Hospital and emergency department utilization associated with treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a managed-care Medicare population

Survival associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among SEER-Medicare beneficiaries with non-small-cell lung cancer

Objective: We investigated the impact of preexisting COPD and its subtypes, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, on overall survival among Medicare enrollees diagnosed with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods: Using SEER-Medicare data, we included patients ≥66 years of age diagnosed with NSCLC at any disease stage between 2006 and 2010 and continuously enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B in the 12 months prior to diagnosis. Preexisting COPD in patients with NSCLC were identified using ICD-9 codes. Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank tests were used to examine overall survival by COPD status and COPD subtype. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were fit to assess the risk of death after cancer diagnosis.

Results: We identified 66,963 lung cancer patients. Of these, 22,497 (33.60%) had documented COPD before NSCLC diagnosis. For each stage of NSCLC, median survival was shorter in the COPD compared to the non-COPD group (Stage I: 692 days vs 1,130 days, P<0.0001; Stage II: 473 days vs 627 days, P<0.0001; Stage III: 224 days vs 229 days; P<0.0001; Stage IV: 106 days vs 112 days, P<0.0001). For COPD subtype, median survival for patients with preexisting chronic bronchitis was shorter compared to emphysema across all stages of NSCLC (Stage I: 672 days vs 811 days, P<0.0001; Stage II 582 days vs 445 days, P<0.0001; Stage III: 255 days vs 229 days, P<0.0001; Stage IV: 105 days vs 112 days, P<0.0001). In Cox proportional hazard model, COPD patients exhibited 11% increase in risk of death than non-COPD patients (HR: 1.11, 95%CI: 1.09–1.13).

Conclusion: NSCLC patients with preexisting COPD had shorter survival with marked differences in early stages of lung cancer. Chronic bronchitis demonstrated a greater association with time to death than emphysema.

Healthcare utilization and costs associated with COPD among SEER-Medicare beneficiaries with NSCLC

AIM

To estimate the healthcare utilization and costs in elderly lung cancer patients with and without pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

METHODS

Using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data, this study identified patients with lung cancer between 2006-2010, at least 66 years of age, and continuously enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B in the 12 months prior to cancer diagnosis. The diagnosis of pre-existing COPD in lung cancer patients was identified using ICD-9 codes. Healthcare utilization and costs were categorized as inpatient hospitalizations, skilled nursing facility (SNF) use, physician office visits, ER visits, and outpatient encounters for every stage of lung cancer. The adjusted analysis was performed using a generalized linear model for healthcare costs and a negative binomial model for healthcare utilization.

RESULTS

Inpatient admissions in the COPD group increased for each stage of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared to the non-COPD group per 100 person-months (Stage I: 14.67 vs 9.49 stays, p < .0001; Stage II: 14.13 vs 10.78 stays, p < .0001; Stage III: 28.31 vs 18.91 stays, p < .0001; Stage IV: 49.5 vs 31.24 stays, p < .0001). A similar trend was observed for outpatient visits, with an increase in utilization among the COPD group (Stage I: 1136.04 vs 796 visits, p < .0001; Stage II: 1325.12 vs 983.26 visits, p < .0001; Stage III: 2025.47 vs 1656.64 visits, p < .0001; Stage IV: 2825.73 vs 2422.26 visits, p < .0001). Total direct costs per person-month in patients with pre-existing COPD were significantly higher than the non-COPD group across all services ($54,799.16 vs $41,862.91). Outpatient visits represented the largest cost category across all services in both groups, with higher costs among the COPD group ($41,203 vs $31,140.08).

CONCLUSION

Healthcare utilization and costs among lung cancer patients with pre-existing COPD was ∼2-3-times higher than the non-COPD group.

Observational Studies of Inhaled Corticosteroid Effectiveness in COPD: Lessons Learned

BACKGROUND

Randomized controlled trials at times investigate findings suggested by observational studies. For example, the Towards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) trial, which did not show a mortality reduction with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in COPD, was motivated by some observational studies that suggested considerable reductions in mortality with these drugs. Reasons for these discrepancies are unclear.

METHODS

The literature was searched to identify all observational studies, including cohort and case-control studies, investigating the effectiveness of ICS on major outcomes in patients with COPD; these outcomes included death and hospitalization for COPD.

RESULTS

A total of 21 studies were identified. Nine studies were affected by immortal time bias, five by immeasurable time bias, and seven by the "asthma factor" bias; some studies were affected by more than one bias. These studies found important reductions in the rates of major COPD outcomes with ICS use, with pooled rate ratios of 0.71 (95% CI, 0.67-0.76), 0.76 (95% CI, 0.70-0.83), and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.73-0.87), respectively, for the three sources of bias. In contrast, the five studies unaffected by these major biases did not find an association (pooled rate ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.88-1.17]).

CONCLUSIONS

Observational studies are important to provide evidence from real-world data on medication effects. However, appropriate study design and analysis are essential to avoid biases and ensure randomized trials with greater chances of success. The observational studies suggesting potential beneficial effects of nonrespiratory drugs to treat COPD, such as statins and beta-blockers, will also need careful review before long and expensive randomized trials are conducted.

The association of antidepressant treatment with COPD maintenance medication use and adherence in a comorbid Medicare population: A longitudinal cohort study

The effect of treating comorbid depression to achieve optimal management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not yet empirically tested. We examined the association between antidepressant treatment and use of and adherence to COPD maintenance medications among patients with new-onset COPD and comorbid depression.

METHODS

Using 2006-2012 Medicare data, this retrospective cohort study identified patients with newly diagnosed COPD and new-onset major depression. Two exposures-antidepressant use (versus non-use) and adherence measured by proportion of days covered (PDC) (PDC ≥0.8 versus <0.8)-were assessed quarterly. We used marginal structural models to estimate the effects of prior antidepressant use and adherence on subsequent COPD maintenance inhaler use and adherence outcomes, accounting for time-varying confounders.

RESULTS

A total of 25 458 COPD-depression patients, 82% with antidepressant treatment, were followed for a median of 2.5 years. Nearly half (48%) used at least 1 COPD maintenance inhaler in any given quarter; among users, 3 in 5 (61%) had a PDC of <0.8. Compared to patients with no antidepressant treatment, those with antidepressant use were more likely to use (relative ratio [RR] = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12- 1.17) and adhere to (RR = 1.08, 95% = 1.03-1.14) their COPD maintenance inhalers. Patients who adhered to antidepressant treatment were more likely to use and adhere to COPD maintenance inhalers.

CONCLUSION

Regularly treated depression may increase use of and adherence to necessary maintenance medications for COPD. Antidepressant treatment may be a key determinant to improving medication-taking behaviors among COPD patients comorbid with depression.

Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Medicare beneficiaries residing in long-term care facilities

BACKGROUND

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. COPD increases health care resource utilization and spending and adversely affects quality of life. Data from the clinical and economic outcomes in Medicare beneficiaries with COPD who reside in long-term care (LTC) facilities are limited.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and economic outcomes associated with COPD in Medicare beneficiaries residing in LTC facilities.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from MarketScan Medicaid, a large US administrative claims database containing data on Medicaid programs in 8 states. The study cohort comprised LTC facility residents aged > or =60 years who had a diagnosis of COPD. Eligible patients also had a prescription filled between January 1, 2003, and June 30, 2005, for one of the following COPD treatments: fluticasone propionate + salmeterol xinafoate, tiotropium bromide, ipratropium bromide, or ipratropium bromide + albuterol sulfate. The date of the first prescription fill was considered the index date. Measures of health care resource utilization included COPD-related and all-cause hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits. Cost analysis outcomes included COPD-related and all-cause inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy, LTC, and total costs during the 12-month postindex period.

RESULTS

Data from 3037 patients were included (63.0% women; 82.2% white; mean [SD] age, 78.1 [10.0] years). A total of 43.3% of patients had > or =1 hospitalization; 90.0%, > or =1 ED visit. With the exception of age <70 years, age was associated with all-cause hospitalization (age 70-<75 years, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.31 [95% CI, 1.03-1.68]; age 75-<80 years, HR = 1.40 [95% CI, 1.11-1.78]; age > or =80 years, HR = 1.48 [95% CI, 1.19-1.85]). Age was not associated with COPD-related hospitalization, all-cause ED visits, or COPD-related ED visits. The risk for all-cause hospitalization in white patients was significantly lower compared with that in nonwhite patients (HR = 0.79 [95% CI, 0.69-0.91]). Patients with comorbid asthma had a higher risk for a COPD-related ED visit (HR = 1.34 [95% CI, 1.08-1.66]) than did patients without asthma. Preindex all-cause hospitalization was associated with COPD-related hospitalization (HR = 1.78 [95% CI, 1.49-2.14]) and all-cause hospitalization (HR = 2.05 [95% CI, 1.932.19]). Twelve-month COPD-related and all-cause direct expenditures per beneficiary were US $7391 and $48,183. In COPD-related and all-cause estimates, mean (SD) LTC costs were the largest cost components ($5629 [$12,562] and $32,966 [$14,871], respectively), followed by pharmacy costs ($956 [$957] and $5565 [$3873]), inpatient costs ($466 [$3393] and $6436 [$22,603]), and outpatient costs ($341 [$1793] and $3216 [$6458]).

CONCLUSION

This study found that the utilization of health care resources and economic burden of LTC residents with COPD were primarily due to LTC, pharmacy, and inpatient costs.