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Seven NA, Truitt KA, Dierkhising RA, Young NP. Electronic Consultations in a Community Neurology Practice: A Retrospective Study Informing Best Practice. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2024; 8:17-27. [PMID: 38186924 PMCID: PMC10767252 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe our practice of electronic consultations (e-consults) and assess safety and risk factors for subsequent face-to-face consultations. Patients and Methods A retrospective cohort study of all e-consults completed in a community neurology practice between May 5, 2018, and June 31, 2019, was completed. Clinical and demographic variables were compared between the successful and unsuccessful (defined by presence of subsequent face-to-face consultation) cohorts. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox regression model. Kaplan-Meier probability analysis (with 95% CIs) of subsequent face-to-face consultation was performed. Case examples highlighting potential harm were summarized. Results In total, 302 e-consults were reviewed. The most frequent referrals were for headache (n=125, 41.4%), dysesthesia (n=40, 13.2%), and abnormal imaging finding (n=27, 8.9%). The most common e-consult questions were for treatment (57.6%) and diagnostic evaluation (48.0%) recommendations. Moreover, 24.8% (n=75) of e-consults were followed by face-to-face consultations, with primary risk factors including female sex (HR, 1.9), referral for headache (HR, 1.7), and final diagnosis of migraine (HR, 2.0) or long-term migraine (HR, 5.0). Potential harm related to delayed diagnosis/treatment was identified in 6 (2.0%) patients with migraine and 4 (1.3%) without migraine presenting to emergency department. Conclusion Utilization of e-consults may safely improve access to neurologic expertise and prevent the need for some visits, which may have required a face-to-face visit. In patients with chronic migraine, e-consults should be considered short-term and followed by face-to-face consultation as soon as access allows. Neurologists performing e-consults should be able to triage patients to face-to-face consultation, particularly when diagnosis is uncertain or the neurologic examination may help guide appropriate testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ross A. Dierkhising
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Peeters KMM, Reichel LAM, Muris DMJ, Cals JWL. Family Physician-to-Hospital Specialist Electronic Consultation and Access to Hospital Care: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2351623. [PMID: 38214930 PMCID: PMC10787322 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.51623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Globally, health care systems face challenges in managing health care costs while maintaining access to hospital care, quality of care, and a good work balance for caregivers. Electronic consultations (e-consultations)-defined as asynchronous, consultative communication between family physicians and hospital specialists-may offer advantages to face these challenges. Objective To provide a quantitative synthesis of the association of e-consultation with access to hospital care and the avoidance of hospital referrals. Evidence Review A systematic search through PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase was conducted. Eligible studies included original research studies published from January 2010 to March 2023 in English, Dutch, or German that reported on outcomes associated with access to hospital care and the avoidance of hospital referrals. Reference lists of included articles were searched for additional studies. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) scores were assigned to assess quality of evidence. Findings The search strategy resulted in 583 records, of which 72 studies were eligible for data extraction after applying exclusion criteria. Most studies were observational, focused on multispecialty services, and were performed in either Canada or the US. Outcomes on access to hospital care and the avoidance of referrals indicated that e-consultation was associated with improved access to hospital care and an increase in avoided referrals to the hospital specialist, although outcomes greatly differed across studies. GRADE scores were low or very low across studies. Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic review of the association of e-consultation with access to hospital care and the avoidance of hospital referrals, results indicated that the use of e-consultation has greatly increased over the years. Although e-consultation was associated with improved access to hospital care and avoidance of hospital referrals, it was hard to draw a conclusion about these outcomes due to heterogeneity and lack of high-quality evidence (eg, from randomized clinical trials). Nevertheless, these results suggest that e-consultation seems to be a promising digital health care implementation, but more rigorous studies are needed; nonrandomized trial designs should be used, and appropriate outcomes should be chosen in future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken M. M. Peeters
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard, the Netherlands
- Omnes Medical Coordinating Centre for Diagnostics and Innovation, Sittard, the Netherlands
| | - Loïs A. M. Reichel
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis M. J. Muris
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Omnes Medical Coordinating Centre for Diagnostics and Innovation, Sittard, the Netherlands
- Public Health Service South Limburg, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Jochen W. L. Cals
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abu Libdeh A, Flanigan J, Heinan K. Experience with Pediatric Neurology e-Consults from a Specialist Perspective at an Academic Center. J Child Neurol 2022; 37:373-379. [PMID: 35300549 DOI: 10.1177/08830738221077760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-consults improve access to specialty expertise and increase satisfaction for patients and Primary Care Providers (PCPs). Pediatric neurology may be perceived as less amenable to e-consults compared to other specialties. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of e-consults performed by pediatric neurologists at the University of Virginia. We reviewed the electronic medical records and analyzed the content of e-consults, recommendations from specialists, and subsequent actions by PCPs. RESULTS Between April 2019 and April 2021, 58 e-consults were performed by pediatric neurologists. Most common indications included spells, headache, and tremor. In 56.9% of cases, the answer was provided without recommending a face-to-face (FTF) visit. For patients seen in clinic, e-consults reduced wait time and facilitated the clinic visit. DISCUSSION E-consults are a suitable option for pediatric neurology, and they help with the workflow. Further education is needed to improve utility of e-consults in pediatric neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Abu Libdeh
- Department of Neurology, 2358University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US
| | - Joseph Flanigan
- Department of Neurology, 2358University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US
| | - Kristen Heinan
- Department of Neurology, 2358University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US
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Peracca SB, Jackson GL, Weinstock MA, Oh DH. Implementation of Teledermatology: Theory and Practice. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-019-0252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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de Man G, Moroz I, Mercer J, Keely E, Liddy C. Primary Care Clinician Adherence to Specialist Advice in Electronic Consultation. Ann Fam Med 2019; 17:150-157. [PMID: 30858258 PMCID: PMC6411398 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Electronic consultation (eConsult) services can improve access to specialist advice. Little is known, however, about whether and how often primary care clinicians adhere to the advice they receive. We evaluated how primary care clinicians use recommendations conveyed by specialists via the Champlain BASE (Building Access to Specialists through eConsultation) eConsult service and how eConsult affects clinical management of patients in primary care. METHODS This is a descriptive analysis based on a retrospective chart audit of 291 eConsults done between January 20, 2017 and August 31, 2017 at the Bruyère Family Health Team, located in Ottawa, Canada. Patients' charts were reviewed until 6 months after specialist response for the following main outcomes: implementation of specialist advice by primary care clinicians, communication of the results to the patients, method, and time frame of communication. RESULTS Primary care clinicians adhered to specialist advice in 82% of cases. Adherence ranged from 62% to 93% across recommendation categories. Questions asked by primary care clinicians related to diagnosis (63%), management (27%), drug treatment (10%), and procedures (1%). Recommendations of the eConsult were communicated to patients in 79% of cases, most often by face-to-face visit (38%), telephone call (32%), or use of the patient portal (9%). Communication occurred in a median of 5 days. CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence of barriers to implementing specialist advice with use of eConsult, which suggests recommendations given through service were actionable. With a high primary care clinician adherence to specialist recommendations and primary care clinician-to-patient communication, we conclude that eConsult delivers good-quality care and improves patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen de Man
- CT Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Moroz
- CT Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay Mercer
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Bruyère Academic Family Health Team, Bruyère Continuing Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin Keely
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology/Metabolism, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare Liddy
- CT Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada .,Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Liddy C, Moroz I, Mihan A, Nawar N, Keely E. A Systematic Review of Asynchronous, Provider-to-Provider, Electronic Consultation Services to Improve Access to Specialty Care Available Worldwide. Telemed J E Health 2019; 25:184-198. [DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2018.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Liddy
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Center, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Isabella Moroz
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Center, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ariana Mihan
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Center, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nikhat Nawar
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Erin Keely
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology/Metabolism, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
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Tuot DS, Liddy C, Vimalananda VG, Pecina J, Murphy EJ, Keely E, Simon SR, North F, Orlander JD, Chen AH. Evaluating diverse electronic consultation programs with a common framework. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:814. [PMID: 30355346 PMCID: PMC6201558 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic consultation is an emerging mode of specialty care delivery that allows primary care providers and their patients to obtain specialist expertise without an in-person visit. While studies of individual programs have demonstrated benefits related to timely access to specialty care, electronic consultation programs have not achieved widespread use in the United States. The lack of common evaluation metrics across health systems and concerns related to the generalizability of existing evaluation efforts may be hampering further growth. We sought to identify gaps in knowledge related to the implementation of electronic consultation programs and develop a set of shared evaluation measures to promote further diffusion. Methods Using a case study approach, we apply the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) and the Quadruple Aim frameworks of evaluation to examine electronic consultation implementation across diverse delivery systems. Data are from 4 early adopter healthcare delivery systems (San Francisco Health Network, Mayo Clinic, Veterans Administration, Champlain Local Health Integration Network) that represent varied organizational structures, care for different patient populations, and have well-established multi-specialty electronic consultation programs. Data sources include published and unpublished quantitative data from each electronic consultation database and qualitative data from systems’ end-users. Results Organizational drivers of electronic consultation implementation were similar across the systems (challenges with timely and/or efficient access to specialty care), though unique system-level facilitators and barriers influenced reach, adoption and design. Effectiveness of implementation was consistent, with improved patient access to timely, perceived high-quality specialty expertise with few negative consequences, garnering high satisfaction among end-users. Data about patient-specific clinical outcomes are lacking, as are policies that provide guidance on the legal implications of electronic consultation and ideal remuneration strategies. Conclusion A core set of effectiveness and implementation metrics rooted in the Quadruple Aim may promote data-driven improvements and further diffusion of successful electronic consultation programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-018-3626-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine S Tuot
- Center for Innovation in Access and Quality at Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. .,Deparment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Clare Liddy
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Varsha G Vimalananda
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial VA Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pecina
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Murphy
- Center for Innovation in Access and Quality at Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Deparment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin Keely
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steven R Simon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, USA
| | - Frederick North
- Department of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jay D Orlander
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, USA
| | - Alice Hm Chen
- Center for Innovation in Access and Quality at Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Deparment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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The use of eConsults to improve access to specialty care in thrombosis medicine. Thromb Res 2017; 160:105-108. [PMID: 29145030 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic consultations (eConsults) are asynchronous, consultative electronic-based communications that are aimed to improve efficient and timely access to specialist advice. Our study aim was to evaluate the use and impact of the Canadian Champlain BASE™ (Building Access to Specialists through eConsultation) eConsult service in the specialty of thrombosis medicine. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study that included descriptive statistics of provider and patient demographic information and consultative-specific data. The impact of eConsults on primary care provider (PCP) referral patterns and satisfaction was assessed using a mandatory close-out survey upon completion of each eConsult. RESULTS There were 162 thrombosis eConsult cases completed between June 2012 and March 2016. The most common referral topics were for thrombophilia testing, management of superficial vein thrombosis, and the choice and duration of anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism. By completing an eConsult, PCPs reported 47.5% of face-to-face consultations were avoided, and 4.3% prompted a thrombosis referral that was not originally contemplated. Primary care providers' responses to a thrombosis eConsult service were overwhelmingly positive, which included appreciation for timely access for patients, expert guidance and providing additional educational opportunities. CONCLUSION An eConsult service in thrombosis medicine improved timely access to specialist advice and potentially reduces the number of face-to-face consultations needed. Further research is needed to understand how a thrombosis eConsult service affects thrombosis clinic performance data and patient outcomes.
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