1
|
Marvin-Peek J, Gilbert JS, Pollyea DA, DiNardo CD. Frontline therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with lower intensity regimens: Where are we now and where can we go? Am J Hematol 2024; 99:1790-1801. [PMID: 39016070 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The advent of molecularly targeted therapeutics has transformed the management of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Particularly for individuals unfit for intensive chemotherapy, lower intensity therapies (LIT) incorporating small molecules have significantly improved patient outcomes. With BCL2, IDH1, IDH2, and FLT3 inhibitors widely used for relapsed AML, combination regimens are now utilized in the frontline. Expansion of these targeted LIT combinations, along with development of novel agents including menin inhibitors, exemplifies the promise of precision medicine. Further understanding of molecular drivers of leukemic transformation and mechanisms of relapse will continue to advance frontline treatment options for patients with AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Marvin-Peek
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason S Gilbert
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Banchi M, Cox MC, Bocci G. Metronomic chemotherapy in hematology: Lessons from preclinical and clinical studies to build a solid rationale for future schedules. Cancer Lett 2024; 591:216900. [PMID: 38636896 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy (mCHEMO), based on frequent, regular administration of low, but pharmacologically active drug doses, optimizes antitumor efficacy by targeting multiple targets and reducing toxicity of antineoplastic drugs. This minireview will summarize preclinical and clinical studies on cytotoxic drugs given at weekly, daily, or at continuous metronomic schedules alone or in combination with novel targeted agents for hematological malignancies, including lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia. Most of the preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies have reported a significant benefit of both mCHEMO monotherapy and combinatorial regimens compared with chemotherapy at the maximum tolerated dose. However, the combination of mCHEMO with targeted drugs is still little explored in the hematologic clinical setting. Data obtained from preclinical studies on low dose metronomic chemotherapy in hematological malignancies clearly suggested the possibility to clinically investigate more tolerable and effective strategies for the treatment of patients with advanced hematological malignancies, or at least for those frail and elderly patients, who are not eligible or resistant to standard treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Banchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Guido Bocci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Short NJ, Daver N, Dinardo CD, Kadia T, Nasr LF, Macaron W, Yilmaz M, Borthakur G, Montalban-Bravo G, Garcia-Manero G, Issa GC, Chien KS, Jabbour E, Nasnas C, Huang X, Qiao W, Matthews J, Stojanik CJ, Patel KP, Abramova R, Thankachan J, Konopleva M, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F. Azacitidine, Venetoclax, and Gilteritinib in Newly Diagnosed and Relapsed or Refractory FLT3-Mutated AML. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:1499-1508. [PMID: 38277619 PMCID: PMC11095865 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Azacitidine plus venetoclax is a standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed AML who are unfit for intensive chemotherapy. However, FLT3 mutations are a common mechanism of resistance to this regimen. The addition of gilteritinib, an oral FLT3 inhibitor, to azacitidine and venetoclax may improve outcomes in patients with FLT3-mutated AML. METHODS This phase I/II study evaluated azacitidine, venetoclax, and gilteritinib in two cohorts: patients with (1) newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML who were unfit for intensive chemotherapy or (2) relapsed/refractory FLT3-mutated AML (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04140487). The primary end points were the maximum tolerated dose of gilteritinib (phase I) and the combined complete remission (CR)/CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi) rate (phase II). RESULTS Fifty-two patients were enrolled (frontline [n = 30]; relapsed/refractory [n = 22]). The recommended phase II dose was gilteritinib 80 mg once daily in combination with azacitidine and venetoclax. In the frontline cohort, the median age was 71 years and 73% of patients had an FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation. The CR/CRi rate was 96% (CR, 90%; CRi, 6%). Sixty-five percent of evaluable patients achieved FLT3-ITD measurable residual disease <5 × 10-5 within four cycles. With a median follow-up of 19.3 months, the median relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) have not been reached and the 18-month RFS and OS rates are 71% and 72%, respectively. In the relapsed/refractory cohort, the CR/CRi rate was 27%; nine additional patients (41%) achieved a morphologic leukemia-free state. The most common grade 3 or higher nonhematologic adverse events were infection (62%) and febrile neutropenia (38%), which were more frequent in the relapsed/refractory cohort. CONCLUSION The combination of azacitidine, venetoclax, and gilteritinib resulted in high rates of CR/CRi, deep FLT3 molecular responses, and encouraging survival in newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML. Myelosuppression was manageable with mitigative dosing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Short
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Courtney D. Dinardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tapan Kadia
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lewis F. Nasr
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Walid Macaron
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Ghayas C. Issa
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kelly S. Chien
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Cedric Nasnas
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xuelin Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wei Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jairo Matthews
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Keyur P. Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Regina Abramova
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer Thankachan
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murdock HM, Ho VT, Garcia JS. Innovations in conditioning and post-transplant maintenance in AML: genomically informed revelations on the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1359113. [PMID: 38571944 PMCID: PMC10987864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1359113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the prototype of cancer genomics as it was the first published cancer genome. Large-scale next generation/massively parallel sequencing efforts have identified recurrent alterations that inform prognosis and have guided the development of targeted therapies. Despite changes in the frontline and relapsed standard of care stemming from the success of small molecules targeting FLT3, IDH1/2, and apoptotic pathways, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) and the resulting graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect remains the only curative path for most patients. Advances in conditioning regimens, graft-vs-host disease prophylaxis, anti-infective agents, and supportive care have made this modality feasible, reducing transplant related mortality even among patients with advanced age or medical comorbidities. As such, relapse has emerged now as the most common cause of transplant failure. Relapse may occur after alloHSCT because residual disease clones persist after transplant, and develop immune escape from GVL, or such clones may proliferate rapidly early after alloHSCT, and outpace donor immune reconstitution, leading to relapse before any GVL effect could set in. To address this issue, genomically informed therapies are increasingly being incorporated into pre-transplant conditioning, or as post-transplant maintenance or pre-emptive therapy in the setting of mixed/falling donor chimerism or persistent detectable measurable residual disease (MRD). There is an urgent need to better understand how these emerging therapies modulate the two sides of the GVHD vs. GVL coin: 1) how molecularly or immunologically targeted therapies affect engraftment, GVHD potential, and function of the donor graft and 2) how these therapies affect the immunogenicity and sensitivity of leukemic clones to the GVL effect. By maximizing the synergistic action of molecularly targeted agents, immunomodulating agents, conventional chemotherapy, and the GVL effect, there is hope for improving outcomes for patients with this often-devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Moses Murdock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vincent T. Ho
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacqueline S. Garcia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Copland M, Ariti C, Thomas IF, Upton L, Sydenham M, Mehta P, Islam S, Kjeldsen L, Burnett AK, Hills RK, Russell N, Dennis M. A randomised evaluation of low-dose cytosine arabinoside plus lenalidomide versus single-agent low-dose cytosine arabinoside in older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: Results from the LI-1 trial. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:871-876. [PMID: 38016651 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Improving outcomes for older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia remains an unmet need. As part of the LI-1 trial, we evaluated lenalidomide (LEN) in combination with low-dose cytosine arabinoside (LDAC) in patients aged >60 years unfit for intensive therapy and compared this to LDAC alone. Two hundred and two patients, randomised 1:1, were evaluable. Overall response rate (CR + CRi) was higher for LDAC + LEN versus LDAC (26% and 13.7% respectively p = 0.031). However, there was no difference in overall survival between the arms (14% and 11.5% at 2 years for LDAC + LEN and LDAC respectively). The addition of LEN was associated with increased toxicity and supportive care requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi Copland
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cono Ariti
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Oxon Epidemiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian F Thomas
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Laura Upton
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mia Sydenham
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Priyanka Mehta
- University Hospitals of Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Shahid Islam
- Department of Haematology, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Lars Kjeldsen
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan K Burnett
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert K Hills
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdel-Aziz AK, Dokla EME, Saadeldin MK. FLT3 inhibitors and novel therapeutic strategies to reverse AML resistance: An updated comprehensive review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 191:104139. [PMID: 37717880 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations occur in almost 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Despite the initial clinical efficacy of FLT3 inhibitors, many treated AML patients with mutated FLT3 eventually relapse. This review critically discusses the opportunities and challenges of FLT3-targeted therapies and sheds light on their drug interactions as well as potential biomarkers. Furthermore, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) AMLs to FLT3 inhibitors alongside novel therapeutic strategies to reverse resistance. Notably, dynamic heterogeneous patterns of clonal selection and evolution contribute to the resistance of FLT3-ITD AMLs to FLT3 inhibitors. Ongoing preclinical research and clinical trials are actively directed towards devising rational "personalized" or "patient-tailored" combinatorial therapeutic regimens to effectively treat patients with FLT3 mutated AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Smart Health Initiative, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eman M E Dokla
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mona Kamal Saadeldin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Leahy Drive, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Short NJ, Nguyen D, Ravandi F. Treatment of older adults with FLT3-mutated AML: Emerging paradigms and the role of frontline FLT3 inhibitors. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:142. [PMID: 37696819 PMCID: PMC10495326 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00911-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
FLT3 is the most frequently mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations being associated with a more aggressive clinical course. While two large, randomized clinical trials have shown a survival benefit with the frontline use of an oral FLT3 inhibitor (midostaurin or quizartinib) in patients with FLT3-mutated AML, the role of FLT3 inhibitors in older adults with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML remains unclear. A definitive improvement in survival has not been observed in intensively treated patients over 60 years of age receiving frontline FLT3 inhibitors. Furthermore, many patients with FLT3-mutated AML are unsuitable for intensive chemotherapy due to age and/or comorbidities, and this population represents a particular unmet need. For these older patients who are unfit for intensive approaches, azacitidine + venetoclax is a new standard of care and is used by many clinicians irrespective of FLT3 mutation status. However, FLT3-ITD mutations confer resistance to venetoclax and are a well-established mechanism of relapse to lower-intensity venetoclax-based regimens, leading to short durations of remission and poor survival. Preclinical and clinical data suggest synergy between FLT3 inhibitors and venetoclax, providing rationale for their combination. Novel strategies to safely incorporate FLT3 inhibitors into the standard hypomethylating agent + venetoclax backbone are now being explored in this older, less fit population with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML, with encouraging early results. Herein, we discuss the frontline use of FLT3 inhibitors in older adults with FLT3-mutated AML, including the potential role of FLT3 inhibitors in combination with intensive chemotherapy and as part of novel, lower-intensity doublet and triplet regimens in this older population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Short
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tecik M, Adan A. Therapeutic Targeting of FLT3 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Status and Novel Approaches. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1449-1478. [PMID: 36474506 PMCID: PMC9719701 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s384293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is mutated in approximately 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The presence of FLT3-ITD (internal tandem duplication, 20-25%) mutation and, to a lesser extent, FLT3-TKD (tyrosine kinase domain, 5-10%) mutation is associated with poorer diagnosis and therapy response since the leukemic cells become hyperproliferative and resistant to apoptosis after continuous activation of FLT3 signaling. Targeting FLT3 has been the focus of many pre-clinical and clinical studies. Hence, many small-molecule FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3is) have been developed, some of which are approved such as midostaurin and gilteritinib to be used in different clinical settings, either in combination with chemotherapy or alone. However, many questions regarding the best treatment strategy remain to be answered. On the other hand, various FLT3-dependent and -independent resistance mechanisms could be evolved during FLT3i therapy which limit their clinical impact. Therefore, identifying molecular mechanisms of resistance and developing novel strategies to overcome this obstacle is a current interest in the field. In this review, recent studies of approved FLT3i and knowledge about major resistance mechanisms of clinically approved FLT3i's will be discussed together with novel treatment approaches such as designing novel FLT3i and dual FLT3i and combination strategies including approved FLT3i plus small-molecule agents targeting altered molecules in the resistant cells to abrogate resistance. Moreover, how to choose an appropriate FLT3i for the patients will be summarized based on what is currently known from available clinical data. In addition, strategies beyond FLT3i's including immunotherapeutics, small-molecule FLT3 degraders, and flavonoids will be summarized to highlight potential alternatives in FLT3-mutated AML therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Tecik
- Bioengineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aysun Adan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lara JJ, Bencomo-Alvarez AE, Gonzalez MA, Olivas IM, Young JE, Lopez JL, Velazquez VV, Glovier S, Keivan M, Rubio AJ, Dang SK, Solecki JP, Allen JC, Tapia DN, Tychhon B, Astudillo GE, Jordan C, Chandrashekar DS, Eiring AM. 19S Proteasome Subunits as Oncogenes and Prognostic Biomarkers in FLT3-Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314586. [PMID: 36498916 PMCID: PMC9740165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
26S proteasome non-ATPase subunits 1 (PSMD1) and 3 (PSMD3) were recently identified as prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and multiple solid tumors. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of 19S proteasome subunits in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with mutations in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene and assessed their impact on overall survival (OS). High levels of PSMD3 but not PSMD1 expression correlated with a worse OS in FLT3-mutated AML. Consistent with an oncogenic role for PSMD3 in AML, shRNA-mediated PSMD3 knockdown impaired colony formation of FLT3+ AML cell lines, which correlated with increased OS in xenograft models. While PSMD3 regulated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcriptional activity in CML, we did not observe similar effects in FLT3+ AML cells. Rather, proteomics analyses suggested a role for PSMD3 in neutrophil degranulation and energy metabolism. Finally, we identified additional PSMD subunits that are upregulated in AML patients with mutated versus wild-type FLT3, which correlated with worse outcomes. These findings suggest that different components of the 19S regulatory complex of the 26S proteasome can have indications for OS and may serve as prognostic biomarkers in AML and other types of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Lara
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Alfonso E. Bencomo-Alvarez
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Mayra A. Gonzalez
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Idaly M. Olivas
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - James E. Young
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jose L. Lopez
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Vanessa V. Velazquez
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Steven Glovier
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Mehrshad Keivan
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Andres J. Rubio
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Sara K. Dang
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Solecki
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jesse C. Allen
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Desiree N. Tapia
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Boranai Tychhon
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Gonzalo E. Astudillo
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Connor Jordan
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Darshan S. Chandrashekar
- Department of Pathology-Molecular & Cellular, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Anna M. Eiring
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(915)-215-4812
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dennis M, Copland M, Kaur H, Kell J, Nikolousis E, Mehta P, Palanicawandar R, Potter V, Raj K, Thomas I, Wilson A. Management of older patients with frailty and acute myeloid leukaemia: A British Society for Haematology good practice paper. Br J Haematol 2022; 199:205-221. [PMID: 36000944 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dennis
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Mhairi Copland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Priyanka Mehta
- University Hospitals of Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Kavita Raj
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Wilson
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
High-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Pediatric Prospective. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061405. [PMID: 35740427 PMCID: PMC9220202 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia is a clonal disorder characterized by malignant transformation of the hematopoietic stem cell. The incidence and the outcome remain inferior when compared to pediatric ALL, although prognosis has improved in the last decades, with 80% overall survival rate reported in some studies. The standard therapeutic approach is a combined cytarabine and anthracycline-based regimen followed by consolidation with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) for high-risk AML and allo-SCT for non-high-risk patients only in second complete remission after relapse. In the last decade, several drugs have been used in clinical trials to improve outcomes in pediatric AML treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
FLT3-targeted treatment for acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:351-363. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
13
|
Senapati J, Kadia TM. Which FLT3 Inhibitor for Treatment of AML? Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:359-380. [PMID: 35258791 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Treatment options in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have improved significantly over the last decade with better understanding of disease biology and availability of a multitude of targeted therapies. The use of FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i) in FLT3-mutated (FLT3mut) AML is one such development; however, the clinical decisions that govern their use and dictate the choice of the FLT3i are evolving. Midostaurin and gilteritinib are FDA-approved in specific situations; however, available data from clinical trials also shed light on the utility of sorafenib maintenance post-allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and quizartinib as part of combination therapy in FLT3mut AML. The knowledge of the patient's concurrent myeloid mutations, type of FLT3 mutation, prior FLT3i use, and eligibility for allo-SCT helps to refine the choice of FLT3i. Data from ongoing studies will further precisely define their use and help in making more informed choices. Despite improvements in FLT3i therapy, the definitive aim is to enable the eligible patient with FLT3mut AML (esp. ITD) to proceed to allo-SCT with regimens containing FLT3i incorporated prior to SCT and as maintenance after SCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayastu Senapati
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. - Unit 428, Houston, 77030, USA
| | - Tapan Mahendra Kadia
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. - Unit 428, Houston, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|