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Koza LA, Pena C, Russell M, Smith AC, Molnar J, Devine M, Serkova NJ, Linseman DA. Immunocal® limits gliosis in mouse models of repetitive mild-moderate traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2023; 1808:148338. [PMID: 36966959 PMCID: PMC10258892 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Successive traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) exacerbate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. No therapeutics exist for populations at high risk of repetitive mild TBIs (rmTBIs). We explored the preventative therapeutic effects of Immunocal®, a cysteine-rich whey protein supplement and glutathione (GSH) precursor, following rmTBI and repetitive mild-moderate TBI (rmmTBI). Populations that suffer rmTBIs largely go undiagnosed and untreated; therefore, we first examined the potential therapeutic effect of Immunocal® long-term following rmTBI. Mice were treated with Immunocal® prior to, during, and following rmTBI induced by controlled cortical impact until analysis at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months following the last rmTBI. Astrogliosis and microgliosis were measured in cortex at each time point and edema and macrophage infiltration by MRI were analyzed at 2 months post-rmTBI. Immunocal® significantly reduced astrogliosis at 2 weeks and 2 months post-rmTBI. Macrophage activation was observed at 2 months post-rmTBI but Immunocal® had no significant effect on this endpoint. We did not observe significant microgliosis or edema after rmTBI. The dosing regimen was repeated in mice subjected to rmmTBI; however, using this experimental paradigm, we examined the preventative therapeutic effects of Immunocal® at a much earlier timepoint because populations that suffer more severe rmmTBIs are more likely to receive acute diagnosis and treatment. Increases in astrogliosis, microgliosis, and serum neurofilament light (NfL), as well as reductions in the GSH:GSSG ratio, were observed 72 h post-rmmTBI. Immunocal® only significantly reduced microgliosis after rmmTBI. In summary, we report that astrogliosis persists for 2 months post-rmTBI and that inflammation, neuronal damage, and altered redox homeostasis present acutely following rmmTBI. Immunocal® significantly limited gliosis in these models; however, its neuroprotection was partially overwhelmed by repetitive injury. Treatments that modulate distinct aspects of TBI pathophysiology, used in combination with GSH precursors like Immunocal®, may show more protection in these repetitive TBI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia A Koza
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Claudia Pena
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Madison Russell
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Alec C Smith
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Jacob Molnar
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Maeve Devine
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Department of Radiology, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Daniel A Linseman
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States.
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Dong Y, Gu Y, Lu J, Wan J, Jiang S, Koehler RC, Wang J, Zhou J. Amide Proton Transfer-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Severity and Predicting Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Neurotrauma Rep 2022; 3:261-275. [PMID: 35982981 PMCID: PMC9380886 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), early assessment of secondary injury severity is critically important for estimating prognosis and treatment stratification. Currently, secondary injury severity is difficult to estimate. The objective of this study was to investigate the capacity of non-invasive amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to assess TBI injury in different brain regions and predict long-term neurobehavior outcomes. Fifty-five male and female rats were subjected to a controlled cortical impact with one of three different impactor depths to produce different degrees of TBI. Multi-parameter MRI data were acquired on a 4.7-Tesla scanner at 1 h, 1 day, and 3 days. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect activated microglia at 3 days, and neurobehavioral tests were performed to assess long-term outcomes after 28 days. The APTw signal in the injury core at 1 day correlated with deficits in sensorimotor function, the sucrose preference test (a test for anhedonia), and spatial memory function on the Barnes maze. The APTw signal in the perilesion ipsilateral cortex gradually increased after TBI, and the value at 3 days correlated with microglia density at 3 days and with spatial memory decline and anhedonia at 28 days. The correlation between APTw and activated microglia was also observed in the ipsilateral thalamus, and its correlation to memory deficit and depression was evident in other ipsilateral sites. These results suggest that APTw imaging can be used for detecting secondary injury and as a potential predictor of long-term outcomes from TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanting Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianhua Lu
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jieru Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond C. Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Traumatic brain injury augurs ill for prolonged deficits in the brain's structural and functional integrity following controlled cortical impact injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21559. [PMID: 34732737 PMCID: PMC8566513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies in rodents investigated effects of the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) within one-month post-TBI. This study extends this temporal window to monitor the structural–functional alterations from two hours to six months post-injury. Thirty-seven male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to TBI and sham groups, which were scanned at two hours, 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60 days, and six months following CCI or sham surgery. Structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were acquired to assess the dynamic structural, microstructural, and functional connectivity alterations post-TBI. There was a progressive increase in lesion size associated with brain volume loss post-TBI. Furthermore, we observed reduced fractional anisotropy within 24 h and persisted to six months post-TBI, associated with acutely reduced axial diffusivity, and chronic increases in radial diffusivity post-TBI. Moreover, a time-dependent pattern of altered functional connectivity evolved over the six months’ follow-up post-TBI. This study extends the current understanding of the CCI model by confirming the long-term persistence of the altered microstructure and functional connectivity, which may hold a strong translational potential for understanding the long-term sequelae of TBI in humans.
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Amoo M, O'Halloran PJ, Henry J, Husien MB, Brennan P, Campbell M, Caird J, Curley GF. Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier after Traumatic Brain Injury; Radiological Considerations. J Neurotrauma 2021; 39:20-34. [PMID: 33632026 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in young persons, and constitutes a major socioeconomic burden worldwide. It is regarded as the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in previously healthy young persons. Most of the mechanisms underpinning the development of secondary brain injury are consequences of disruption of the complex relationship between the cells and proteins constituting the neurovascular unit or a direct result of loss of integrity of the tight junctions (TJ) in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A number of changes have been described in the BBB after TBI, including loss of TJ proteins, pericyte loss and migration, and altered expressions of water channel proteins at astrocyte end-feet processes. There is a growing research interest in identifying optimal biological and radiological biomarkers of severity of BBB dysfunction and its effects on outcomes after TBI. This review explores the microscopic changes occurring at the neurovascular unit, after TBI, and current radiological adjuncts for its evaluation in pre-clinical and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Amoo
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Beacon Academy, Beacon Hospital, Sandyford, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip J O'Halloran
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Henry
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohammed Ben Husien
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Brennan
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Radiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John Caird
- National Centre for Neurosurgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard F Curley
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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van Vliet EA, Ndode-Ekane XE, Lehto LJ, Gorter JA, Andrade P, Aronica E, Gröhn O, Pitkänen A. Long-lasting blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105080. [PMID: 32919030 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes 10-20% of acquired epilepsy, which typically develops within 2 years post-injury with poorly understood mechanisms. We investigated the location, severity, evolution and persistence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and associated neuroinflammation after TBI, and their contribution to post-traumatic seizure susceptibility. METHODS TBI was induced with lateral fluid-percussion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 sham, 12 TBI). Permeability of the BBB was assessed using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadobutrol (Gd) contrast enhancement at 4 days, 2 weeks, 2 months, and 10 months post-injury and with intravenously administered fluorescein at 11 months post-TBI. Continuous (24/7) video-EEG monitoring was performed for 3 weeks at 11 months post-injury followed by the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure-susceptibility test. In the end, rats were perfused for histology to assess albumin extravasation, iron deposits, calcifications, reactive astrocytes, microglia and monocytes. To investigate the translational value of the data obtained, BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation were investigated immunohistochemically in autopsy brain tissue from patients with TBI and PTE. RESULTS MRI indicated persistent Gd leakage in the impacted cortex and thalamus of variable severity in all rats with TBI which correlated with fluorescein extravasation. In the impacted cortex BBB dysfunction was evident from 4 days post-injury onwards to the end of the 10-months follow-up. In the ipsilateral thalamus, leakage was evident at 2 and 10 months post-injury. The greater the BBB leakage in the perilesional cortex at 10 months after the injury, the greater the expression of the endothelial cell antigen RECA-1 (r = 0.734, p < 0.01) and the activated macrophages/monocytes/microglia marker CD68 (r = 0.699, p < 0.05) at 11 months post-injury. Seven of the 12 rats with TBI showed increased seizure susceptibility in the PTZ-test. Unlike expected, we did not find any association between increased Gd-leakage or neuroinflammation with seizure susceptibility at 11 months post-TBI. Analysis of human autopsy tissue indicated that similar to the animal model, chronic BBB dysfunction was also evident in the perilesional cortex and thalamus of patients with PTE, characterized by presence of albumin, iron deposits and calcifications as well as markers of neuroinflammation, including reactive astrocytes, microglia and monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Rats and humans with TBI have long-lasting cortical BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Focal Gd-enhancement matched with loci of neuroinflammation, particularly in the thalamus. Although BBB leakage did not associate with increased seizure susceptibility after TBI, our data suggest that for treatments aimed to mitigate BBB damage and its secondary pathologies like chronic neuroinflammation, there is a region-specific, long-lasting therapeutic time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin A van Vliet
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Lauri J Lehto
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan A Gorter
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pedro Andrade
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Manninen E, Chary K, Lapinlampi N, Andrade P, Paananen T, Sierra A, Tohka J, Gröhn O, Pitkänen A. Early Increase in Cortical T 2 Relaxation Is a Prognostic Biomarker for the Evolution of Severe Cortical Damage, but Not for Epileptogenesis, after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2580-2594. [PMID: 32349620 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognostic biomarkers for post-injury outcome are necessary for the development of neuroprotective and antiepileptogenic treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that T2 relaxation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predicts the progression of perilesional cortical pathology and epileptogenesis. The EPITARGET animal cohort used for MRI analysis included 120 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with TBI induced by lateral fluid-percussion injury and 24 sham-operated controls. T2 MRI was performed at days 2, 7, and 21 post-TBI. The lesioned cortex was outlined, and the T2 value of each imaging voxel within the lesion area was scored using a five-grade pathology classification. Analysis of 1-month video-electroencephalography recordings initiated 5 months post-TBI indicated that 27% (31 of 114) of the animals with TBI developed epilepsy. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that T2-based classification of lesion volume at day 2 and day 7 post-TBI explained the necrotic lesion volume with greatly increased T2 (>102 ms) at day 21 post-TBI (F(13,103) = 52.5; p < 0.001; R2 = 0.87; adjusted R2 = 0.85). The volume of moderately increased (78-102 ms) T2 at day 7 post-TBI predicted the evolution of large (>12 mm3) cortical lesions (area under the curve, 0.92; p < 0.001; cutoff, 1.9 mm3; false positive rate, 0.10; true positive rate, 0.62). Logistic regression analysis, however, showed that the different severities of T2 lesion volumes at days 2, 7, and 21 post-TBI did not explain the development of epilepsy (χ2(18,95) = 18.4; p = 0.427). In addition, the location of the T2 abnormality within the cortex did not correlate with epileptogenesis. A single measurement of T2 relaxation MRI in the acute post-TBI phase is useful for identifying post-TBI subjects at highest risk of developing large cortical lesions, and thus, in the greatest need of neuroprotective therapies after TBI, but not the development of post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eppu Manninen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karthik Chary
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Lapinlampi
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pedro Andrade
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Paananen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Dhar D, Raina K, Kant R, Wempe MF, Serkova NJ, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Bitter melon juice-intake modulates glucose metabolism and lactate efflux in tumors in its efficacy against pancreatic cancer. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:1164-1176. [PMID: 31194859 PMCID: PMC7384253 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The established role of bitter melon juice (BMJ), a natural product, in activating master metabolic regulator adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in pancreatic cancer (PanC) cells served as a basis for pursuing deeper investigation into the underlying metabolic alterations leading to BMJ efficacy in PanC. We investigated the comparative metabolic profiles of PanC cells with differential KRAS mutational status on BMJ exposure. Specifically, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics and in vivo imaging platforms to understand the relevance of altered metabolism in PanC management by BMJ. Multinuclear NMR metabolomics was performed, as a function of time, post-BMJ treatment followed by partial least square discriminant analysis assessments on the quantitative metabolic data sets to visualize the treatment group clustering; altered glucose uptake, lactate export and energy state were identified as the key components responsible for cell death induction. We next employed PANC1 xenograft model for assessing in vivo BMJ efficacy against PanC. Positron emission tomography ([18FDG]-PET) and magnetic resonance imaging on PANC1 tumor-bearing animals reiterated the in vitro results, with BMJ-associated significant changes in tumor volumes, tumor cellularity and glucose uptake. Additional studies in BMJ-treated PanC cells and xenografts displayed a strong decrease in the expression of glucose and lactate transporters GLUT1 and MCT4, respectively, supporting their role in metabolic changes by BMJ. Collectively, these results highlight BMJ-induced modification in PanC metabolomics phenotype and establish primarily lactate efflux and glucose metabolism, specifically GLUT1 and MCT4 transporters, as the potential metabolic targets underlying BMJ efficacy in PanC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanshi Dhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael F Wempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Radiology, Animal Imaging Shared Resources, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Experimental Epileptogenesis and Refractory Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010220. [PMID: 30626103 PMCID: PMC6337422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of neuroimaging biomarkers in experimental epileptogenesis and refractory epilepsy. Neuroimaging represents a gold standard and clinically translatable technique to identify neuropathological changes in epileptogenesis and longitudinally monitor its progression after a precipitating injury. Neuroimaging studies, along with molecular studies from animal models, have greatly improved our understanding of the neuropathology of epilepsy, such as the hallmark hippocampus sclerosis. Animal models are effective for differentiating the different stages of epileptogenesis. Neuroimaging in experimental epilepsy provides unique information about anatomic, functional, and metabolic alterations linked to epileptogenesis. Recently, several in vivo biomarkers for epileptogenesis have been investigated for characterizing neuronal loss, inflammation, blood-brain barrier alterations, changes in neurotransmitter density, neurovascular coupling, cerebral blood flow and volume, network connectivity, and metabolic activity in the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive method for detecting structural and functional changes in the brain, especially to identify region-specific neuronal damage patterns in epilepsy. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computerized tomography are helpful to elucidate key functional alterations, especially in areas of brain metabolism and molecular patterns, and can help monitor pathology of epileptic disorders. Multimodal procedures such as PET-MRI integrated systems are desired for refractory epilepsy. Validated biomarkers are warranted for early identification of people at risk for epilepsy and monitoring of the progression of medical interventions.
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Imaging biomarkers of epileptogenecity after traumatic brain injury - Preclinical frontiers. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:75-85. [PMID: 30321600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a major neurodegenerative disease accounting for 20% of symptomatic epilepsy cases. A long latent phase offers a potential window for prophylactic treatment strategies to prevent epilepsy onset, provided that the patients at risk can be identified. Some promising imaging biomarker candidates for posttraumatic epileptogenesis have been identified, but more are required to provide the specificity and sensitivity for accurate prediction. Experimental models and preclinical longitudinal, multimodal imaging studies allow follow-up of complex cascade of events initiated by traumatic brain injury, as well as monitoring of treatment effects. Preclinical imaging data from the posttraumatic brain are rich in information, yet examination of their specific relevance to epilepsy is lacking. Accumulating evidence from ongoing preclinical studies in TBI support insight into processes involved in epileptogenesis, e.g. inflammation and changes in functional and structural brain-wide connectivity. These efforts are likely to produce both new biomarkers and treatment targets for PTE.
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10
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Missault S, Anckaerts C, Blockx I, Deleye S, Van Dam D, Barriche N, De Pauw G, Aertgeerts S, Valkenburg F, De Deyn PP, Verhaeghe J, Wyffels L, Van der Linden A, Staelens S, Verhoye M, Dedeurwaerdere S. Neuroimaging of Subacute Brain Inflammation and Microstructural Changes Predicts Long-Term Functional Outcome after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:768-788. [PMID: 30032713 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a lack of prognostic biomarkers to predict the different sequelae following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study investigated the hypothesis that subacute neuroinflammation and microstructural changes correlate with chronic TBI deficits. Rats were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury, sham surgery, or skin incision (naïve). CCI-injured (n = 18) and sham-operated rats (n = 6) underwent positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) radioligand [18F]PBR111 and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the subacute phase (≤3 weeks post-injury) to quantify inflammation and microstructural alterations. CCI-injured, sham-operated, and naïve rats (n = 8) underwent behavioral testing in the chronic phase (5.5-10 months post-injury): open field and sucrose preference tests, two one-week video-electroencephalogram (vEEG) monitoring periods, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizure susceptibility tests, and a Morris water maze (MWM) test. In vivo imaging revealed pronounced neuroinflammation, decreased fractional anisotropy, and increased diffusivity in perilesional cortex and ipsilesional hippocampus of CCI-injured rats. Behavioral analysis revealed disinhibition, anhedonia, increased seizure susceptibility, and impaired learning in CCI-injured rats. Subacute TSPO expression and changes in DTI metrics significantly correlated with several chronic deficits (Pearson's |r| = 0.50-0.90). Certain specific PET and DTI parameters had good sensitivity and specificity (area under the receiver operator characteristic [ROC] curve = 0.85-1.00) to distinguish between TBI animals with and without particular behavioral deficits. Depending on the investigated behavioral deficit, PET or DTI data alone, or the combination, could very well predict the variability in functional outcome data (adjusted R2 = 0.54-1.00). Taken together, both TSPO PET and DTI seem promising prognostic biomarkers to predict different chronic TBI sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Missault
- 1 Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium .,2 Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Cynthia Anckaerts
- 2 Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ines Blockx
- 2 Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Deleye
- 3 Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- 4 Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Barriche
- 1 Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Glenn De Pauw
- 1 Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Aertgeerts
- 1 Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Femke Valkenburg
- 4 Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- 4 Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- 3 Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Leonie Wyffels
- 3 Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium .,5 Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp , Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- 2 Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- 3 Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- 2 Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- 6 Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Belgium
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11
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Smith D, Rau T, Poulsen A, MacWilliams Z, Patterson D, Kelly W, Poulsen D. Convulsive seizures and EEG spikes after lateral fluid-percussion injury in the rat. Epilepsy Res 2018; 147:87-94. [PMID: 30286390 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The rat lateral fluid-percussion injury (FPI) model has been used extensively to study post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Epidemiological studies have reported that the risk of PTE is higher after more severe injury. Adult, male Wistar rats subjected to different atmospheric pressures of injury during FPI showed great variability in injury severity when functional behavior was determined based on the Neurological Severity Score (NSS) assessment. When NSS was used to select rats with the most severe FPI-induced brain injury, 63% of rats experienced at least one convulsive seizure 2-5 weeks after FPI. This same cohort of rats (i.e., selected for severe TBI based on NSS) were significantly more susceptible to PTZ-induced seizures compared to sham controls. Video/EEG recordings from a second cohort of rats with severe FPI-induced injury (based on NSS) showed a similar incidence and frequency of spike wave discharges between rats with severe TBI and sham controls. However, the rate of isolated EEG spikes was greater in rats with severe FPI-induced injury compared to sham controls. These data suggest that convulsive seizures can be obtained in FPI-treated rats when NSS is used as an inclusion criterion to select rats with severe injury. Furthermore, although spike-wave discharges were equally prevalent in rats with severe FPI and sham controls, spontaneous spikes were more prevalent in the rats with severe FPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Smith
- University of Montana, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Thomas Rau
- University of Montana, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Austin Poulsen
- University of Montana, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Ziven MacWilliams
- University of Montana, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - David Patterson
- University of Montana, Department of Mathematics, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - William Kelly
- University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - David Poulsen
- University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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12
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Ignowski E, Winter AN, Duval N, Fleming H, Wallace T, Manning E, Koza L, Huber K, Serkova NJ, Linseman DA. The cysteine-rich whey protein supplement, Immunocal®, preserves brain glutathione and improves cognitive, motor, and histopathological indices of traumatic brain injury in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:328-341. [PMID: 29940352 PMCID: PMC6211803 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem estimated to affect nearly 1.7 million people in the United States annually. Due to the often debilitating effects of TBI, novel preventative agents are highly desirable for at risk populations. Here, we tested a whey protein supplement, Immunocal®, for its potential to enhance resilience to TBI. Immunocal® is a non-denatured whey protein preparation which has been shown to act as a cysteine delivery system to increase levels of the essential antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Twice daily oral supplementation of CD1 mice with Immunocal® for 28 days prior to receiving a moderate TBI prevented an ~ 25% reduction in brain GSH/GSSG observed in untreated TBI mice. Immunocal® had no significant effect on the primary mechanical injury induced by TBI, as assessed by MRI, changes in Tau phosphorylation, and righting reflex time or apnea. However, pre-injury supplementation with Immunocal® resulted in statistically significant improvements in motor function (beam walk and rotarod) and cognitive function (Barnes maze). We also observed a significant preservation of corpus callosum width (axonal myelination), a significant decrease in degenerating neurons, a reduction in Iba1 (microglial marker), decreased lipid peroxidation, and preservation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brains of Immunocal®-pretreated mice compared to untreated TBI mice. Taken together, these data indicate that pre-injury supplementation with Immunocal® significantly enhances the resilience to TBI induced by a moderate closed head injury in mice. We conclude that Immunocal® may hold significant promise as a preventative agent for TBI, particularly in certain high risk populations such as athletes and military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ignowski
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States.
| | - Aimee N Winter
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States.
| | - Nathan Duval
- University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States.
| | - Holly Fleming
- University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States.
| | - Tyler Wallace
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States.
| | - Evan Manning
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States.
| | - Lilia Koza
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States.
| | - Kendra Huber
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Daniel A Linseman
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences and Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, 2155 E. Wesley Ave., Denver, CO 80208, United States.
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13
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Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an important tool to study various animal models of degenerative diseases. This chapter describes routine protocols of T 1-, T 2-, and T 2*-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI for rodent brain and spinal cord. These protocols can be used to measure atrophy, axonal and myelin injury and changes in white matter connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Wang W, Zhang H, Lee DH, Yu J, Cheng T, Hong M, Jiang S, Fan H, Huang X, Zhou J, Wang J. Using functional and molecular MRI techniques to detect neuroinflammation and neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:344-353. [PMID: 28455264 PMCID: PMC5572149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether functional and molecular MRI techniques are sensitive biomarkers for assessment of neuroinflammation and drug efficacy after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. We subjected rats to a controlled cortical impact model and used behavioral tests, histology, and immunofluorescence to assess whether flavonoid pinocembrin provides cerebral protection and improves functional recovery. Most importantly, we used multiple noninvasive structural, functional, and molecular MRI techniques to examine whether the pinocembrin-related neuroprotection and attenuation of neuroinflammation can be detected in vivo. Significant increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI signals were observed in the perilesional areas in untreated TBI rats at 3days and could be attributed to increased glial response. In addition, increased apparent diffusion coefficient and decreased magnetization transfer ratio signals in untreated TBI rats over time were likely due to edema. Post-treatment with pinocembrin decreased microglial/macrophage activation at 3days, consistent with the recovery of CBF and APTw MRI signals in regions of secondary injury. These findings suggest that pinocembrin provides cerebral protection for TBI and that multiple MRI signals, CBF and APTw in particular, are sensitive biomarkers for identification and assessment of neuroinflammation and drug efficacy in the TBI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA,Department of Radiology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Doon-Hoon Lee
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jintao Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Gerontology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Institute of TCM-Related Comorbid Depression, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianling Road, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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15
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Hutchinson EB, Schwerin SC, Avram AV, Juliano SL, Pierpaoli C. Diffusion MRI and the detection of alterations following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:612-625. [PMID: 28609579 PMCID: PMC5729069 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a review of brain tissue alterations that may be detectable using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging MRI (dMRI) approaches and an overview and perspective on the modern dMRI toolkits for characterizing alterations that follow traumatic brain injury (TBI). Noninvasive imaging is a cornerstone of clinical treatment of TBI and has become increasingly used for preclinical and basic research studies. In particular, quantitative MRI methods have the potential to distinguish and evaluate the complex collection of neurobiological responses to TBI arising from pathology, neuroprotection, and recovery. dMRI provides unique information about the physical environment in tissue and can be used to probe physiological, architectural, and microstructural features. Although well‐established approaches such as diffusion tensor imaging are known to be highly sensitive to changes in the tissue environment, more advanced dMRI techniques have been developed that may offer increased specificity or new information for describing abnormalities. These tools are promising, but incompletely understood in the context of TBI. Furthermore, model dependencies and relative limitations may impact the implementation of these approaches and the interpretation of abnormalities in their metrics. The objective of this paper is to present a basic review and comparison across dMRI methods as they pertain to the detection of the most commonly observed tissue and cellular alterations following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Hutchinson
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan C Schwerin
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexandru V Avram
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sharon L Juliano
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlo Pierpaoli
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Deep G, Kumar R, Nambiar DK, Jain AK, Ramteke AM, Serkova NJ, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits hypoxia-induced HIF-1α-mediated signaling, angiogenesis and lipogenesis in prostate cancer cells: In vitro evidence and in vivo functional imaging and metabolomics. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:833-848. [PMID: 27533043 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is associated with aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa) patients suggesting that PCa growth and progression could be controlled via targeting hypoxia-induced signaling and biological effects. Here, we analyzed silibinin (a natural flavonoid) efficacy to target cell growth, angiogenesis, and metabolic changes in human PCa, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 cells under hypoxic condition. Silibinin treatment inhibited the proliferation, clonogenicity, and endothelial cells tube formation by hypoxic (1% O2 ) PCa cells. Interestingly, hypoxia promoted a lipogenic phenotype in PCa cells via activating acetyl-Co A carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) that was inhibited by silibinin treatment. Importantly, silibinin treatment strongly decreased hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression in PCa cells together with a strong reduction in hypoxia-induced NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity. HIF-1α overexpression in LNCaP cells significantly increased the lipid accumulation and NOX activity; however, silibinin treatment reduced HIF-1α expression, lipid levels, clonogenicity, and NOX activity even in HIF-1α overexpressing LNCaP cells. In vivo, silibinin feeding (200 mg/kg body weight) to male nude mice with 22Rv1 tumors, specifically inhibited tumor vascularity (measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI) resulting in tumor growth inhibition without directly inducing necrosis (as revealed by diffusion-weighted MRI). Silibinin feeding did not significantly affect tumor glucose uptake measured by FDG-PET; however, reduced the lipid synthesis measured by quantitative 1 H-NMR metabolomics. IHC analyses of tumor tissues confirmed that silibinin feeding decreased proliferation and angiogenesis as well as reduced HIF-1α, FASN, and ACC levels. Together, these findings further support silibinin usefulness against PCa through inhibiting hypoxia-induced signaling. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dhanya K Nambiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anil K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anand M Ramteke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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17
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Servatius RJ, Marx CE, Sinha S, Avcu P, Kilts JD, Naylor JC, Pang KCH. Brain and Serum Androsterone Is Elevated in Response to Stress in Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:379. [PMID: 27616978 PMCID: PMC4999428 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to lateral fluid percussion (LFP) injury consistent with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) persistently attenuates acoustic startle responses (ASRs) in rats. Here, we examined whether the experience of head trauma affects stress reactivity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were matched for ASRs and randomly assigned to receive mTBI through LFP or experience a sham surgery (SHAM). ASRs were measured post injury days (PIDs) 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. To assess neurosteroids, rats received a single 2.0 mA, 0.5 s foot shock on PID 34 (S34), PID 35 (S35), on both days (2S), or the experimental context (CON). Levels of the neurosteroids pregnenolone (PREG), allopregnanolone (ALLO), and androsterone (ANDRO) were determined for the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. For 2S rats, repeated blood samples were obtained at 15, 30, and 60 min post-stressor for determination of corticosterone (CORT) levels after stress or context on PID 34. Similar to earlier work, ASRs were severely attenuated in mTBI rats without remission for 28 days after injury. No differences were observed between mTBI and SHAM rats in basal CORT, peak CORT levels or its recovery. In serum and brain, ANDRO levels were the most stress-sensitive. Stress-induced ANDRO elevations were greater than those in mTBI rats. As a positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors, increased brain ANDRO levels are expected to be anxiolytic. The impact of brain ANDRO elevations in the aftermath of mTBI on coping warrants further elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Servatius
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical CenterSyracuse, NY, USA; Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Christine E Marx
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness, Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of MedicineDurham, NC, USA
| | - Swamini Sinha
- Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Pelin Avcu
- Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Jason D Kilts
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness, Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of MedicineDurham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer C Naylor
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness, Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of MedicineDurham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin C H Pang
- Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care SystemEast Orange, NJ, USA
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18
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Abstract
Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most common and devastating complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Currently, the etiopathology and mechanisms of PTE are poorly understood and as a result, there is no effective treatment or means to prevent it. Antiepileptic drugs remain common preventive strategies in the management of TBI to control acute posttraumatic seizures and to prevent the development of PTE, although their efficacy in the latter case is disputed. Different strategies of PTE prophylaxis have been showing promise in preclinical models, but their translation to the clinic still remains elusive due in part to the variability of these models and the fact they do not recapitulate all complex pathologies associated with human TBI. TBI is a multifaceted disorder reflected in several potentially epileptogenic alterations in the brain, including mechanical neuronal and vascular damage, parenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage, subsequent toxicity caused by iron-rich hemoglobin breakdown products, and energy disruption resulting in secondary injuries, including excitotoxicity, gliosis, and neuroinflammation, often coexisting to a different degree. Several in vivo models have been developed to reproduce the acute TBI cascade of events, to reflect its anatomical pathologies, and to replicate neurological deficits. Although acute and chronic recurrent posttraumatic seizures are well-recognized phenomena in these models, there is only a limited number of studies focused on PTE. The most used mechanical TBI models with documented electroencephalographic and behavioral seizures with remote epileptogenesis include fluid percussion, controlled cortical impact, and weight-drop. This chapter describes the most popular models of PTE-induced TBI models, focusing on the controlled cortical impact and the fluid percussion injury models, the methods of behavioral and electroencephalogram seizure assessments, and other approaches to detect epileptogenic properties, and discusses their potential application for translational research.
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19
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Sartorius CA, Hanna CT, Gril B, Cruz H, Serkova NJ, Huber KM, Kabos P, Schedin TB, Borges VF, Steeg PS, Cittelly DM. Estrogen promotes the brain metastatic colonization of triple negative breast cancer cells via an astrocyte-mediated paracrine mechanism. Oncogene 2015; 35:2881-92. [PMID: 26411365 PMCID: PMC4809801 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are a devastating consequence of breast cancer. BM occur more frequently in patients with estrogen receptor-negative (ER−) breast cancer subtypes; HER2 overexpressing (HER2+) tumors and triple-negative (TN) (ER−, progesterone receptor-negative (PR−) and normal HER2) tumors. Young age is an independent risk factor for development of BM, thus we speculated that higher circulating estrogens in young, pre-menopausal women could exert paracrine effects through the highly estrogen-responsive brain microenvironment. Using a TN experimental metastases model, we demonstrate that ovariectomy decreased the frequency of MRI detectable lesions by 56% as compared to estrogen supplementation, and that the combination of ovariectomy and letrozole further reduced the frequency of large lesions to 14.4% of the estrogen control. Human BM expressed 4.2-48.4% ER+ stromal area, particularly ER+ astrocytes. In vitro, E2-treated astrocytes increased proliferation, migration and invasion of 231BR-EGFP cells in an ER-dependent manner. E2 upregulated EGFR ligands Egf, Ereg, and Tgfa mRNA and protein levels in astrocytes, and activated EGFR in brain metastatic cells. Co-culture of 231BR-EGFP cells with E2-treated astrocytes led to upregulation of the metastatic mediator S100 Calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4) (1.78-fold, P<0.05). Exogenous EGF increased S100A4 mRNA levels in 231BR-EGFP cells (1.40±0.02 fold, P<0.01 compared to vehicle-control) and an EGFR/HER2 inhibitor blocked this effect, suggesting that S100A4 is a downstream effector of EGFR activation. ShRNA-mediated S100A4 silencing in 231BR-EGFP cells decreased their migration and invasion in response to E2-CM, abolished their increased proliferation in co-cultures with E2-treated astrocytes, and decreased brain metastatic colonization. Thus, S100A4 is one effector of the paracrine action of E2 in brain metastatic cells. These studies provide a novel mechanism by which estrogens, acting through ER+ astrocytes in the brain microenvironment, can promote BM of TN breast cancers, and suggests existing endocrine agents may provide some clinical benefit towards reducing and managing BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C T Hanna
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - B Gril
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - N J Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - K M Huber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P Kabos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T B Schedin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - V F Borges
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D M Cittelly
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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20
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Dedeurwaerdere S, Shultz SR, Federico P, Engel J. Workshop on Neurobiology of Epilepsy appraisal: new systemic imaging technologies to study the brain in experimental models of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55:819-28. [PMID: 24836499 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modern functional neuroimaging provides opportunities to visualize activity of the entire brain, making it an indispensable diagnostic tool for epilepsy. Various forms of noninvasive functional neuroimaging are now also being performed as research tools in animal models of epilepsy and provide opportunities for parallel animal/human investigations into fundamental mechanisms of epilepsy and identification of epilepsy biomarkers. Recent animal studies of epilepsy using positron emission tomography, tractography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed. Epilepsy is an abnormal emergent property of disturbances in neuronal networks which, even for epilepsies characterized by focal seizures, involve widely distributed systems, often in both hemispheres. Functional neuroimaging in animal models now provides opportunities to examine neuronal disturbances in the whole brain that underlie generalized and focal seizure generation as well as various types of epileptogenesis. Tremendous advances in understanding the contribution of specific properties of widely distributed neuronal networks to both normal and abnormal human behavior have been provided by current functional neuroimaging methodologies. Successful application of functional neuroimaging of the whole brain in the animal laboratory now permits investigations during epileptogenesis and correlation with deep brain electroencephalography (EEG) activity. With the continuing development of these techniques and analytical methods, the potential for future translational research on epilepsy is enormous. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
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21
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Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological conditions worldwide. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) can suppress seizures, but do not affect the underlying epileptic state, and many epilepsy patients are unable to attain seizure control with AEDs. To cure or prevent epilepsy, disease-modifying interventions that inhibit or reverse the disease process of epileptogenesis must be developed. A major limitation in the development and implementation of such an intervention is the current poor understanding, and the lack of reliable biomarkers, of the epileptogenic process. Neuroimaging represents a non-invasive medical and research tool with the ability to identify early pathophysiological changes involved in epileptogenesis, monitor disease progression, and assess the effectiveness of possible therapies. Here we will provide an overview of studies conducted in animal models and in patients with epilepsy that have utilized various neuroimaging modalities to investigate epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Melbourne Brain Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Building 144, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia,
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