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Hu LQ, Yu SX, Xu WY, Zu SH, Jiang YT, Shi HT, Zhang YJ, Xue HW, Wang YX, Lin WH. Spatiotemporal formation of the large vacuole regulated by the BIN2-VLG module is required for female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1241-1258. [PMID: 36648110 PMCID: PMC10052386 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, female gametophyte (FG) development is accompanied by the formation and expansion of the large vacuole in the FG; this is essential for FG expansion, nuclear polar localization, and cell fate determination. Arabidopsis VACUOLELESS GAMETOPHYTES (VLG) facilitates vesicular fusion to form large vacuole in the FG, but the regulation of VLG remains largely unknown. Here, we found that gain-of-function mutation of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2) (bin2-1) increases VLG abundance to induce the vacuole formation at stage FG1, and leads to abortion of FG. Loss-of-function mutation of BIN2 and its homologs (bin2-3 bil1 bil2) reduced VLG abundance and mimicked vlg/VLG phenotypes. Knocking down VLG in bin2-1 decreased the ratio of aberrant vacuole formation at stage FG1, whereas FG1-specific overexpression of VLG mimicked the bin2-1 phenotype. VLG partially rescued the bin2-3 bil1 bil2 phenotype, demonstrating that VLG acts downstream of BIN2. Mutation of VLG residues that are phosphorylated by BIN2 altered VLG stability and a phosphorylation mimic of VLG causes similar defects as did bin2-1. Therefore, BIN2 may function by interacting with and phosphorylating VLG in the FG to enhance its stability and abundance, thus facilitating vacuole formation. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how the BIN2-VLG module regulates the spatiotemporal formation of the large vacuole in FG development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qin Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shi-Xia Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wan-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Song-Hao Zu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu-Tong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao-Tian Shi
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan-Jie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Inhibition of the Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Family by the Bikinin Alleviates the Long-Term Effects of Salinity in Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911644. [PMID: 36232941 PMCID: PMC9569769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crops grown under stress conditions show restricted growth and, eventually, reduced yield. Among others, brassinosteroids (BRs) mitigate the effects of stress and improve plant growth. We used two barley cultivars with differing sensitivities to BRs, as determined by the lamina joint inclination test. Barley plants with the 2nd unfolded leaf were sprayed with a diluted series of bikinin, an inhibitor of the Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3) family, which controls the BR signaling pathway. Barley was grown under salt stress conditions up to the start of the 5th leaf growth stage. The phenotypical, molecular, and physiological changes were determined. Our results indicate that the salt tolerance of barley depends on its sensitivity to BRs. We confirmed that barley treatment with bikinin reduced the level of the phosphorylated form of HvBZR1, the activity of which is regulated by GSK3. The use of two barley varieties with different responses to salinity led to the identification of the role of BR signaling in photosynthesis activity. These results suggest that salinity reduces the expression of the genes controlling the BR signaling pathway. Moreover, the results also suggest that the functional analysis of the GSK3 family in stress responses can be a tool for plant breeding in order to improve crops’ resistance to salinity or to other stresses.
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Groszyk J, Szechyńska-Hebda M. Brassinazole Resistant 1 Activity Is Organ-Specific and Genotype-Dependent in Barley Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413572. [PMID: 34948366 PMCID: PMC8706524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) control many plant developmental processes by regulating different groups of transcription factors, and consequently gene expressions. The most known is BZR1, the main member of the BES1 family. However, to date, it is poorly characterized in crop species. The main goal of the presented study was to identify HvBZR1 and determine its activity in 5-day-old barley (the stage is related to one leaf on the main shoot and a few seminal roots) using two cultivars with different sensitivities to BRs. Using the anti-OsBZR1 antibody, we identified the forms of HvBZR1 transcription factor with different molecular weights, which can be related to different phosphorylated forms of serine/threonine residues. Two phosphorylated forms in the shoots and one dephosphorylated form in the roots were determined. A minor amount of the dephosphorylated form of the HvBZR1 in the Haruna Nijo shoots was also found. The phosphorylated forms gave a higher band intensity for Golden Promise than Haruna Nijo. The bands were similar in their intensity, when two different phosphorylated forms were compared in Golden Promise, while a reduced intensity was detected for the phosphorylated form with a lower molecular weight for Haruna Nijo. Degradation of the phosphorylated forms in the shoots (complete degradation in Golden Promise and significant but not complete in Haruna Nijo) and the presence of the dephosphorylated form in the roots were proven for the etiolated barley. In the case of Haruna Nijo, a wider range of the regulators of the BR biosynthesis and signaling pathways induced the expected effects, 24-EBL (0.001 µM) and bikinin (10 and 50 µM) caused low amount of the phosphorylated forms, and at the same time, a tiny band of dephosphorylated form was detected. However, the expression of genes related to the BR biosynthesis and signaling pathways was not a determinant for the protein amount.
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Ravindran N, Ramachandran H, Job N, Yadav A, Vaishak K, Datta S. B-box protein BBX32 integrates light and brassinosteroid signals to inhibit cotyledon opening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:446-461. [PMID: 34618149 PMCID: PMC8418414 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cotyledon opening is a key morphological change that occurs in seedlings during de-etiolation. Brassinosteroids (BRs) inhibit the opening of cotyledons in darkness while light promotes cotyledon opening. The molecular regulation of the interplay between light and BR to regulate cotyledon opening is not well understood. Here, we show the B-box protein BBX32 negatively regulates light signaling and promotes BR signaling to inhibit cotyledon opening in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). BBX32 is highly expressed in the cotyledons of seedlings during de-etiolation. bbx32 and 35S:BBX32 seedlings exhibit enhanced and reduced cotyledon opening, respectively, in response to both light and brassinazole treatment in dark, suggesting that BBX32 mediates cotyledon opening through both light and BR signaling pathways. BBX32 expression is induced by exogenous BR and is upregulated in bzr1-1D (BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1-1D). Our in vitro and in vivo interaction studies suggest that BBX32 physically interacts with BZR1. Further, we found that PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3 (PIF3) interacts with BBX32 and promotes BR-mediated cotyledon closure. BBX32, BZR1, and PIF3 regulate the expression of common target genes that modulate the opening and closing of cotyledons. Our work suggests BBX32 integrates light and BR signals to regulate cotyledon opening during de-etiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevedha Ravindran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Harshil Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nikhil Job
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arpita Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - K.P. Vaishak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sourav Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Author for communication:
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Kloc Y, Dmochowska-Boguta M, Zielezinski A, Nadolska-Orczyk A, Karlowski WM, Orczyk W. Silencing of HvGSK1.1-A GSK3/SHAGGY-Like Kinase-Enhances Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Growth in Normal and in Salt Stress Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186616. [PMID: 32927724 PMCID: PMC7554974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a highly conserved kinase present in all eukaryotes and functions as a key regulator of a wide range of physiological and developmental processes. The kinase, known in land plants as GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase (GSK), is a key player in the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. The GSK genes, through the BRs, affect diverse developmental processes and modulate responses to environmental factors. In this work, we describe functional analysis of HvGSK1.1, which is one of the GSK3/SHAGGY-like orthologs in barley. The RNAi-mediated silencing of the target HvGSK1.1 gene was associated with modified expression of its paralogs HvGSK1.2, HvGSK2.1, HvGSK3.1, and HvGSK4.1 in plants grown in normal and in salt stress conditions. Low nucleotide similarity between the silencing fragment and barley GSK genes and the presence of BR-dependent transcription factors’ binding sites in promoter regions of barley and rice GSK genes imply an innate mechanism responsible for co-regulation of the genes. The results of the leaf inclination assay indicated that silencing of HvGSK1.1 and the changes of GSK paralogs enhanced the BR-dependent signaling in the plants. The strongest phenotype of transgenic lines with downregulated HvGSK1.1 and GSK paralogs had greater biomass of the seedlings grown in normal conditions and salt stress as well as elevated kernel weight of plants grown in normal conditions. Both traits showed a strong negative correlation with the transcript level of the target gene and the paralogs. The characteristics of barley lines with silenced expression of HvGSK1.1 are compatible with the expected phenotypes of plants with enhanced BR signaling. The results show that manipulation of the GSK-encoding genes provides data to explore their biological functions and confirm it as a feasible strategy to generate plants with improved agricultural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kloc
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization, Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (Y.K.); (M.D.-B.)
| | - Marta Dmochowska-Boguta
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization, Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (Y.K.); (M.D.-B.)
| | - Andrzej Zielezinski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.Z.); (W.M.K.)
| | - Anna Nadolska-Orczyk
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization, Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland;
| | - Wojciech M. Karlowski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.Z.); (W.M.K.)
| | - Waclaw Orczyk
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization, Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (Y.K.); (M.D.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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He Y, Hong G, Zhang H, Tan X, Li L, Kong Y, Sang T, Xie K, Wei J, Li J, Yan F, Wang P, Tong H, Chu C, Chen J, Sun Z. The OsGSK2 Kinase Integrates Brassinosteroid and Jasmonic Acid Signaling by Interacting with OsJAZ4. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2806-2822. [PMID: 32586913 PMCID: PMC7474301 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between brassinosteroid (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling is crucial for plant growth and defense responses. However, the detailed interplay between BRs and JA remains obscure. Here, we found that the rice (Oryza sativa) Glycogen synthase kinase3 (GSK3)-like kinase OsGSK2, a conserved kinase serving as a key suppressor of BR signaling, enhanced antiviral defense and the JA response. We identified a member of the JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) family, OsJAZ4, as a OsGSK2 substrate and confirmed that OsGSK2 interacted with and phosphorylated OsJAZ4. We demonstrated that OsGSK2 disrupted the OsJAZ4-OsNINJA complex and OsJAZ4-OsJAZ11 dimerization by competitively binding to the ZIM domain, perhaps helping to facilitate the degradation of OsJAZ4 via the 26S proteasome pathway. We also showed that OsJAZ4 negatively modulated JA signaling and antiviral defense and that the BR pathway was involved in modulating the stability of OsJAZ4 protein in an OsCORONATINE INSENSITIVE1-dependent manner. Collectively, these results suggest that OsGSK2 enhances plant antiviral defenses by activating JA signaling as it directly interacts with, phosphorylates, and destabilizes OsJAZ4. Thus, our findings provide a clear link between BR and JA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Gaojie Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yaze Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tian Sang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaili Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jia Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongning Tong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Jiang K, Asami T. Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture*. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1265-1300. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1462693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plant hormones are small molecules that play versatile roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Classic methodologies, including genetics, analytic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology, have contributed to the progress in plant hormone studies. In addition, chemical regulators of plant hormone functions have been important in such studies. Today, synthetic chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are used to study and manipulate biological systems, collectively referred to as chemical biology. Here, we summarize the available chemical regulators and their contributions to plant hormone studies. We also pose questions that remain to be addressed in plant hormone studies and that might be solved with the help of chemical regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Groszyk J, Yanushevska Y, Zielezinski A, Nadolska-Orczyk A, Karlowski WM, Orczyk W. Annotation and profiling of barley GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE3/Shaggy-like genes indicated shift in organ-preferential expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199364. [PMID: 29920545 PMCID: PMC6007836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE3/Shaggy-like kinases (GSKs) represent a highly conserved group of proteins found in all eukaryotes. In plants they are encoded by multigene families and integrate signaling of brassinosteroids, auxin and abscisic acid in wide range of physiological and developmental processes with a strong impact on plant responses to environmental and biotic factors. Based on comprehensively studied structures of 10 Arabidopsis thaliana GSK genes and encoded proteins we report identification and phylogenetic reconstruction of 7 transcriptionally active GSK genes in barley. We re-evaluated annotation of the GSK genes in the current barley genome (Hv_IBSC_PGSB_v2) and provided data that a single gene annotated in the previous barley genome ensemble should be retained in the current one. The novel structure of another GSK, predicted in Hv_IBSC_PGSB_v2 to encode both GSK and amine oxidase domains, was proposed and experimentally confirmed based on the syntenic region in Brachypodium distachyon. The genes were assigned to 4 groups based on their encoded amino acid sequences and protein kinase domains. The analysis confirmed high level of conservation of functional protein domains and motifs among plant GSKs and the identified barley orthologs. Each of the seven identified HvGSK genes was expressed indicating semi-constitutive regulation in all tested organs and developmental stages. Regulation patterns of GSKs from the indicated groups showed a shift in organ-preferential expression in A. thaliana and barley illustrating diversification of biological roles of individual HvGSKs in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Groszyk
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | - Yuliya Yanushevska
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zielezinski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Nadolska-Orczyk
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | - Wojciech M. Karlowski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Waclaw Orczyk
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
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Quantification of Glutamate and Aspartate by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061389. [PMID: 29890641 PMCID: PMC6100480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic and aspartic acid fulfil numerous functions in organisms. They are proteinogenic amino acids, they function as neurotransmitters, and glutamic acid links the citrate cycle with amino acid metabolism. In addition, glutamic acid is a precursor for many bioactive molecules like γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In tomatoes, glutamic acid accumulates in ripening fruits. Here we present a simple and rapid method for quantification of glutamate and aspartate in tomatoes. A cleared extract is prepared and 2-aminoadipic acid added as internal standard. Subsequently, the amino acids are derivatised with 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene under alkaline conditions. The derivatives are separated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography using a phenyl-hexyl column and 50 mM N-methylmorpholine/acetate buffer pH 7.4 containing 12% acetonitrile as eluent and detected by UV absorption at 363 nm. The whole analysis time including separation and column equilibration takes less than 2.8 min with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and less than 1.6 min with a flow rate of 2 mL/min, making this method suitable for high-throughput applications. The method shows excellent reproducibility with intra- and inter-day SDs of approximately 4% for both aspartic and glutamic acid. Using this method we show that the glutamate/aspartate ratio changes significantly during fruit ripening.
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Bittner T, Nadler S, Schulze E, Fischer-Iglesias C. Two homolog wheat Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/SHAGGY--like kinases are involved in brassinosteroid signaling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:247. [PMID: 26458871 PMCID: PMC4604091 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) are multifunctional non-receptor ser/thr kinases. Plant GSKs are involved in hormonal signaling networks and are required for growth, development, light as well as stress responses. So far, most studies have been carried out on Arabidopsis or on other eudicotyledon GSKs. Here, we evaluated the role of TaSK1 and TaSK2, two homolog wheat (Triticum aestivum) GSKs, in brassinosteroid signaling. We explored in addition the physiological effects of brassinosteroids on wheat growth and development. RESULTS A bin2-1 like gain-of-function mutation has been inserted respectively in one of the homoeologous gene copies of TaSK1 (TaSK1-A.2-1) and in one of the homoeologous gene copies of TaSK2 (TaSK2-A.2-1). Arabidopsis plants were transformed with these mutated gene copies. Severe dwarf phenotypes were obtained closely resembling those of Arabidopsis bin2-1 lines and Arabidopsis BR-deficient or BR-signaling mutants. Expression of BR downstream genes, SAUR-AC1, CPD and BAS1 was deregulated in TaSK1.2-1 and TaSK2.2-1 transgenic lines. Severe dwarf lines were partially rescued by Bikinin beforehand shown to inhibit TaSK kinase activity. This rescue was accompanied with changes in BR downstream gene expression levels. Wheat embryos and seedlings were treated with compounds interfering with BR signaling or modifying BR levels to gain insight into the role of brassinosteroids in wheat development. Embryonic axis and scutellum differentiation were impaired, and seedling growth responses were affected when embryos were treated with Epibrassinolides, Propiconazole, and Bikinin. CONCLUSIONS In view of our findings, TaSKs are proposed to be involved in BR signaling and to be orthologous of Arabidopsis Clade II GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases. Observed effects of Epibrassinolide, Propiconazole and Bikinin treatments on wheat embryos and seedlings indicate a role for BR signaling in embryonic patterning and seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bittner
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Nadler
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Eija Schulze
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Christiane Fischer-Iglesias
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Unterholzner SJ, Rozhon W, Papacek M, Ciomas J, Lange T, Kugler KG, Mayer KF, Sieberer T, Poppenberger B. Brassinosteroids Are Master Regulators of Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2261-72. [PMID: 26243314 PMCID: PMC4568508 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are highly regulated processes that are coordinated by hormones including the brassinosteroids (BRs), a group of steroids with structural similarity to steroid hormones of mammals. Although it is well understood how BRs are produced and how their signals are transduced, BR targets, which directly confer the hormone's growth-promoting effects, have remained largely elusive. Here, we show that BRs regulate the biosynthesis of gibberellins (GAs), another class of growth-promoting hormones, in Arabidopsis thaliana. We reveal that Arabidopsis mutants deficient in BR signaling are severely impaired in the production of bioactive GA, which is correlated with defective GA biosynthetic gene expression. Expression of the key GA biosynthesis gene GA20ox1 in the BR signaling mutant bri1-301 rescues many of its developmental defects. We provide evidence that supports a model in which the BR-regulated transcription factor BES1 binds to a regulatory element in promoters of GA biosynthesis genes in a BR-induced manner to control their expression. In summary, our study underscores a role of BRs as master regulators of GA biosynthesis and shows that this function is of major relevance for the growth and development of vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Unterholzner
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Papacek
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jennifer Ciomas
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Theo Lange
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karl G Kugler
- Plant Genome and System Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus F Mayer
- Plant Genome and System Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Sieberer
- Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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Mills-Lujan K, Andrews DL, Chou CW, Deom CM. The roles of phosphorylation and SHAGGY-like protein kinases in geminivirus C4 protein induced hyperplasia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122356. [PMID: 25815729 PMCID: PMC4376871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though plant cells are highly plastic, plants only develop hyperplasia under very specific abiotic and biotic stresses, such as when exposed to pathogens like Beet curly top virus (BCTV). The C4 protein of BCTV is sufficient to induce hyperplasia and alter Arabidopsis development. It was previously shown that C4 interacts with two Arabidopsis Shaggy-like protein kinases, AtSK21 and 23, which are negative regulators of brassinosteroid (BR) hormone signaling. Here we show that the C4 protein interacts with five additional AtSK family members. Bikinin, a competitive inhibitor of the seven AtSK family members that interact with C4, induced hyperplasia similar to that induced by the C4 protein. The Ser49 residue of C4 was found to be critical for C4 function, since: 1) mutagenesis of Ser49 to Ala abolished the C4-induced phenotype, abolished C4/AtSK interactions, and resulted in a mutant protein that failed to induce changes in the BR signaling pathway; 2) Ser49 is phosphorylated in planta; and 3) plant-encoded AtSKs must be catalytically active to interact with C4. A C4 N-myristoylation site mutant that does not localize to the plasma membrane and does not induce a phenotype, retained the ability to bind AtSKs. Taken together, these results suggest that plasma membrane associated C4 interacts with and co-opts multiple AtSKs to promote its own phosphorylation and activation to subsequently compromise cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Mills-Lujan
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David L. Andrews
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chau-wen Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Michael Deom
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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