP-evoked chondrocyte apoptosis with or without PD98059 (ERK-specific inhibitor) was evaluated by TUNEL assay, Annexin V flow cytometry and Western blotting. The activity and mRNA expression of caspase-3 in chondrocytes were measured by assay kits and RT-PCR. The levels of NO and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum were significantly higher in OA patients, while only MDA was significantly higher in AS patients. However, the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was lower in both OA and AS patients. SNP induced chondrocyte apoptosis was enhanced by PD98059 with increased protein expression and functional activity of caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS The increase in nitric oxide occurs specifically in OA patients. ERK pathway may play a protective role on the NO-induced chondrocyte apoptosis, and inhibition of ERK pathway enhances the NO-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xibin Kao
- Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Health Supervision, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoheng Dong
- Shandong Shenghua Electronic New Materials Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences,, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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