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Suwanchiwasiri K, Phanthaphol N, Somboonpatarakun C, Yuti P, Sujjitjoon J, Luangwattananun P, Maher J, Yenchitsomanus PT, Junking M. Bispecific T cell engager-armed T cells targeting integrin ανβ6 exhibit enhanced T cell redirection and antitumor activity in cholangiocarcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116718. [PMID: 38744221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) presents a clinical challenge due to limited treatment options, necessitating exploration of innovative therapeutic approaches. Bispecific T cell engager (BTE)-armed T cell therapy shows promise in hematological and solid malignancies, offering potential advantages in safety over continuous BTE infusion. In this context, we developed a novel BTE, targeting CD3 on T cells and integrin αvβ6, an antigen elevated in various epithelial malignancies, on cancer cells. The novel BTE was generated by fusing an integrin αvβ6-binding peptide (A20) to an anti-CD3 (OKT3) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) through a G4S peptide linker (A20/αCD3 BTE). T cells were then armed with A20/αCD3 BTE (A20/αCD3-armed T cells) and assessed for antitumor activity. Our results highlight the specific binding of A20/αCD3 BTE to CD3 on T cells and integrin αvβ6 on target cells, effectively redirecting T cells towards these targets. After co-culture, A20/αCD3-armed T cells exhibited significantly heightened cytotoxicity against integrin αvβ6-expressing target cells compared to unarmed T cells in both KKU-213A cells and A375.β6 cells. Moreover, in a five-day co-culture, A20/αCD3-armed T cells demonstrated superior cytotoxicity against KKU-213A spheroids compared to unarmed T cells. Importantly, A20/αCD3-armed T cells exhibited an increased proportion of the effector memory T cell (Tem) subset, upregulation of T cell activation markers, enhanced T cell proliferation, and increased cytolytic molecule/cytokine production, when compared to unarmed T cells in an integrin αvβ6-dependent manner. These findings support the potential of A20/αCD3-armed T cells as a novel therapeutic approach for integrin αvβ6-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanpirom Suwanchiwasiri
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattaporn Phanthaphol
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; School of Cardiovascular and Medical Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpimon Yuti
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Sujjitjoon
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piriya Luangwattananun
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy's Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mutita Junking
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Fadul CE, Thakur A, Kim J, Kassay-McAllister J, Schalk D, Lopes MB, Donahue J, Purow B, Dillon P, Le T, Schiff D, Liu Q, Lum LG. Phase I study targeting newly diagnosed grade 4 astrocytoma with bispecific antibody armed T cells (EGFR BATs) in combination with radiation and temozolomide. J Neurooncol 2024; 166:321-330. [PMID: 38263486 PMCID: PMC10834565 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-024-04564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the safety, feasibility, and immunologic responses of treating grade 4 astrocytomas with multiple infusions of anti-CD3 x anti-EGFR bispecific antibody (EGFRBi) armed T cells (EGFR BATs) in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. METHODS This phase I study used a 3 + 3 dose escalation design to test the safety and feasibility of intravenously infused EGFR BATs in combination with radiation and temozolomide (TMZ) in patients with newly diagnosed grade 4 astrocytomas (AG4). After finding the feasible dose, an expansion cohort with unmethylated O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) tumors received weekly EGFR BATs without TMZ. RESULTS The highest feasible dose was 80 × 109 EGFR BATs without dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in seven patients. We could not escalate the dose because of the limited T-cell expansion. There were no DLTs in the additional cohort of three patients with unmethylated MGMT tumors who received eight weekly infusions of EGFR BATs without TMZ. EGFR BATs infusions induced increases in glioma specific anti-tumor cytotoxicity by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p < 0.03) and NK cell activity (p < 0.002) ex vivo, and increased serum concentrations of IFN-γ (p < 0.03), IL-2 (p < 0.007), and GM-CSF (p < 0.009). CONCLUSION Targeting AG4 with EGFR BATs at the maximum feasible dose of 80 × 109, with or without TMZ was safe and induced significant anti-tumor-specific immune responses. These results support further clinical trials to examine the efficacy of this adoptive cell therapy in patients with MGMT-unmethylated GBM. CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT03344250.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo E Fadul
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Archana Thakur
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jungeun Kim
- Office of Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jessica Kassay-McAllister
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dana Schalk
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M Beatriz Lopes
- Department of Pathology, Divisions of Neuropathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joseph Donahue
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Benjamin Purow
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Patrick Dillon
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tri Le
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David Schiff
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Biostatistics Unit, Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence G Lum
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Division Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Williams L, Li L, Yazaki PJ, Wong P, Miller A, Hong T, Poku EK, Bhattacharya S, Shively JE, Kujawski M. Generation of IL-2-Fc-antibody conjugates by click chemistry. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300115. [PMID: 37300381 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunocytokines (ICKs) are antibody directed cytokines produced by genetic fusion of an antibody to a cytokine. METHODS We now show that antibodies conjugated by click chemistry to interleukin-2 (IL-2)-Fc form fully active conjugates, and in one example, equivalent activity to a genetically produced ICK. RESULTS An IL-2-Fc fusion protein was optimized for click chemistry at hinge cysteines using protein stabilizing IL-2 mutations at Lys35 and Cys125 and Fc hinge mutations at Cys142 and Cys148. The IL-2-Fc fusion protein with K35E and C125S mutations with 3 intact hinge cysteines, designated as IL-2-Fc Par, was selected based on its minimal tendency to aggregate. IL-2-Fc-antibody clicked conjugates retained high IL-2 activity and bound target antigens comparable to parent antibodies. An IL-2-Fc-anti-CEA click conjugate showed comparable anti-tumor activity to an anti-CEA-IL-2 ICK in immunocompetent CEA transgenic mice bearing CEA positive orthotopic breast tumors. Significant increases in IFNγ+ /CD8+ and decreases in FoxP3+ /CD4+ T-cells were found for the clicked conjugate and ICK therapies, suggesting a common mechanism of tumor reduction. CONCLUSION The production of antibody targeted IL-2 therapy via a click chemistry approach is feasible with comparable activity to genetically produced ICKs with the added advantage of multiplexing with other monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Williams
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Paul J Yazaki
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Patty Wong
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Aaron Miller
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Teresa Hong
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Erasmus K Poku
- Radiopharmacy, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Supriyo Bhattacharya
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - John E Shively
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Maciej Kujawski
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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Uram Ł, Wróbel K, Walczak M, Szymaszek Ż, Twardowska M, Wołowiec S. Exploring the Potential of Lapatinib, Fulvestrant, and Paclitaxel Conjugated with Glycidylated PAMAM G4 Dendrimers for Cancer and Parasite Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:6334. [PMID: 37687164 PMCID: PMC10489794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fulvestrant (F), lapatinib (L), and paclitaxel (P) are hydrophobic, anticancer drugs used in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive breast cancer. In this study, glycidylated PAMAM G4 dendrimers, substituted with F, L, and/or P and targeting tumor cells, were synthesized and characterized, and their antitumor activity against glioma U-118 MG and non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells was tested comparatively with human non-tumorogenic keratinocytes (HaCaT). All cell lines were ER+ and EGFR+. In addition, the described drugs were tested in the context of antinematode therapy on C. elegans. The results show that the water-soluble conjugates of G4P, G4F, G4L, and G4PFL actively entered the tested cells via endocytosis due to the positive zeta potential (between 13.57-40.29 mV) and the nanoparticle diameter of 99-138 nm. The conjugates of G4P and G4PFL at nanomolar concentrations were the most active, and the least active conjugate was G4F. The tested conjugates inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT and A549 cells; in glioma cells, cytotoxicity was associated mainly with cell damage (mitochondria and membrane transport). The toxicity of the conjugates was proportional to the number of drug residues attached, with the exception of G4L; its action was two- and eight-fold stronger against glioma and keratinocytes, respectively, than the equivalent of lapatinib alone. Unfortunately, non-cancer HaCaT cells were the most sensitive to the tested constructs, which forced a change in the approach to the use of ER and EGFR receptors as a goal in cancer therapy. In vivo studies on C. elegans have shown that all compounds, most notably G4PFL, may be potentially useful in anthelmintic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańcow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.U.); (M.W.); (Ż.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Konrad Wróbel
- Medical College, Rzeszów University, 1a Warzywna Street, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Walczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańcow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.U.); (M.W.); (Ż.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Żaneta Szymaszek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańcow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.U.); (M.W.); (Ż.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Magdalena Twardowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańcow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.U.); (M.W.); (Ż.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Medical College, Rzeszów University, 1a Warzywna Street, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Huang MTF, Sharma V, Mendelsohn A, Wei Q, Li J, Yu B, Larrick JW, Lum LG. Broad reactivity and enhanced potency of recombinant anti-EGFR × anti-CD3 bispecific antibody-armed activated T cells against solid tumours. Ann Med 2022; 54:1047-1057. [PMID: 36799362 PMCID: PMC9045764 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2059101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bispecific antibody (BiAb)-armed activated T cells (BATs) comprise an adoptive T cell therapy platform for treating cancer. Arming activated T cells (ATC) with anti-CD3 x anti-tumour associated antigen (TAA) BiAbs converts ATC into non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted anti-tumour cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Binding of target antigens via the BiAb bridge enables specific anti-tumour cytotoxicity, Th1 cytokines release, and T cell proliferation. Clinical trials in breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancer using BATs armed with chemically heteroconjugated BiAbs demonstrated safety, feasibility, induction of anti-tumour immune responses and potential increases in overall survival (OS).Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to develop a recombinant BiAb that confers enhanced anti-tumour activity of BATs against a broad range of solid tumours.Methods: A recombinant anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) x anti-CD3 (OKT3) BiAb (rEGFRBi) was designed and expressed in CHO cells, used to arm ATC (rEGFR-BATs), and tested for specific cytotoxicity against breast, pancreatic and prostate cancers and glioblastoma.Results: rEGFR-BATs exhibit remarkably enhanced specific cytotoxicity and T1 cytokine secretion against a wide range of solid tumour cell lines vs. their respective chemically-heteroconjugated BATs.Conclusion: rEGFR-BATs may provide a "universal" T cell therapy for treating a wide range of solid tumours. KEY MESSAGEA (Gly4Ser)6 linker between the variable light and heavy chains of an scFv fused to the N-terminus of a heavy chain antibody confers unexpected stability to the heavy chain fusion protein and supports the efficient expression of the bispecific antibody.Arming of activated T cells with the rEGFRBi greatly enhances the relative cytotoxicity and Th1 cytokine secretion of theT cells relative to a chemically heteroconjugated BiAbs.rEGFR-BATs are promising candidates for the treatment of a broad range of solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manley T F Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,TransTarget, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jinjing Li
- Panorama Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- Panorama Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | | | - Lawrence G Lum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Kubicka E, Lum LG, Huang M, Thakur A. Bispecific antibody-targeted T-cell therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899468. [PMID: 36389764 PMCID: PMC9663847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) continues to be therapeutically challenging. Non-toxic immunotherapy approaches are needed to provide long-term anti-leukemic effects. The goal of this study was to determine whether activated T cells (ATCs) armed with bispecific antibodies (BiAbs) could target and lyse leukemic and leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Anti-CD3 × anti-CD123 BiAb (CD123Bi) and anti-CD3 × anti-CD33GO (gemtuzumab ozogamicin [GO]) BiAb (CD33GOBi) were used to arm ATCs to produce bispecific antibody armed activated T cells (designated CD123 BATs or CD33GO BATs) to target AML cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from AML patients, and in vivo treatment of AML in xenogeneic NSG mice engrafted with leukemic cells. BATs exhibited high levels of specific cytotoxicity directed at AML cell lines at low 1:1 or 1:2 effector-to-target (E:T) ratios and secrete Th1 cytokines upon target engagement. In vivo study in AML-engrafted NSG mice showed significantly prolonged survival in mice treated with CD33GO BATs (p < 0.0001) or CD123 BATs (p < 0.0089) compared to ATC-treated control mice. Patient samples containing leukemic blasts and LSCs when treated with CD33GO BATs or CD123 BATs for 18 h showed a significant reduction (50%-100%; p < 0.005) in blasts and 75%-100% reduction in LSCs (p < 0.005) in most cases compared to unarmed ATCs. This approach may provide a potent and non-toxic strategy to target AML blasts and LSCs and enhance chemo-responsiveness in older patients who are likely to develop recurrent diseases.
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LIGHT enhanced bispecific antibody armed T-cells to treat immunotherapy resistant colon cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:2054-2068. [PMID: 35177811 PMCID: PMC8975745 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Increased tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are associated with improved patient responses to immunotherapy. As a result, there is interest in enhancing lymphocyte trafficking particularly to colon cancers since the majority are checkpoint blockade-resistant and microsatellite stable. Here, we demonstrate that activated T-cells (ATC) armed with anti-CD3 x anti-EGFR bispecific antibody increases TIL and mediate anti-tumor cytotoxicity while decreasing tumor cell viability. Furthermore, treatment induces endogenous anti-tumor immunity that resisted tumor rechallenge and increased memory T-cell subsets in the tumor. When combined with targeted tumor expression of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT, activated T-cell proliferation and infiltration were further enhanced, and human colorectal tumor regressions were observed. Our data indicate that tumor-targeted armed bispecific antibody increases TIL trafficking and is a potentially potent strategy that can be paired with combination immunotherapy to battle microsatellite stable colon cancer. Significance Enhancing trafficking of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to solid tumors has been shown to improve outcomes. Unfortunately, few strategies have been successful in the clinical setting for solid tumors, particularly for “cold” microsatellite stable colon cancers. In order to address this gap in knowledge, this study combined TNFSF14/LIGHT immunomodulation with a bispecific antibody armed with activated T-cells targeted to the tumor. This unique T-cell trafficking strategy successfully generated anti-tumor immunity in a microsatellite stable colon cancer model, stimulated T-cell infiltration, and holds promise as a combination immunotherapy for treating advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Kujawski M, Li L, Li H, Yazaki PJ, Swiderski P, Shively JE. T-cell surface generation of dual bivalent, bispecific T-cell engaging, RNA duplex cross-linked antibodies (dbBiTERs) for re-directed tumor cell lysis. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100389. [PMID: 34773368 PMCID: PMC9177045 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic engineered Bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) generate potent cytotoxic effects. METHODS Alternately, click chemistry engineered, dual specific bivalent Bispecific T-cell engaging antibodies (dbBiTEs) on T-cell surfaces can be generated from parent monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS We show the formation of dbBiTEs on the surface of T-cells along with the introduction of complementary 2'-OMe RNA 32-mer oligonucleotides allowing duplex formation between antibodies, designated as dbBiTERs. dbBiTERs generated in solution from anti-CEA and anti-CD3 OKT3 antibodies retained specific binding to CEA positive versus CEA negative cancer cells and to CD3 positive T-cells comparable to dbBiTEs. When T-cells were precoated with dbBiTEs or dbBiTERs and mixed with CEA positive versus CEA negative cancer cells, similar dose dependent and specific cytotoxicity were observed in redirected cell lysis assays. On-cell generated dbBiTERs exerted potent cytotoxic responses against CEA positive targets and were localized at the cell surface by immuno-gold EM. In addition, we demonstrate that target and T-cells, each coated separately with complementary 2'OMe-RNA-linked antibodies can be cross-linked by RNA duplex formation in vitro to generate redirected cell lysis. CONCLUSION The facile generation of dbBiTERs with specific cytolytic activity from intact antibodies and their generation on-cell offers a new avenue for antigen specific T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kujawski
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Harry Li
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Paul J. Yazaki
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Piotr Swiderski
- Shared Resources-DNA/RNA/Peptide, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - John E. Shively
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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Sokolov AV, Dostdar SA, Attwood MM, Krasilnikova AA, Ilina AA, Nabieva AS, Lisitsyna AA, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Brain Cancer Drug Discovery: Clinical Trials, Drug Classes, Targets, and Combinatorial Therapies. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1-32. [PMID: 34663683 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cancer is a formidable challenge for drug development, and drugs derived from many cutting-edge technologies are being tested in clinical trials. We manually characterized 981 clinical trials on brain tumors that were registered in ClinicalTrials.gov from 2010 to 2020. We identified 582 unique therapeutic entities targeting 581 unique drug targets and 557 unique treatment combinations involving drugs. We performed the classification of both the drugs and drug targets based on pharmacological and structural classifications. Our analysis demonstrates a large diversity of agents and targets. Currently, we identified 32 different pharmacological directions for therapies that are based on 42 structural classes of agents. Our analysis shows that kinase inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents, and cancer vaccines are the three most common classes of agents identified in trials. Agents in clinical trials demonstrated uneven distribution in combination approaches; chemotherapy agents, proteasome inhibitors, and immune modulators frequently appeared in combinations, whereas kinase inhibitors, modified immune effector cells did not as was shown by combination networks and descriptive statistics. This analysis provides an extensive overview of the drug discovery field in brain cancer, shifts that have been happening in recent years, and challenges that are likely to come. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides comprehensive quantitative analysis and discussion of the brain cancer drug discovery field, including classification of drug, targets, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V Sokolov
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Samira A Dostdar
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Krasilnikova
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Ilina
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amina Sh Nabieva
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Lisitsyna
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Thakur A, Scholler J, Kubicka E, Bliemeister ET, Schalk DL, June CH, Lum LG. Bispecific Antibody Armed Metabolically Enhanced Headless CAR T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690437. [PMID: 34290709 PMCID: PMC8288104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapies for solid tumors is challenging. We generated metabolically enhanced co-activated-T cells by transducing intracellular co-stimulatory (41BB, ICOS or ICOS-27) and CD3ζ T cell receptor signaling domains followed by arming with bispecific antibodies (BiAbs) to produce armed “Headless CAR T cells” (hCART). Various hCART armed with BiAb directed at CD3ϵ and various tumor associated antigens were tested for: 1) specific cytotoxicity against solid tumors targets; 2) repeated and dual sequential cytotoxicity; 3) survival and cytotoxicity under in vitro hypoxic condition; and 4) cytokine secretion. The 41BBζ transduced hCART (hCART41BBζ) armed with HER2 BiAb (HER2 hCART41BBζ) or armed with EGFR BiAb (EGFR hCART41BBζ) killed multiple tumor lines significantly better than control T cells and secreted Th1 cytokines/chemokines upon tumor engagement at effector to target ratio (E:T) of 2:1 or 1:1. HER2 hCART serially killed tumor targets up to 14 days. Sequential targeting of EGFR or HER2 positive tumors with HER2 hCART41BBζ followed by EGFR hCART41BBζ showed significantly increased cytotoxicity compared single antigen targeting and continue to kill under in vitro hypoxic conditions. In summary, metabolically enhanced headless CAR T cells are effective serial killers of tumor targets, secrete cytokines and chemokines, and continue to kill under in vitro hypoxic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Thakur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - John Scholler
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ewa Kubicka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Edwin T Bliemeister
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Dana L Schalk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lawrence G Lum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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11
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Nakajima M, Guo HF, Hoseini SS, Suzuki M, Xu H, Cheung NK. Potent antitumor effect of T cells armed with anti-GD2 bispecific antibody. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28971. [PMID: 33844437 PMCID: PMC9347186 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanized 3F8-bispecific antibody (hu3F8-BsAb) using the IgG(L)-scFv format (where scFv is single-chain variable fragment), where the anti-CD3 huOKT3 scFv is fused with the carboxyl end of the hu3F8 light chain, has potent antitumor cytotoxicity against GD2(+) tumors. To overcome the insufficient number and function of T cells in cancer patients, they can be rejuvenated and expanded ex vivo before arming with hu3F8-BsAb for adoptive transfer, potentially reducing toxic side effects from direct BsAb administration. PROCEDURE T cells from normal volunteers were expanded and activated ex vivo using CD3/CD28 beads for 8 days. Activated T cells (ATCs) were harvested and co-incubated with a Good Manufacturing Practice grade hu3F8-BsAb at room temperature for 20 min. These armed ATCs were tested for cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo against human GD2(+) cell lines and patient-derived xenografts in BALB-Rag2-/- IL-2R-γc-KO mice. RESULTS Hu3F8-BsAb armed ATCs showed robust antigen-specific tumor cytotoxicity against GD2(+) tumors in vitro. In vivo, T cells armed with hu3F8-BsAb were highly cytotoxic against GD2(+) melanoma and neuroblastoma xenografts in mice, accompanied by T-cell infiltration without significant side effects. Only zeptomole (10-21 ) quantities of BsAb per T cell was required for maximal antitumor effects. Tumor response was a function of T-cell dose. CONCLUSION BsAb armed T cells may have clinical utility as the next generation of cytotherapy combined with recombinant BsAb against human tumors for both adult and pediatrics, if autologous T cells can be activated and expanded ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nakajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York,Current Address: Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hong-fen Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York
| | | | - Maya Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York,Current Address: Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York
| | - Nai-Kong Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York
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12
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Van Hoecke L, Verbeke R, De Vlieger D, Dewitte H, Roose K, Van Nevel S, Krysko O, Bachert C, Schepens B, Lentacker I, Saelens X. mRNA Encoding a Bispecific Single Domain Antibody Construct Protects against Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:777-787. [PMID: 32438313 PMCID: PMC7240188 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, mRNA-based biologics have mainly been developed for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination to combat infectious diseases or cancer. In the past years, optimization of the characteristics of in vitro transcribed mRNA has led to significant reduction of the inflammatory responses. Thanks to this, mRNA therapeutics have entered the field of passive immunization. Here, we established an mRNA treatment that is based on mRNA that codes for a bispecific single-domain antibody construct that can selectively recruit innate immune cells to cells infected with influenza A virus. The constructs consist of a single-domain antibody that binds to the ectodomain of the conserved influenza A matrix protein 2, while the other single-domain antibody binds to the activating mouse Fcγ receptor IV. Formulating the mRNA into DOTAP (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane)/cholesterol nanoparticles and delivering these intratracheally to mice allowed the production of the bispecific single-domain antibody in the lungs, and administration of these mRNA-particles prior to influenza A virus infection was associated with a significant reduction in viral titers and a reduced morbidity in mice. Overall, our data provide evidence that the local delivery of mRNA encoding a bispecific single-domain antibody format in the lungs could be a promising pulmonary antiviral prophylactic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van Hoecke
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rein Verbeke
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorien De Vlieger
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Kenny Roose
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sharon Van Nevel
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Kujawski M, Li L, Bhattacharya S, Wong P, Lee WH, Williams L, Li H, Chea J, Poku K, Bowles N, Vaidehi N, Yazaki P, Shively JE. Generation of dual specific bivalent BiTEs (dbBIspecific T-cell engaging antibodies) for cellular immunotherapy. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:882. [PMID: 31488104 PMCID: PMC6727398 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bispecific T-cell engaging antibodies (BiTES), comprising dual anti-CD3 and anti-tumor antigen scFv fragments, are important therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. The dual scFv construct for BiTES requires proper protein folding while their small molecular size leads to rapid kidney clearance. Methods An intact (150 kDa) anti-tumor antigen antibody to CEA was joined in high yield (ca. 30%) to intact (150 kDa) anti-murine and anti-human CD3 antibodies using hinge region specific Click chemistry to form dual-specific, bivalent BiTES (dbBiTES, 300 kDa). dbBiTEs were tested in vitro by EM, flow cytometry and cell cytoxicity and in vivo by PET tumor imaging and redirected T-cell therapy. Results The interlocked hinge regions are compatible with a structural model that fits the electron micrographs of 300 kDa particles. Compared to intact anti-CEA antibody, dbBiTES exhibit high in vitro cytotoxicity, high in vivo tumor targeting as demonstrated by PET imaging, and redirected dbBiTE coated T-cells (1 microgram/10 million cells) that kill CEA+ target cells in vivo in CEA transgenic mice. Conclusion dbBiTE redirected T-cell therapy is a promising, efficient approach for targeting and killing cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-6056-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kujawski
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Supriyo Bhattacharya
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Patty Wong
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Lindsay Williams
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Harry Li
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Junie Chea
- Radiopharmacy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Kofi Poku
- Radiopharmacy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Nicole Bowles
- Radiopharmacy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Nagarajan Vaidehi
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Paul Yazaki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - John E Shively
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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Schlake T, Thran M, Fiedler K, Heidenreich R, Petsch B, Fotin-Mleczek M. mRNA: A Novel Avenue to Antibody Therapy? Mol Ther 2019; 27:773-784. [PMID: 30885573 PMCID: PMC6453519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
First attempts to use exogenous mRNA for protein expression in vivo were made more than 25 years ago. However, widespread appreciation of in vitro transcribed mRNA as a powerful technology for supplying therapeutic proteins to the body has evolved only during the past few years. Various approaches to turning mRNA into a potent therapeutic have been developed. All of them share utilization of specifically designed, rather than endogenous, sequences and thorough purification protocols. Apart from this, there are two fundamental philosophies, one promoting the use of chemically modified nucleotides, the other advocating restriction to unmodified building blocks. Meanwhile, both strategies have received broad support by successful mRNA-based protein treatments in animal models. For such in vivo use, specifically optimized mRNA had to be combined with potent formulations to enable efficient in vivo delivery. The present review analyzes the applicability of mRNA technology to antibody therapy in all main fields: antitoxins, infectious diseases, and oncology.
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15
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Yu L, Wang J. T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy: recent advances. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:941-956. [PMID: 30798356 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Globally, cancer is a critical illness which seriously threatens human health. T-cell-based cancer immunotherapy for some patients has demonstrated impressive achievements including chimeric antigen receptor T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors and T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies (TRBAs). TRBAs recruit T cells to lyse cancer cells bypassing the antigen presentation through the major histocompatibility complex pathways. In this review we summarized the TRBAs formats, biophysical characteristics, the preclinical and clinical trial results, as well as the challenges faced by TRBAs in tumour therapy. METHODS Herein the relevant literature and clinical trials from the PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database. RESULTS The advances in protein engineering technology have generated diverse TRBAs format which can be classified into two categories: IgG-like TRBAs and non-IgG-like TRBAs. Multiple applications of TRBAs showed encouraging curative effect and entered clinical trials for lymphoid malignancy and solid tumour. CONCLUSIONS TRBA is a powerful tool for the cancer treatment and the clinical studies showed potent anti-tumour efficacy in hematologic malignancies. Although the clinical outcomes of TRBAs in solid tumours are less satisfied than hematologic malignancies, many preclinical antibodies and combination therapies are being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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16
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Rahiminejad A, Dinarvand R, Johari B, Nodooshan SJ, Rashti A, Rismani E, Mahdaviani P, Saltanatpour Z, Rahiminejad S, Raigani M, Khosravani M. Preparation and investigation of indirubin-loaded SLN nanoparticles and their anti-cancer effects on human glioblastoma U87MG cells. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:2-11. [PMID: 30080277 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Indirubin, an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine, is considered as an anti-cancer agent. However, due to its hydrophobic nature, clinical efficiency has been limited. Drug delivery via nanotechnology techniques open new windows toward treatment of cancerous patients. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most severe and common type of brain primary tumors. Of common problems in targeting therapies of glioblastoma is the availability of drug in tumoric tissues. In this study, Indirubin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared and their therapeutic potentials and antitumoric effects were assessed on GBM cell line (U87MG). The SLNs were prepared with Cetyl palmitate and Polysorbat 80 via high-pressure homogenization (HPH) methods in hot mode. Then, properties of SLNs including size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficacy (EE %) and drug loading were characterized. SLNs morphology and size were observed using SEM and TEM. The crystalinity of formulation was determined by different scattering calorimetry (DSC). The amount of drug release and antitumor efficiency were evaluated at both normal brain pH of 7.2 and tumoric pH of 6.8. The prapared SLNs had mean size of 130 nm, zeta potential of -16 mV and EE of 99.73%. The results of DSC showed proper encapsulation of drug into SLNs. Drug release assessment in both pH displayed sustain release property. The result of MTT test exhibited a remarkable increment in antitumor activity of Indirubin loaded SLN in comparison with free form of drug and blank SLN on multiform GB. This study indicated that Indirubin loaded SLNs could act as a useful anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rahiminejad
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Johari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Jafari Nodooshan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rashti
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rismani
- Medical Genetic Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mahdaviani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Saltanatpour
- Medical Genetic Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Rahiminejad
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Raigani
- Medical Genetic Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Khosravani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Schlake T, Thess A, Thran M, Jordan I. mRNA as novel technology for passive immunotherapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:301-328. [PMID: 30334070 PMCID: PMC6339677 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While active immunization elicits a lasting immune response by the body, passive immunotherapy transiently equips the body with exogenously generated immunological effectors in the form of either target-specific antibodies or lymphocytes functionalized with target-specific receptors. In either case, administration or expression of recombinant proteins plays a fundamental role. mRNA prepared by in vitro transcription (IVT) is increasingly appreciated as a drug substance for delivery of recombinant proteins. With its biological role as transient carrier of genetic information translated into protein in the cytoplasm, therapeutic application of mRNA combines several advantages. For example, compared to transfected DNA, mRNA harbors inherent safety features. It is not associated with the risk of inducing genomic changes and potential adverse effects are only temporary due to its transient nature. Compared to the administration of recombinant proteins produced in bioreactors, mRNA allows supplying proteins that are difficult to manufacture and offers extended pharmacokinetics for short-lived proteins. Based on great progress in understanding and manipulating mRNA properties, efficacy data in various models have now demonstrated that IVT mRNA constitutes a potent and flexible platform technology. Starting with an introduction into passive immunotherapy, this review summarizes the current status of IVT mRNA technology and its application to such immunological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlake
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Thess
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Thran
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Jordan
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Naddafi F, Mahboudi F, Tabarzad M, Aliabadi Farahani Z, Hosein Shirazi F, Davami F. The Epigenetic Regulation of Blinatumomab Gene Expression: Tumor Cell-dependent T cell Response against Lymphoma Cells and Cytotoxic Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2019; 8:55-66. [PMID: 32195205 PMCID: PMC7073260 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.8.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional treatment for cancer such as surgical resection and chemotherapy can cause damage in cases with advanced cancers. Moreover, the identification of tumor-specific targets has great importance in T-cell therapies. For decades, T cell activity has been stimulated to improve anti-tumor activity. Bispecific antibodies have attracted strong interest from pharmaceutical companies, for their diagnostic and therapeutic use. Blinatumomab is a first-in-class bispecific T engager antibody for the treatment of relapsed or refractory precursor B- cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. But, it can benefit several cases with CD19+ malignancies in the future. PhiC31 integrase-based vectors could selectively integrate therapeutic transgenes into pseudo-attP sites in CHO genome. In this study, production of Blinatumomab in CHO cells using this type of vectors was investigated. We evaluated the effects of histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors such as sodium butyrate and valproic acid, on specific productivity and cell viability of antibody expressing cells. Although sodium butyrate increased specific productivity about 1.7-fold and valproic acid about 1.4-fold, valproic acid was found more efficient because of its less cytotoxic effect on cell growth. We examined the efficacy of expressed Blinatumomab at various effector to target (E/T) ratios. A dose-response analyses of calcein-acetoxymethyl release assay illustrated that the effective dose of expressed mAb required for antibody mediated cytotoxicity was 100 ng/ml and the expressed mAb was more effective at E/T ratios of 10:1 and 5:1. Results of this study indicated that the expressed blinatumomab can be useful for enhancing the cytotoxicity of CD3+ T-cells against CD19 + target cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naddafi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farshad Hosein Shirazi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Davami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Yu S, Liu Q, Han X, Qin S, Zhao W, Li A, Wu K. Development and clinical application of anti-HER2 monoclonal and bispecific antibodies for cancer treatment. Exp Hematol Oncol 2017; 6:31. [PMID: 29209558 PMCID: PMC5704598 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-017-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2-targeted immunotherapy consists of monoclonal antibodies (e.g. trastuzumab, pertuzumab), bispecific antibodies (e.g. MM-111, ertumaxomab) and activated T cells armed with anti-HER2 bispecific antibody (HER2Bi-aATC). Trastuzumab is a classic drug for the treatment of HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer. The combined application of pertuzumab, trastuzumab and paclitaxel has been suggested as a standard therapy for HER2 positive advanced breast cancer. The resistance to anti-HER2 antibody has resulted in disease progression. HER2-directed bispecific antibody may be a promising therapeutic approach for these patients. Ertumaxomab enhanced the interaction of immune effector cells and tumor cells. MM-111 simultaneously binds to HER2 and HER3 and blocks downstream signaling. Besides, HER2Bi-aATC is also an alternative therapeutic approach for HER2 positive cancers. In this review, we summarized the recent advancement of HER2-targeted monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab, pertuzumab and T-DM1) and bispecific antibodies (MM-111, ertumaxomab and HER2Bi-aATC), especially focus on clinical trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Weiheng Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
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Razpotnik R, Novak N, Čurin Šerbec V, Rajcevic U. Targeting Malignant Brain Tumors with Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1181. [PMID: 28993773 PMCID: PMC5622144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been shown to be a potent therapeutic tool. However, their use for targeting brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers, has been limited, particularly because the blood–brain barrier (BBB) makes brain tissue hard to access by conventional antibody-targeting strategies. In this review, we summarize new antibody therapeutic approaches to target brain tumors, especially malignant gliomas, as well as their potential drawbacks. Many different brain delivery platforms for antibodies have been studied such as liposomes, nanoparticle-based systems, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), and cell-based approaches. We have already shown the successful delivery of single-chain fragment variable (scFv) with CPP as a linker between two variable domains in the brain. Antibodies normally face poor penetration through the BBB, with some variants sufficiently passing the barrier on their own. A “Trojan horse” method allows passage of biomolecules, such as antibodies, through the BBB by receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). Such examples of therapeutic antibodies are the bispecific antibodies where one binding specificity recognizes and binds a BBB receptor, enabling RMT and where a second binding specificity recognizes an antigen as a therapeutic target. On the other hand, cell-based systems such as stem cells (SCs) are a promising delivery system because of their tumor tropism and ability to cross the BBB. Genetically engineered SCs can be used in gene therapy, where they express anti-tumor drugs, including antibodies. Different types and sources of SCs have been studied for the delivery of therapeutics to the brain; both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) show great potential. Following the success in treatment of leukemias and lymphomas, the adoptive T-cell therapies, especially the chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-Ts), are making their way into glioma treatment as another type of cell-based therapy using the antibody to bind to the specific target(s). Finally, the current clinical trials are reviewed, showing the most recent progress of attractive approaches to deliver therapeutic antibodies across the BBB aiming at the specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Razpotnik
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neža Novak
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uros Rajcevic
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yu S, Li A, Liu Q, Yuan X, Xu H, Jiao D, Pestell RG, Han X, Wu K. Recent advances of bispecific antibodies in solid tumors. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:155. [PMID: 28931402 PMCID: PMC5607507 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is the most exciting advancement in cancer therapy. Similar to immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T), bispecific antibody (BsAb) is attracting more and more attention as a novel strategy of antitumor immunotherapy. BsAb not only offers an effective linkage between therapeutics (e.g., immune effector cells, radionuclides) and targets (e.g., tumor cells) but also simultaneously blocks two different oncogenic mediators. In recent decades, a variety of BsAb formats have been generated. According to the structure of Fc domain, BsAb can be classified into two types: IgG-like format and Fc-free format. Among these formats, bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) and triomabs are commonly investigated. BsAb has achieved an exciting breakthrough in hematological malignancies and promising outcome in solid tumor as showed in various clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the preclinical experiments and clinical studies of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) related BsAbs in solid tumors, as well as discuss the challenges and corresponding approaches in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dechao Jiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Center for Cancer and Regenerative Medicine, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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22
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Liu H, Pan Y, Meng S, Zhang W, Zhou F. Current treatment options of T cell-associated immunotherapy in multiple myeloma. Clin Exp Med 2017; 17:431-439. [PMID: 28120217 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-017-0450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a complex disease and is presently an incurable malignant plasma cell tumor. Although the introduction of proteasome inhibitor and the immunomodulators markedly improved the effect of myeloma therapy, most patients still suffer from relapse even with an initially effective therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that immunotherapy is a promising option in treating MM. And T cell plays crucial role through inducing sustained immune response in vivo in the immunotherapy of tumors. In this article, we will discuss progress of several T cell-based immunotherapies with insight into how they eradicate myeloma cells and their disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yunbao Pan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214062, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shan Meng
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Wanggang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China. .,Department of Clinical Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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Bispecific Antibodies as a Development Platform for New Concepts and Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010048. [PMID: 28036020 PMCID: PMC5297683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of molecular cloning technology and the deep understanding of antibody engineering, there are diverse bispecific antibody formats from which to choose to pursue the optimal biological activity and clinical purpose. The single-chain-based bispecific antibodies usually bridge tumor cells with immune cells and form an immunological synapse because of their relatively small size. Bispecific antibodies in the IgG format include asymmetric bispecific antibodies and homodimerized bispecific antibodies, all of which have an extended blood half-life and their own crystalline fragment (Fc)-mediated functions. Besides retargeting effector cells to the site of cancer, new applications were established for bispecific antibodies. Bispecific antibodies that can simultaneously bind to cell surface antigens and payloads are a very ideal delivery system for therapeutic use. Bispecific antibodies that can inhibit two correlated signaling molecules at the same time can be developed to overcome inherent or acquired resistance and to be more efficient angiogenesis inhibitors. Bispecific antibodies can also be used to treat hemophilia A by mimicking the function of factor VIII. Bispecific antibodies also have broad application prospects in bone disorders and infections and diseases of the central nervous system. The latest developments of the formats and application of bispecific antibodies will be reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives are summarized in this review.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adoptive T-cell therapy has become one of the most exciting fields of cancer therapy in the past few years. In this article, we describe a method which combines adoptive T-cell therapy with antibody therapy by arming T cells from cord blood, normal patients, and cancer patients with bispecific antibodies capable of binding to tumor-associated antigens on one side of the bispecific antibody construct and T cells on another side of the construct. This approach redirects T cells against tumor cells in a non-MHC-restricted manner. RECENT FINDINGS Various methods for manipulating the immune system including check-point inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and bispecific antibodies have shown promising activity in treating both hematological malignancies and solid tumors with excellent success. In recent studies, activated T cells armed with bispecific antibodies have shown good preclinical activity, safety, and promising efficacy in the clinical trials. SUMMARY Activated T cells armed with bispecific antibodies represent a promising treatment for cancer immunotherapy.
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Kim JW, Young JS, Solomaha E, Kanojia D, Lesniak MS, Balyasnikova IV. A novel single-chain antibody redirects adenovirus to IL13Rα2-expressing brain tumors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18133. [PMID: 26656559 PMCID: PMC4677343 DOI: 10.1038/srep18133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of a targeting agent that strictly binds to IL13Rα2 will significantly expand the therapeutic potential for the treatment of IL13Rα2-expressing cancers. In order to fulfill this goal, we generated a single-chain antibody (scFv47) from our parental IL13Rα2 monoclonal antibody and tested its binding properties. Furthermore, to demonstrate the potential therapeutic applicability of scFv47, we engineered an adenovirus by incorporating scFv47 as the targeting moiety in the viral fiber and characterized its properties in vitro and in vivo. The scFv47 binds to human recombinant IL13Rα2, but not to IL13Rα1 with a high affinity of 0.9 · 10−9 M, similar to that of the parental antibody. Moreover, the scFv47 successfully redirects adenovirus to IL13Rα2 expressing glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our data validate scFv47 as a highly selective IL13Rα2 targeting agent and justify further development of scFv47-modified oncolytic adenovirus and other therapeutics for the treatment of IL13Rα2-expressing glioma and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius W Kim
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jacob S Young
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elena Solomaha
- Biophysics Core Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Han H, Ma J, Zhang K, Li W, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Ma P, Wang L, Zhang G, Tao H, Gao B. Bispecific anti-CD3 x anti-HER2 antibody mediates T cell cytolytic activity to HER2-positive colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2446-54. [PMID: 25242665 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting HER2 overexpressed breast cancer cells with anti‑HER2 monoclonal antibodies inhibits tumor growth. Here we investigated whether HER2 can serve as a target for T cell-mediated immunotherapy of human colorectal carcinoma. Specific cytolytic activity of activated T cells (ATCs) armed with anti‑CD3 x anti‑HER2 bispecific antibody (HER2Bi-Ab) against HER2+ tumor cells was evaluated by bioluminescent signal generated by luciferase reporter on tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to unarmed ATCs, increased cytotoxic activity of HER2Bi-armed ATCs against HER2+ tumor cells was observed. Moreover, HER2Bi-armed ATCs expressed higher level of activation marker CD69 and secreted significantly higher levels of IFN-γ than the unarmed ATC counterpart. In addition, compared with anti‑HER2 mAb (Herceptin®) or unarmed ATC, HER2Bi-armed ATCs showed significant suppression against colorectal carcinoma cells. In colorectal tumor cell xenograft mice, infusion of HER2Bi-armed ATCs successfully inhibited the growth of Colo205-luc cells. The HER2Bi-armed ATCs with anti-tumor effects may provide a promising immunotherapy for colorectal carcinoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Juan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Keming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Changzhen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ganlin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ge Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hua Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Centre for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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Yano H, Thakur A, Tomaszewski EN, Choi M, Deol A, Lum LG. Ipilimumab augments antitumor activity of bispecific antibody-armed T cells. J Transl Med 2014; 12:191. [PMID: 25008236 PMCID: PMC4105782 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ipilimumab is an antagonistic monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) that enhances antitumor immunity by inhibiting immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells (Treg). In this study, we investigated whether inhibiting Treg activity with ipilimumab during ex vivo T cell expansion could augment anti-CD3-driven T cell proliferation and enhance bispecific antibody (BiAb)-redirected antitumor cytotoxicity of activated T cells (ATC). METHODS PBMC from healthy individuals were stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody with or without ipilimumab and expanded for 10-14 days. ATC were harvested and armed with anti-CD3 x anti-EGFR BiAb (EGFRBi) or anti-CD3 x anti-CD20 BiAb (CD20Bi) to test for redirected cytotoxicity against COLO356/FG pancreatic cancer cell line or Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (Daudi). RESULTS In PBMC from healthy individuals, the addition of ipilimumab at the initiation of culture significantly enhanced T cell proliferation (p = 0.0029). ATC grown in the presence of ipilimumab showed significantly increased mean tumor-specific cytotoxicity at effector:target (E:T) ratio of 25:1 directed at COLO356/FG and Daudi by 37.71% (p < 0.0004) and 27.5% (p < 0.0004), respectively, and increased the secretion of chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4,CCL5, CXCL9, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF)) and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2R, IL-12, and IL-13), while reducing IL-10 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Expansion of ATC in the presence of ipilimumab significantly improves not only the T cell proliferation but it also enhances cytokine secretion and the specific cytotoxicity of T cells armed with bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yano
- Departments of Oncology, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 740.1 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Archana Thakur
- Departments of Oncology, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 740.1 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Elyse N Tomaszewski
- Departments of Oncology, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 740.1 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Minsig Choi
- Departments of Oncology, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 740.1 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Abhinav Deol
- Departments of Oncology, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 740.1 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lawrence G Lum
- Departments of Oncology, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 740.1 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Medicine, Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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28
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Frenzel A, Hust M, Schirrmann T. Expression of recombinant antibodies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23908655 PMCID: PMC3725456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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