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He L, Wang H, Zeng Z, Zhong L, Tang Q, Yu J, Tian J, Liu T, Zhu J. Rigid Fe(III) Chelate with Phosphonate Pendants: A Stable and Effective Extracellular MRI Contrast Agent. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8630-8641. [PMID: 38747630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A novel Fe(III) complex, Fe-tBPCDTA, was synthesized and explored as a potential contrast agent for MRI. Compared to established agents like Fe-EDTA and Fe-tCDTA, Fe-tBPCDTA exhibited moderate relaxivity (r1 = 1.17 s-1·mmol-1) due to its enhanced second-sphere mechanism. It also displayed improved kinetic inertness, lower cytotoxicity, and enhanced redox stability. In vivo studies demonstrated its function as an extracellular fluid agent, providing tumor contrast comparable to that of Gd-DTPA at a higher dosage. Complete renal clearance occurred within 24 h. These findings suggest Fe-tBPCDTA as a promising candidate for further development as a safe and effective extracellular MRI contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiyu Wang
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuhua Zeng
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingxuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junlai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianwei Liu
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
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2
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Jew AD, Druhan JL, Ihme M, Kovscek AR, Battiato I, Kaszuba JP, Bargar JR, Brown GE. Chemical and Reactive Transport Processes Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing of Unconventional Oil/Gas Shales. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9198-9263. [PMID: 35404590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing of unconventional oil/gas shales has changed the energy landscape of the U.S. Recovery of hydrocarbons from tight, hydraulically fractured shales is a highly inefficient process, with estimated recoveries of <25% for natural gas and <5% for oil. This review focuses on the complex chemical interactions of additives in hydraulic fracturing fluid (HFF) with minerals and organic matter in oil/gas shales. These interactions are intended to increase hydrocarbon recovery by increasing porosities and permeabilities of tight shales. However, fluid-shale interactions result in the dissolution of shale minerals and the release and transport of chemical components. They also result in mineral precipitation in the shale matrix, which can reduce permeability, porosity, and hydrocarbon recovery. Competition between mineral dissolution and mineral precipitation processes influences the amounts of oil and gas recovered. We review the temporal/spatial origins and distribution of unconventional oil/gas shales from mudstones and shales, followed by discussion of their global and U.S. distributions and compositional differences from different U.S. sedimentary basins. We discuss the major types of chemical additives in HFF with their intended purposes, including drilling muds. Fracture distribution, porosity, permeability, and the identity and molecular-level speciation of minerals and organic matter in oil/gas shales throughout the hydraulic fracturing process are discussed. Also discussed are analysis methods used in characterizing oil/gas shales before and after hydraulic fracturing, including permeametry and porosimetry measurements, X-ray diffraction/Rietveld refinement, X-ray computed tomography, scanning/transmission electron microscopy, and laboratory- and synchrotron-based imaging/spectroscopic methods. Reactive transport and spatial scaling are discussed in some detail in order to relate fundamental molecular-scale processes to fluid transport. Our review concludes with a discussion of potential environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing and important knowledge gaps that must be bridged to achieve improved mechanistic understanding of fluid transport in oil/gas shales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Jew
- DOE EFRC─Center for Mechanistic Control of Water-Hydrocarbon-Rock Interactions in Unconventional and Tight Oil Formations, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jennifer L Druhan
- DOE EFRC─Center for Mechanistic Control of Water-Hydrocarbon-Rock Interactions in Unconventional and Tight Oil Formations, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Departments of Geology and Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthias Ihme
- DOE EFRC─Center for Mechanistic Control of Water-Hydrocarbon-Rock Interactions in Unconventional and Tight Oil Formations, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anthony R Kovscek
- DOE EFRC─Center for Mechanistic Control of Water-Hydrocarbon-Rock Interactions in Unconventional and Tight Oil Formations, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Energy Resources Engineering, School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2220, United States
| | - Ilenia Battiato
- DOE EFRC─Center for Mechanistic Control of Water-Hydrocarbon-Rock Interactions in Unconventional and Tight Oil Formations, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Energy Resources Engineering, School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2220, United States
| | - John P Kaszuba
- Department of Geology and Geophysics and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - John R Bargar
- DOE EFRC─Center for Mechanistic Control of Water-Hydrocarbon-Rock Interactions in Unconventional and Tight Oil Formations, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Gordon E Brown
- DOE EFRC─Center for Mechanistic Control of Water-Hydrocarbon-Rock Interactions in Unconventional and Tight Oil Formations, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.,Department of Geological Sciences, School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115, United States
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3
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Wyskocka-Gajda M, Przypis Ł, Olesiejuk M, Krawczyk T, Kuźnik A, Nawara K, Minoshima M, Sugihara F, Kikuchi K, Kuźnik N. A step towards gadolinium-free bioresponsive MRI contrast agent. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113086. [PMID: 33348236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The last 30 years of gadolinium-based "static" MRI contrast agents motivated to investigate bioresponsive agents with endogenous paramagnets. Iron(III) chelated by N,O-aminophenol skeleton of high versatility, and tuning potential was studied. The two-step convenient route of the ligand is characterized by high selectivity and allows for building a tunable chelate system. Functionalization with galactose endows a bioresponsive character sensitive to the enzyme activity. Direct relaxometric measurements of the resulting complexes revealed extremely high relaxivity of 5.62 mmol/dm3·s-1 comparable to classic gadolinium complexes. Enzymatic hydrolysis leads to relaxivity change by over 80%. Phantom MRI studies prove the bioresponsive character by contras percentage change within the range 40-275%. Cytotoxicity studies showed 70-90% viability of HeLa cells of the iron complexes. Proposed iron-based chelates with galactosidase-sensitive fragment express unequivocal relaxivity and MRI contras change and good biocompatibility. Therefore, these complexes are a promising step towards modern, bioresponsive MRI contrast agents with a "human-friendly" metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Wyskocka-Gajda
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Przypis
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Olesiejuk
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Krawczyk
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Kuźnik
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Nawara
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Masafumi Minoshima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sugihara
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nikodem Kuźnik
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Iron: Redox, Chelation and Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES 2020; 7:medicines7080045. [PMID: 32751493 PMCID: PMC7460366 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7080045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of humans, and their deficiency can result in serious diseases. Their interaction is of nutritional, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological interest, with major implications in health and disease. Millions of people are using pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations of these two nutrients, including ferrous ascorbate for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and ascorbate combination with deferoxamine for increasing iron excretion in iron overload. The main function and use of vitamin C is its antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species, which are implicated in many diseases of free radical pathology, including biomolecular-, cellular- and tissue damage-related diseases, as well as cancer and ageing. Ascorbic acid and its metabolites, including the ascorbate anion and oxalate, have metal binding capacity and bind iron, copper and other metals. The biological roles of ascorbate as a vitamin are affected by metal complexation, in particular following binding with iron and copper. Ascorbate forms a complex with Fe3+ followed by reduction to Fe2+, which may potentiate free radical production. The biological and clinical activities of iron, ascorbate and the ascorbate–iron complex can also be affected by many nutrients and pharmaceutical preparations. Optimal therapeutic strategies of improved efficacy and lower toxicity could be designed for the use of ascorbate, iron and the iron–ascorbate complex in different clinical conditions based on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET), pharmacokinetic, redox and other properties. Similar strategies could also be designed in relation to their interactions with food components and pharmaceuticals, as well as in relation to other aspects concerning personalized medicine.
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Redox Interactions of Vitamin C and Iron: Inhibition of the Pro-Oxidant Activity by Deferiprone. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113967. [PMID: 32486511 PMCID: PMC7312906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AscH2) is one of the most important vitamins found in the human diet, with many biological functions including antioxidant, chelating, and coenzyme activities. Ascorbic acid is also widely used in medical practice especially for increasing iron absorption and as an adjuvant therapeutic in iron chelation therapy, but its mode of action and implications in iron metabolism and toxicity are not yet clear. In this study, we used UV–Vis spectrophotometry, NMR spectroscopy, and EPR spin trapping spectroscopy to investigate the antioxidant/pro-oxidant effects of ascorbic acid in reactions involving iron and the iron chelator deferiprone (L1). The experiments were carried out in a weak acidic (pH from 3 to 5) and neutral (pH 7.4) medium. Ascorbic acid exhibits predominantly pro-oxidant activity by reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+, followed by the formation of dehydroascorbic acid. As a result, ascorbic acid accelerates the redox cycle Fe3+ ↔ Fe2+ in the Fenton reaction, which leads to a significant increase in the yield of toxic hydroxyl radicals. The analysis of the experimental data suggests that despite a much lower stability constant of the iron–ascorbate complex compared to the FeL13 complex, ascorbic acid at high concentrations is able to substitute L1 in the FeL13 chelate complex resulting in the formation of mixed L12AscFe complex. This mixed chelate complex is redox stable at neutral pH = 7.4, but decomposes at pH = 4–5 during several minutes at sub-millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid. The proposed mechanisms play a significant role in understanding the mechanism of action, pharmacological, therapeutic, and toxic effects of the interaction of ascorbic acid, iron, and L1.
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Fe-HBED Analogs: A Promising Class of Iron-Chelate Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:8356931. [PMID: 31969797 PMCID: PMC6961518 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8356931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is an essential tool for disease diagnosis and management; all marketed clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) are gadolinium (Gd) chelates and most are extracellular fluid (ECF) agents. After intravenous injection, these agents rapidly distribute to the extracellular space and are also characterized by low serum protein binding and predominant renal clearance. Gd is an abiotic element with no biological recycling processes; low levels of Gd have been detected in the central nervous system and bone long after administration. These observations have prompted interest in the development of new MRI contrast agents based on biotic elements such as iron (Fe); Fe-HBED (HBED = N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid), a coordinatively saturated iron chelate, is an attractive MRI CA platform suitable for modification to adjust relaxivity and biodistribution. Compared to the parent Fe-HBED, the Fe-HBED analogs reported here have lower serum protein binding and higher relaxivity as well as lower relative liver enhancement in mice, comparable to that of a representative gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA). Fe-HBED analogs are therefore a promising class of non-Gd ECF MRI CA.
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Kuźnik N, Wyskocka M. Iron(III) Contrast Agent Candidates for MRI: a Survey of the Structure-Effect Relationship in the Last 15 Years of Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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