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Yang D, Weng H, Wang R, Li Y, Zhang H, Shao S, Huang H, Song Y, Chen X, Hou D, Wu Y, Lu X, Yang W, Chen Z, Hu X, Xuan J, Bai C, Wang Y. Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines in primary prevention against infections and reduction in severity of illness following the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in Shanghai. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1079165. [PMID: 36844224 PMCID: PMC9946042 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1079165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate COVID-19 vaccines in primary prevention against infections and lessen the severity of illness following the most recent outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Shanghai. Data sources Data from 153,544 COVID-19 patients admitted to the Shanghai "Four-Leaf Clover" Fangcang makeshift shelter hospital were collected using a structured electronic questionnaire, which was then merged with electronic medical records of the hospital. For healthy controls, data on vaccination status and other information were obtained from 228 community-based residents, using the same structured electronic questionnaire. Methods To investigate whether inactivated vaccines were effective in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 virus, we estimated the odds ratio (OR) of the vaccination by comparing cases and matched community-based healthy controls. To evaluate the potential benefits of vaccination in lowering the risk of symptomatic infection (vs. asymptomatic), we estimated the relative risk (RR) of symptomatic infections among diagnosed patients. We also applied multivariate stepwise logistic regression analyses to measure the risk of disease severity (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic and moderate/severe vs. mild) in the COVID-19 patient cohort with vaccination status as an independent variable while controlling for potential confounding factors. Results Of the 153,544 COVID-19 patients included in the analysis, the mean age was 41.59 years and 90,830 were males (59.2%). Of the study cohort, 118,124 patients had been vaccinated (76.9%) and 143,225 were asymptomatic patients (93.3%). Of the 10,319 symptomatic patients, 10,031 (97.2%), 281 (2.7%), and 7 (0.1%) experienced mild, moderate, and severe infections, respectively. Hypertension (8.7%) and diabetes (3.0%) accounted for the majority of comorbidities. There is no evidence that the vaccination helped protect from infections (OR = 0.82, p = 0.613). Vaccination, however, offered a small but significant protection against symptomatic infections (RR = 0.92, p < 0.001) and halved the risk of moderate/severe infections (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.37-0.61). Older age (≥60 years) and malignant tumors were significantly associated with moderate/severe infections. Conclusion Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines helped provide small but significant protection against symptomatic infections and halved the risk of moderate/severe illness among symptomatic patients. The vaccination was not effective in blocking the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant community spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineer and Technology Research Center of Internet of Things for Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifen Weng
- Shanghai Suvalue Healthcare Scientific Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Wound Trauma Medical Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Wound Trauma Medical Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Wound Trauma Medical Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shifeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Wound Trauma Medical Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hunan Huang
- Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Yingtan, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineer and Technology Research Center of Internet of Things for Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institution, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineer and Technology Research Center of Internet of Things for Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongni Hou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineer and Technology Research Center of Internet of Things for Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Economic Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwei Lu
- Shanghai Centennial Scientific Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Shanghai Suvalue Healthcare Scientific Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengguo Chen
- Department of Clinical Research Management Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Economic Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaohan Hu, ✉
| | - Jianwei Xuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Economic Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Jianwei Xuan, ✉
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineer and Technology Research Center of Internet of Things for Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institution, Shanghai, China,Chunxue Bai, ✉
| | - Yaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Wound Trauma Medical Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Yaoli Wang, ✉
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Tan VY, Timpson NJ. The UK Biobank: A Shining Example of Genome-Wide Association Study Science with the Power to Detect the Murky Complications of Real-World Epidemiology. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:569-589. [PMID: 35508184 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-121321-093606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have successfully identified thousands of genetic variants that are reliably associated with human traits. Although GWASs are restricted to certain variant frequencies, they have improved our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases. The UK Biobank (UKBB) has brought substantial analytical opportunity and performance to association studies. The dramatic expansion of many GWAS sample sizes afforded by the inclusion of UKBB data has improved the power of estimation of effect sizes but, critically, has done so in a context where phenotypic depth and precision enable outcome dissection and the application of epidemiological approaches. However, at the same time, the availability of such a large, well-curated, and deeply measured population-based collection has the capacity to increase our exposure to the many complications and inferential complexities associated with GWASs and other analyses. In this review, we discuss the impact that UKBB has had in the GWAS era, some of the opportunities that it brings, and exemplar challenges that illustrate the reality of using data from this world-leading resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Y Tan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Yoshikawa M, Asaba K, Nakayama T. Estimating causal effects of genetically predicted type 2 diabetes on COVID-19 in the East Asian population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1014882. [PMID: 36568068 PMCID: PMC9767950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1014882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies suggested that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was associated with an increased risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, Mendelian randomization (MR) studies in the European population failed to find causal associations, partly because T2DM was pleiotropically associated with body mass index (BMI). We aimed to estimate the causal effects of T2DM on COVID-19 outcomes in the East Asian (EAS) population using a two-sample MR approach. METHODS We obtained summary statistics from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that included 433,540 EAS participants as the exposure dataset for T2DM risk and from COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative GWAS meta-analyses (round 7) of EAS ancestry as the outcome dataset for COVID-19 susceptibility (4,459 cases and 36,121 controls), hospitalization (2,882 cases and 31,200 controls), and severity (794 cases and 4,862 controls). As the main MR analysis, we performed the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. Moreover, we conducted a series of sensitivity analyses, including IVW multivariable MR using summary statistics for BMI from a GWAS with 158,284 Japanese individuals as a covariate. RESULTS The IVW method showed that the risk of T2DM significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 susceptibility (odds ratio [OR] per log (OR) increase in T2DM, 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.20; P = 0.014) and hospitalization (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.26; P = 0.005), although the risk of severity was only suggestive. Moreover, IVW multivariable MR analysis indicated that the causal effects of T2DM on COVID-19 outcomes were independent of the effect of BMI. CONCLUSIONS Our MR study indicated for the first time that genetically predicted T2DM is a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalized COVID-19 independent of obesity in the EAS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoshikawa
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Technology Development of Disease Proteomics Division, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masahiro Yoshikawa,
| | - Kensuke Asaba
- Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Technology Development of Disease Proteomics Division, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yoshiji S, Tanaka D, Minamino H, Lu T, Butler-Laporte G, Murakami T, Fujita Y, Richards JB, Inagaki N. Causal associations between body fat accumulation and COVID-19 severity: A Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:899625. [PMID: 35992131 PMCID: PMC9381824 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.899625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported associations between obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, BMI is calculated only with height and weight and cannot distinguish between body fat mass and fat-free mass. Thus, it is not clear if one or both of these measures are mediating the relationship between obesity and COVID-19. Here, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to compare the independent causal relationships of body fat mass and fat-free mass with COVID-19 severity. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with body fat mass and fat-free mass in 454,137 and 454,850 individuals of European ancestry from the UK Biobank, respectively. We then performed two-sample MR to ascertain their effects on severe COVID-19 (cases: 4,792; controls: 1,054,664) from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. We found that an increase in body fat mass by one standard deviation was associated with severe COVID-19 (odds ratio (OR)body fat mass = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28-2.04, P = 5.51 × 10-5; ORbody fat-free mass = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.99-1.74, P = 5.77 × 10-2). Considering that body fat mass and fat-free mass were genetically correlated with each other (r = 0.64), we further evaluated independent causal effects of body fat mass and fat-free mass using multivariable MR and revealed that only body fat mass was independently associated with severe COVID-19 (ORbody fat mass = 2.91, 95% CI: 1.71-4.96, P = 8.85 × 10-5 and ORbody fat-free mass = 1.02, 95%CI: 0.61-1.67, P = 0.945). In summary, this study demonstrates the causal effects of body fat accumulation on COVID-19 severity and indicates that the biological pathways influencing the relationship between COVID-19 and obesity are likely mediated through body fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative Program in Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroto Minamino
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tianyuan Lu
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Quantitative Life Sciences Program, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Butler-Laporte
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Fujita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Twin Research, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- 5 Prime Sciences, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: J. Brent Richards, ; Nobuya Inagaki,
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: J. Brent Richards, ; Nobuya Inagaki,
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