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Hu MM, Wang S, Wu CQ, Li KP, Geng ZH, Xu GH, Dong L. Efficacy of robot-assisted gait training on lower extremity function in subacute stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:165. [PMID: 39300491 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robot-Assisted Gait Training (RAGT) is a novel technology widely employed in the field of neurological rehabilitation for patients with subacute stroke. However, the effectiveness of RAGT compared to conventional gait training (CGT) in improving lower extremity function remains a topic of debate. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of RAGT and CGT on lower extremity movement in patients with subacute stroke. METHODS Comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, Embase, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang, SinoMed and Vip Journal Integration Platform. The database retrieval was performed up until July 9, 2024. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 software. RESULTS A total of 24 RCTs were included in the analysis. The results indicate that, compared with CGT, RAGT led to significant improvements in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Lower Extremity [MD = 2.10, 95%CI (0.62, 3.59), P = 0.005], Functional Ambulation Category[MD = 0.44, 95%CI (0.23, 0.65), P < 0.001], Berg Balance Scale [MD = 4.55, 95%CI (3.00, 6.11), P < 0.001], Timed Up and Go test [MD = -4.05, 95%CI (-5.12, -2.98), P < 0.001], and 6-Minute Walk Test [MD = 30.66, 95%CI (22.36, 38.97), P < 0.001] for patients with subacute stroke. However, it did not show a significant effect on the 10-Meter Walk Test [MD = 0.06, 95%CI (-0.01, 0.14), P = 0.08]. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that RAGT can enhance lower extremity function, balance function, walking ability, and endurance levels compared to CGT. However, the quality of evidence for improvements in gait speed remains low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Hu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shan Wang
- School of Nursing, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cai-Qin Wu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kun-Peng Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Geng
- School of Nursing, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guo-Hui Xu
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 221 West Yan'an Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Lu Dong
- School of Nursing, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Miyazaki Y, Kawakami M, Kondo K, Hirabe A, Kamimoto T, Akimoto T, Hijikata N, Tsujikawa M, Honaga K, Suzuki K, Tsuji T. Logistic regression analysis and machine learning for predicting post-stroke gait independence: a retrospective study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21273. [PMID: 39261645 PMCID: PMC11390880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether machine learning (ML) has better predictive accuracy than logistic regression analysis (LR) for gait independence at discharge in subacute stroke patients (n = 843) who could not walk independently at admission. We developed prediction models using LR and five ML algorithms-specifically, the decision tree (DT), support vector machine, artificial neural network, ensemble learning, and k-nearest neighbor methods. Functional Independence Measure sub-items were used to evaluate the ability to walk independently. Model predictive accuracies were evaluated using areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) as well as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and specificity. The AUC for DT (0.812) was significantly lower than those for the other algorithms (p < 0.01); however, the AUC for LR (0.895) did not differ significantly from those for the other models (0.893-0.903). Other performance metrics showed no substantial differences between LR and ML algorithms. In conclusion, the DT algorithm had significantly low predictive accuracy, and LR showed no significant difference in predictive accuracy compared with the other ML algorithms. As its predictive accuracy is similar to that of ML, LR can continue to be used for predicting the prognosis of gait independence, with additional advantages of being easily understandable and manually computable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miyazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Kawakami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Kunitsugu Kondo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Hirabe
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kamimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomonori Akimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nanako Hijikata
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsujikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kaoru Honaga
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Suzuki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsuji
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Soto-Vidal C, Calvo-Fuente V, Hidalgo-Galante E, Cerezo-Téllez E, Pérez-Martín Y, Pacheco-da-Costa S. Effectiveness of Physiotherapy for Improving Functionality, Participation, and Quality of Life after a Stroke: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Pers Med 2024; 14:891. [PMID: 39202082 PMCID: PMC11355197 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke survivors experience significant alterations in their daily functionality that has a negative impact on their functionality, participation, and quality of life. Person-centered approaches in Physical Therapy interventions that are focused on functional and meaningful goals help to minimize the impact of the alterations. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a Physical Therapy intervention based on a goal-oriented approach with task-specific training for improving functionality, participation, and quality of life for people with Stroke. METHODS A single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial will be developed. Adults over 50 years old diagnosed with Stroke over 6 months will be included in this study. Participants (n = 62) will be randomly allocated into two groups: The experimental group (n = 31) will receive 30 sessions, three per week during 10 weeks, of Physical Therapy sessions of goal-directed and task-specific training. The control group (n = 31) will follow the same intervention intensity of their usual Physical Therapy treatment. The primary outcome variables quality of life (NewsQol), participation (Ox-PAQ), and gait functionality (FAC) and the secondary outcome variables functional disability (BI), postural control (PASS), dynamic trunk balance (TIS), and functional goals (GAS) will be measured at baseline, after group interventions (10 weeks), and 6 months after the baseline. Statistical analyses will include repeated-measures ANOVA, Student's t-test, or the Mann-Whitney U-test, with a 95% confidence interval and significance level of p < 0.05. CONCLUSION Person-centered approaches in Physical Therapy interventions may yield better outcomes in functionality, participation, and quality of life for Stroke patients compared to standardized interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06165666 (December 2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Soto-Vidal
- Neuromusculoskeletal Physical Therapy in Stages of Life Research Group (FINEMEV), Department of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Autovía A2, km 33.200, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-V.); (E.C.-T.); (S.P.-d.-C.)
| | - Victoria Calvo-Fuente
- Neuromusculoskeletal Physical Therapy in Stages of Life Research Group (FINEMEV), Department of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Autovía A2, km 33.200, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-V.); (E.C.-T.); (S.P.-d.-C.)
| | - Ezequiel Hidalgo-Galante
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo km 9.100, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ester Cerezo-Téllez
- Neuromusculoskeletal Physical Therapy in Stages of Life Research Group (FINEMEV), Department of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Autovía A2, km 33.200, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-V.); (E.C.-T.); (S.P.-d.-C.)
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Martín
- Humanization in the Intervention of Physiotherapy for the Integral Attention to the People (HIPATIA), Department of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Autovía A2, km 33.200, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Soraya Pacheco-da-Costa
- Neuromusculoskeletal Physical Therapy in Stages of Life Research Group (FINEMEV), Department of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Autovía A2, km 33.200, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-V.); (E.C.-T.); (S.P.-d.-C.)
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Kobayashi R, Kobayashi N. Performance of a prediction method for activities of daily living scores using influence coefficients in patients with stroke. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1419405. [PMID: 39224880 PMCID: PMC11366642 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1419405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, a method was developed to predict the motor Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score at discharge in patients with stroke by stratifying the effects of factors such as age and cognitive function and multiplying those by the influence coefficients of these factors. However, an evaluation of the predictive performance of the method is required for clinical application. The present study aimed to evaluate the predictive performance of this prediction method. Methods Patients with stroke discharged from a rehabilitation ward between April 2021 and September 2022 were included. Predicted values of the motor FIM score at discharge were calculated after data collection from the hospital's patient database. The concordance between predicted and actual values was evaluated using the interclass correlation coefficient; moreover, the residual values were calculated. Results In total, 207 patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 79 (69-85) years, and 112 (54.1%) patients were male. The interclass correlation coefficient between predicted and actual values was 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.75-0.89) for the motor FIM score at discharge. Meanwhile, the median residual value was 5.3 (-2.0-10.3) for the motor FIM score at discharge. Discussion The prediction method was validated with good performance. However, the residual values indicated that some cases deviated from the prediction. In future studies, it will be necessary to improve the predictive performance of the method by clarifying the characteristics of cases that deviate from the prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Kobayashi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Norikazu Kobayashi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Arakawa, Japan
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Valladares B, Kundert RG, Pohl J, Held JPO, Luft AR, Veerbeek JM, Branscheidt M. The association between dexterity and upper limb impairment during stroke recovery. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1429929. [PMID: 39224885 PMCID: PMC11367986 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1429929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stroke-induced upper limb disabilities can be characterized by both motor impairments and activity limitations, commonly assessed using Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMMA-UE) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), respectively. The relationship between the two assessments during recovery is largely unstudied. Expectedly they diverge over time when recovery of impairment (restitution) plateaus, but compensation-driven improvements still occur. The objective of this study is to evaluate the alignment between FMMA-UE and ARAT in defining upper limb functional recovery categories by ARAT scores. We aimed to establish cut-off scores for both measures from the acute/early subacute, subacute and chronic stages of stroke recovery. Methods Secondary analysis of four prospective cohort studies (acute/early subacute: n = 133, subacute: n = 113, chronic: n = 92) stages post-stroke. Receiver operating characteristic curves calculated the area under the curve (AUC) to establish optimal FMMA-UE cut-offs based on predefined ARAT thresholds distinguishing five activity levels from no activity to full activity. Weighted kappa was used to determine agreement between the two assessments. We used minimally clinically important difference (MCID) and minimal detectable change (MDC95) for comparison. Results FMMA-UE and ARAT scores showed no relevant divergence across all recovery stages. Results indicated similar cut-off scores in all recovery stages with variability below MCID and MDC95 levels. Cut-off scores demonstrated robust AUC values from 0.77 to 0.86 at every recovery stage. Only in highly functional patients at the chronic stage, we found a reduced specificity of 0.55. At all other times sensitivity ranged between 0.68 and 0.99 and specificity between 0.71 and 0.99. Weighted kappa at the acute/early subacute, subacute and chronic stages was 0.76, 0.83, and 0.81, respectively. Discussion Our research shows a strong alignment between FMMA-UE and ARAT cut-off scores throughout stroke recovery, except among the subgroup of highly recovered patients at the chronic stage. Discrepancies in specificity potentially stem from fine motor deficits affecting dexterity outcomes that are not captured by FMMA-UE. Additionally, the high congruence of both measures suggests they are not suited to distinguish between restitution and compensation. Calling for more comprehensive assessment methods to better understand upper limb functionality in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Valladares
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Cereneo Center for Research and Neurorehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes Pohl
- Data Analytics and Rehabilitation Technology (DART), Lake Lucerne Institute, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - Jeremia P. O. Held
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas R. Luft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Cereneo Center for Research and Neurorehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - Janne Marieke Veerbeek
- Clinic for Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Luzerner Kantonsspital, University Teaching and Research Hospital, and University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Meret Branscheidt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Cereneo Center for Research and Neurorehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
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Ebbesen BH, Modrau B, Rathleff MS, Johnsen SP, Andreasen J. 'There are things I have learned the hard way' Patient experiences on lasting challenges 4 months after Transient Ischemic Attack: A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs 2024. [PMID: 39128965 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.17399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue, depression, anxiety and cognitive difficulties are reported by 1/3 of patients following transient ischemic attack (TIA). AIMS To explore the timeline and how the diagnosis impacts individuals experiencing lasting challenges after TIA. Furthermore, to identify what they believed facilitated return to everyday life. DESIGN Qualitative exploratory study with a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach. METHODS Individual semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. RESULTS Fifteen patients were included. Four themes were identified; (1) 'They say it is transient - no, not for me' where all participants described lasting challenges emphasizing invalidating fatigue and impaired social participation, (2) 'I am a changed person; how does this impact my future?' which reflects altered identity and elevated alertness to symptoms, (3) 'Time has been my ally and new perspectives have evolved' where most participants described improvement over time and a few considered the diagnosis a wake-up call to change lifestyle. Lastly (4) 'What would have helped me recover?' which unfolds that close, trustful relations influence positively. In addition, the system often failed to support. Participants described pressure to return to work and lack of trust and negative experiences when involving their general practitioner. CONCLUSIONS During the 4 months since diagnosis, participants experienced limitations impacting physical, psychological and social domains. They felt uninformed that lasting challenges could affect them. Different coping strategies were activated, and participants with close, supportive relations managed better. A pressure to return to work and a lack of trust in the general practitioner affected their recovery negatively. Overall, return to everyday life after TIA was considered stressful and appropriate support lacking. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE To be able to support patients with challenges following TIA, we as healthcare professionals need to understand the identified impact and life changing circumstances. Currently the system seemingly is not able to provide timely, sufficient and competent support. IMPACT (ADDRESSING) WHAT PROBLEM DID THE STUDY ADDRESS?: We know from the literature that up to 1/3 of patients following transient ischemic attack experience lasting challenges measured on a variety of questionnaires. This is paradoxical to a diagnosis defined by focal neurological symptoms that resolve within 24 h. It is unknown how patients with lasting challenges experience the timeline from diagnosis and until 4 months after, how the diagnosis impacts the lives of these individuals, and what they believe as beneficial in returning to their everyday life. WHAT WERE THE MAIN FINDINGS?: These participants with self-reported lasting challenges experienced substantial impacts on physical, psychological and social domains. Further, they felt alone with their struggles and when in need of support from the healthcare system, it failed to provide this. A pressure to return to work and a lack of trust in the general practitioner affected return to everyday life negatively, whereas close and supportive relations facilitated positively. WHERE AND ON WHOM WILL THE RESEARCH HAVE AN IMPACT?: This study will have an impact on the healthcare professionals that provide support and the (limited) follow-up services to patients after TIA. These healthcare professionals are often specialized nurses who need to know what these patients experience and need in order to act upon their struggles and provide timely support. REPORTING METHOD The Standards of Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR). PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION Patients with TIA was involved in planning this study. They participated in a panel to plan a prospective observational cohort study and emphasized the importance of exploring the subjective perspectives of impact and prognosis for those patients struggling in a longer term (through qualitative interviews).
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Hede Ebbesen
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Boris Modrau
- Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Skovdal Rathleff
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Paaske Johnsen
- Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jane Andreasen
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Aalborg Centre of Health and Rehabilitation, Aalborg Municipality, Aalborg, Denmark
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Martino Cinnera A, Palomba A, Paci M, Marino D, LA Rosa G, Gimigliano F, Straudi S, Morone G. A three-year update on guidelines for upper limb robotic rehabilitation after stroke. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2024; 60:556-558. [PMID: 38860695 PMCID: PMC11391390 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.24.08451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Palomba
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy -
| | - Matteo Paci
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Marino
- Italian Association of Occupational Therapists (AITO), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- San Raffaele Institute of Sulmona, Sulmona, L'Aquila, Italy
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Oyama N, Oki K, Nakajima M, Matsumoto K, Omori T, Hayase M, Ohta T, Koga M, Koyama T, Fujimoto S, Iguchi Y, Kakuda W, Ogasawara K. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Acute Stroke Rehabilitation in Japanese Primary Stroke Centers: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study Using a Web-Based Questionnaire Survey. Eur Neurol 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39084198 DOI: 10.1159/000540231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute stroke rehabilitation is crucial for achieving good functional recovery, even during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to clarify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute stroke rehabilitation and identify which components in the acute stroke rehabilitation provision system were susceptible to the pandemic. METHODS A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted in all primary stroke centers (PSCs) in Japan between February 7 and April 21, 2022. The survey included questions about the current status of acute stroke rehabilitation and the influence of the pandemic. We classified the influences and investigated the relationship between the influence of the pandemic and the provision of rehabilitation. Additionally, we investigated a group of prefectures divided according to the grade of the pandemic. RESULTS The survey response rate was 67% (639 of 959 PSCs). Among them, 387 PSCs (61%) reported that the COVID-19 pandemic affected acute stroke rehabilitation. In PSCs affected by the pandemic, more rehabilitation-related staff were working, and the proportion of weekend/holiday rehabilitation implementation was higher compared to those unaffected. In PSCs from highly infected prefectures, no significant relationship was observed between the influence of the pandemic and the rehabilitation provision system. CONCLUSIONS PSCs that provide denser acute stroke rehabilitation may be affected to a greater extent by the pandemic. We conclude that stroke hospitals should formulate infection control procedures for acute stroke rehabilitation in advance, depending on the conditions of the region and facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oyama
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichi Oki
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Omori
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayase
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Koyama
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nishinomiya Kyoritsu Neurosurgical Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fujimoto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakuda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Ogasawara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
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O’Flaherty D, Ali K. Recommendations for Upper Limb Motor Recovery: An Overview of the UK and European Rehabilitation after Stroke Guidelines (2023). Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1433. [PMID: 39057576 PMCID: PMC11276617 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12141433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Upper limb impairment is common after stroke, with a significant impact on the stroke survivor's function, social participation and quality of life. Clinical guidelines are needed to inform clinical practise, tailor interventions to improve outcomes and address unresolved research questions. This review contributes to the evidence guiding clinical practise for upper limb motor recovery after stroke by summarising the recommendations from the UK rehabilitation guidelines (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party (ISWP)) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines, all published in 2023. All three guidelines target researchers, clinical practitioners, stroke survivors and their social networks. An important feature in all three guidelines was therapeutic intensity, with all guidelines recommending increased therapeutic intensity. Unlike the ESO, the NICE and ISWP additionally include specific research recommendations. While the NICE guidelines seem more holistic and target a wider audience, the three guidelines are complimentary. We recommend that a future consensus statement should be developed in partnership between all three organisations, agreeing on scope and using the same terminology, on recommendations to improve stroke rehabilitation in the UK and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O’Flaherty
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Khalid Ali
- Department of Geriatrics, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Royal Hospital, Haywards Heath RH16 4EX, UK
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Sauerzopf L, Luft A, Maeusli V, Klamroth-Marganska V, Sy M, Spiess MR. Technology Use for Home-Based Stroke Rehabilitation in Switzerland From the Perspectives of Persons Living With Stroke, Informal Caregivers, and Therapists: Qualitative Interview and Focus Group Study. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol 2024; 11:e59781. [PMID: 39024576 PMCID: PMC11294768 DOI: 10.2196/59781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause for long-term disability, requiring both inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation and self-training in the home environment. Technology-based tools are gradually gaining acceptance as additional and suitable options for extending the rehabilitation process. While the experiences of persons living with stroke, therapists, and informal caregivers with respect to technology use have already been investigated in other countries, this topic is underexplored in the Swiss context. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the experiences and needs of persons living with stroke, informal caregivers, and therapists in using technology-based tools in a home environment for stroke rehabilitation in Switzerland. METHODS This study followed a qualitative descriptive methodology, including semistructured interviews and focus group discussions. We applied a deductive template analysis alongside the accessibility, adaptability, accountability, and engagement framework to analyze the qualitative data sets for technology-assisted solutions for poststroke rehabilitation. RESULTS We collected the experiences and needs of persons living with stroke (7/23, 30%), informal caregivers (4/23, 17%), and therapists (occupational and physical therapists; 12/23, 52%). The 4 categories we used to organize the analysis and results were accessibility to quality rehabilitation, adaptability to patient differences, accountability or compliance with rehabilitation, and engagement with rehabilitation. Persons living with stroke stated that they use various tools within their rehabilitation process depending on their specific needs. They felt that there is a plethora of tools available but sometimes felt overwhelmed with the selection process. Informal caregivers indicated that they generally felt underserved and insufficiently informed throughout the rehabilitation process. They reported that they use technology-based tools to support their relatives affected by stroke in becoming more independent. Therapists appreciate the numerous possible applications of technology-based tools in rehabilitation. At the same time, however, they express dissatisfaction with the lack of clarity in Switzerland regarding cost coverage, recommendations, and training opportunities. CONCLUSIONS Persons living with stroke, informal caregivers, and therapists in Switzerland reported varied and unique experiences and needs with the use of technology-based tools in outpatient stroke rehabilitation. Written recommendations, the assumption of financial costs, and the provision of information and education could foster increased confidence in the use of technology-based tools for patients and therapists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Sauerzopf
- Institute of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Luft
- Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Maeusli
- Institute of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Sy
- Institute of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Martina Rebekka Spiess
- Institute of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
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11
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Freitas M, Pinho F, Pinho L, Silva S, Figueira V, Vilas-Boas JP, Silva A. Biomechanical Assessment Methods Used in Chronic Stroke: A Scoping Review of Non-Linear Approaches. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2338. [PMID: 38610549 PMCID: PMC11014015 DOI: 10.3390/s24072338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Non-linear and dynamic systems analysis of human movement has recently become increasingly widespread with the intention of better reflecting how complexity affects the adaptability of motor systems, especially after a stroke. The main objective of this scoping review was to summarize the non-linear measures used in the analysis of kinetic, kinematic, and EMG data of human movement after stroke. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed, establishing the eligibility criteria, the population, the concept, and the contextual framework. The examined studies were published between 1 January 2013 and 12 April 2023, in English or Portuguese, and were indexed in the databases selected for this research: PubMed®, Web of Science®, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers®, Science Direct® and Google Scholar®. In total, 14 of the 763 articles met the inclusion criteria. The non-linear measures identified included entropy (n = 11), fractal analysis (n = 1), the short-term local divergence exponent (n = 1), the maximum Floquet multiplier (n = 1), and the Lyapunov exponent (n = 1). These studies focused on different motor tasks: reaching to grasp (n = 2), reaching to point (n = 1), arm tracking (n = 2), elbow flexion (n = 5), elbow extension (n = 1), wrist and finger extension upward (lifting) (n = 1), knee extension (n = 1), and walking (n = 4). When studying the complexity of human movement in chronic post-stroke adults, entropy measures, particularly sample entropy, were preferred. Kinematic assessment was mainly performed using motion capture systems, with a focus on joint angles of the upper limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Freitas
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Pinho
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Liliana Pinho
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Silva
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Vânia Figueira
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Centre for Research, Training, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusta Silva
- Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Khan M, Maag LM, Harnegie MP, Linder SM. The effects of cycling on walking outcomes in adults with stroke: a systematic review. Top Stroke Rehabil 2024; 31:259-271. [PMID: 37732513 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2023.2259167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stationary cycling is often prescribed for survivors of stroke as a safe means of aerobic exercise to improve cardiovascular health. While cycling is typically not prescribed to restore ambulatory function, improvements in measures of walking after cycling interventions have been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of cycling on walking outcomes in adults with stroke. METHODS Relevant databases were searched through 15 August. Walking-related outcomes were extracted. Correlation coefficients were computed to measure the relationship between exercise protocol parameters and change in walking outcomes. RESULTS Eleven articles were included in the review. Eight studies representing nine cycling intervention groups reported change in walking capacity measured by the six-minute walk test with improvements ranging from 6.1 to 63.0 m. Seven studies measured gait velocity, reporting improvements ranging from 0.01 to 0.21 m/sec. Protocols that yielded the greatest improvement in walking capacity prescribed moderate- to high-intensity aerobic training. Significant positive correlations were measured between change in gait velocity and number of exercise sessions and total minutes of exercise prescribed. CONCLUSION Considerable heterogeneity was observed across cycling protocols with respect to intensity, frequency, exercise duration and protocol duration. However, none of the studies reported declines in walking outcomes and improvements were measured in the absence of task-specific gait training. Cycling interventions employing moderate- to high-intensity aerobic training and 24 sessions or more may be optimal in improving gait velocity and walking capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Khan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Logan M Maag
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Susan M Linder
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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13
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Unger T, de Sousa Ribeiro R, Mokni M, Weikert T, Pohl J, Schwarz A, Held J, Sauerzopf L, Kühnis B, Gavagnin E, Luft A, Gassert R, Lambercy O, Awai Easthope C, Schönhammer J. Upper limb movement quality measures: comparing IMUs and optical motion capture in stroke patients performing a drinking task. Front Digit Health 2024; 6:1359776. [PMID: 38606036 PMCID: PMC11006959 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2024.1359776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical assessment of upper limb sensorimotor function post-stroke is often constrained by low sensitivity and limited information on movement quality. To address this gap, recent studies proposed a standardized instrumented drinking task, as a representative daily activity combining different components of functional arm use. Although kinematic movement quality measures for this task are well-established, and optical motion capture (OMC) has proven effective in their measurement, its clinical application remains limited. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) emerge as a promising low-cost and user-friendly alternative, yet their validity and clinical relevance compared to the gold standard OMC need investigation. Method In this study, we conducted a measurement system comparison between IMUs and OMC, analyzing 15 established movement quality measures in 15 mild and moderate stroke patients performing the drinking task, using five IMUs placed on each wrist, upper arm, and trunk. Results Our findings revealed strong agreement between the systems, with 12 out of 15 measures demonstrating clinical applicability, evidenced by Limits of Agreement (LoA) below the Minimum Clinically Important Differences (MCID) for each measure. Discussion These results are promising, suggesting the clinical applicability of IMUs in quantifying movement quality for mildly and moderately impaired stroke patients performing the drinking task.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Unger
- DART Lab, Lake Lucerne Institute, Vitznau, Switzerland
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - M. Mokni
- DART Lab, Lake Lucerne Institute, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - T. Weikert
- DART Lab, Lake Lucerne Institute, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - J. Pohl
- DART Lab, Lake Lucerne Institute, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - A. Schwarz
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - J.P.O. Held
- Ambulante Reha Triemli Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L. Sauerzopf
- ZHAW School of Health Sciences, Institute of Occupational Therapy, Winterthur, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B. Kühnis
- ZHAW School of Management and Law, Institute of Business Information Technology, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - E. Gavagnin
- ZHAW School of Management and Law, Institute of Business Information Technology, Winterthur, Switzerland
- ZHAW School of Engineering, Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - A.R. Luft
- Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- cereneo, Center for Neurology and Rehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - R. Gassert
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - O. Lambercy
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - J.G. Schönhammer
- DART Lab, Lake Lucerne Institute, Vitznau, Switzerland
- Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Hayward KS, Kwakkel G, Bernhardt J. International Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable Consensus Statements Are Driving Growth and Progress in Our Field. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2024; 38:3-6. [PMID: 38156774 DOI: 10.1177/15459683231223648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Hayward
- Departments of Physiotherapy and Medicine (RMH), University of Melbourne & Stroke Theme, The Florey, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gert Kwakkel
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Federico S, Cacciante L, De Icco R, Gatti R, Jonsdottir J, Pagliari C, Franceschini M, Goffredo M, Cioeta M, Calabrò RS, Maistrello L, Turolla A, Kiper P. Telerehabilitation for Stroke: A Personalized Multi-Domain Approach in a Pilot Study. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1692. [PMID: 38138919 PMCID: PMC10744683 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, manifests as motor, speech language, and cognitive impairments, necessitating customized rehabilitation strategies. In this context, telerehabilitation (TR) strategies have emerged as promising solutions. In a multi-center longitudinal pilot study, we explored the effects of a multi-domain TR program, comprising physiotherapy, speech therapy, and neuropsychological treatments. In total, 84 stroke survivors (74 analyzed) received 20 tailored sessions per domain, addressing individual impairments and customized to their specific needs. Positive correlations were found between initial motor function, cognitive status, independence in activities of daily living (ADLs), and motor function improvement after TR. A lower initial health-related quality of life (HRQoL) perception hindered progress, but improved ADL independence and overall health status, and reduced depression correlated with a better QoL. Furthermore, post-treatment improvements were observed in the entire sample in terms of fine motor skills, upper-limb functionality, balance, independence, and cognitive impairment. This multi-modal approach shows promise in enhancing stroke rehabilitation and highlights the potential of TR in addressing the complex needs of stroke survivors through a comprehensive support and interdisciplinary collaboration, personalized for each individual's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Federico
- Laboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technology, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy; (S.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Luisa Cacciante
- Laboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technology, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy; (S.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Gatti
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, 20148 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Pagliari
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (J.J.); (C.P.)
| | - Marco Franceschini
- Department of Neurological and Rehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.C.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Goffredo
- Department of Neurological and Rehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.C.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cioeta
- Department of Neurological and Rehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.C.)
| | | | | | - Andrea Turolla
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences—DIBINEM, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pawel Kiper
- Laboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technology, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy; (S.F.); (P.K.)
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